东海三疣梭子蟹第一次卵巢发育规律的研究

2004年7月至2005年4月在舟山海区定点连续采样,系统研究了东海三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育期间的卵巢指数(GSI)、肝胰腺指数(HSI)、卵巢外部特征、卵巢发育分期及其组织学的变化.结果表明:东海三疣梭子蟹生殖蜕壳和交配主要发生在9~10月,产卵主要在3~4月,卵巢发育早期不同个体间的GSI差异较大,后期则趋于同步;三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育期间,GSI显著增加,HSI呈现先上升后下降的趋势,GSI和HSI呈负相关性;根据GSI、卵巢形态特征和组织学变化等,三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育可以分为6期,Ⅰ期卵巢呈透明细带状,雌体尚未生殖蜕壳,卵巢中主要为卵原细胞(OG)和卵黄合成前的卵母细胞(PR);Ⅱ期卵巢呈乳白色,主要为卵黄合成前的卵母细胞(PR)和内源性卵黄合成期的卵母细胞(EN);Ⅲ期卵巢为淡黄色或橘黄色,主要为外源性卵黄合成期的卵母细胞(EX);Ⅳ期卵巢呈橘红色,主要为近成熟的卵母细胞(NO),卵径为200~300μm;Ⅴ期卵巢发育成熟,主要为成熟期的卵母细胞(MO);Ⅵ期卵巢呈淡橘红色,已排卵,卵巢中主要为排卵后剩余的基膜和滤泡核.     

罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)初次性成熟性腺发育的组织学观察

性腺发育是罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)个体生长及繁育的重要生物学过程,是良种培育的基础。采用外部形态观察及常规石蜡切片的方法,分析了罗氏沼虾初次性成熟过程中性腺外部形态及内部组织学变化的规律。结果表明,性腺颜色、体积及细胞组成、分布均随性腺发育表现出规律性变化,卵巢发育划分为8个时期,精巢发育分为4个时期。卵巢外部形态发育与内部组织学变化同步性高,随卵巢成熟度增加,不同阶段生殖细胞由生发区向外形成环状分区, Ⅰ~Ⅲ期卵巢体积、生殖细胞大小及性腺指数(GIS)增长缓慢,主要进行生殖细胞数量积累, Ⅳ~Ⅶ期卵巢体积、生殖细胞大小及GIS增长迅速,生殖细胞在增殖同时,营养物质积累迅速。可根据卵巢颜色、体积、色素分布等推测其内部组织细胞的发育情况。精巢形态发育和组织发育同步性较差,精巢体积、生殖细胞大小、种类及GIS在精巢成熟过程中变化较小, Ⅰ期精巢主要进行个体生殖功能的完善, Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期精巢则整体表现为个体生殖能力的强化过程。研究结果丰富了罗氏沼虾繁殖生物学内容,从形态及组织学方面初步探明了罗氏沼虾性腺的基本发育过程,可为其良种选育和虾苗繁育提供参考依据。     

人工养殖半滑舌鳎卵巢发育及其产卵类型研究

研究了人工养殖半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)卵巢发育组织学的季节变化及其与性成熟系数(gonadosomatic index,简称GSI)和肝质量指数(hepatosomatic index,简称HSI)的关系。结果表明,半滑舌鳎成熟鱼卵巢发育经历Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期、Ⅵ期,再到重复发育Ⅱ期;人工养殖条件下,3~5月份大部分鱼卵巢处于Ⅱ期,从6月份开始,其卵母细胞内开始沉积卵黄颗粒,9~11月份,卵母细胞内卵黄颗粒充盈整个胞质,基本达到生长成熟,排卵后至翌年2月份,卵巢进入了退化吸收Ⅵ期或重复发育Ⅱ期;繁殖期GSI达到最高峰;产卵后或重复发育Ⅱ期,GSI显著下降,此时HSI显著升高至全年最高峰;半滑舌鳎在1 a中只有1个繁殖期,进行分批产卵。     

线纹海马(Hippocampus erectus)性腺特异性结构与生殖细胞发育特征研究 *

海马属(Hippocampus)鱼类具有独特的雄性育儿繁殖方式, 其卵巢和精巢结构也极其独特。本研究系统阐明了线纹海马(Hippocampus erectus)的性腺及生殖细胞的发育特征, 根据组织学结构和细胞形态学变化特征, 将线纹海马的精巢和卵巢发育过程均分为6个时期。其中, 卵巢发育方式为不同步成熟型, Ⅰ期卵巢只包含第Ⅰ时相卵母细胞, 包括卵原细胞和早期初级卵母细胞(d<20μm); Ⅱ期卵巢开始出现第Ⅱ时相卵母细胞(d=20~140μm); Ⅲ期卵巢卵母细胞数量显著增多, 体积增大, 并开始出现第Ⅲ时相卵母细胞(d=140~260μm), 此时细胞内开始出现皮质小泡、卵黄颗粒和卵黄膜; Ⅳ期卵巢开始出现第 Ⅳ时相卵母细胞(d=260~1100μm), 卵黄颗粒充满整个细胞质, 形成过渡期的卵黄球; Ⅴ期卵巢出现大量第Ⅴ时相成熟卵母细胞(d=1100~2000μm), 细胞内形成流动性卵黄囊; Ⅵ期卵巢为排卵不久后的卵巢, 卵母细胞数量显著减少。线纹海马精巢属于非限制型小叶精巢, Ⅰ期精巢主要含精原细胞, 核大, 含一到多个核仁; Ⅱ期精巢开始形成精小囊, 囊内出现初级精母细胞; Ⅲ期精巢呈乳白色, 开始出现次级精母细胞; Ⅳ期精巢体积较 Ⅲ期时显著增大, 开始出现精子细胞, 并逐渐移向中央生精腔; Ⅴ期精巢内含大量的成熟精子, 随时准备释放。精子释放后精巢进入Ⅵ期, 残留少量精细胞在生精腔中。组织化学反应结果显示, 氨基酸、蛋白质和脂肪的信号在卵母细胞的细胞质、卵黄囊中呈阳性, 且随着卵母细胞的发育而增强。本研究结果为进一步探索海马属鱼类雄性繁殖策略提供了重要的基础数据。     

可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)卵黄合成期卵母细胞发育及卵黄发生与卵膜形成的超微结构

采用电镜技术观察研究了可口革囊星虫卵黄合成期卵母细胞发育及卵黄发生与卵膜形成的超微结构特征。结果表明,可口革囊星虫卵黄合成期卵母细胞发育经历了卵黄合成初期、卵黄旺盛合成期及生长成熟期三个阶段。卵母细胞卵黄发生途径主要由线粒体、内质网、高尔基体等细胞器演变成卵黄粒,以及吞饮作用形成卵黄粒。卵母细胞质膜外被有卵黄膜,由卵母细胞自体形成,且随生长而加厚;卵黄膜具通透性,外源营养物质能透过卵黄膜进入卵内。生长成熟的卵母细胞卵黄膜厚7—9μm,从内向外由纤维层、致密层、粒状突层及外膜构成,保护卵母细胞维持特定的形状。     

东方扁虾卵巢和滤泡结构的研究

卵巢包括4种形态的组分:(1)卵巢壁,(2)生殖上皮,(3)卵母细胞(早期卵巢还包括卵原细胞)一滤泡细胞层,(4)卵巢壁内突.卵巢壁及壁内突均含有血管、血窦、肌细胞等成分,卵巢壁内突延伸至每个滤泡的外层基膜处.滤泡由内至外由卵母细胞、卵周隙、滤泡细胞及基膜等4部分组成.卵母细胞膜表面向卵周隙内伸出许多微绒毛,并具有许多微吞饮凹.随着滤泡的发育,卵周隙内含物电子密度越来越大,成熟滤泡的卵周隙内含物演变为卵壳.卵壳由两部分构成:外层较薄,而内层较厚且含电子致密的颗粒物质.滤泡细胞一般为单层,具较强的合成活性,其合成产物系卵周隙内含物的一部分.东方扁虾卵巢和滤泡的结构特征表明外源性(卵母细胞外及卵巢外)的卵黄合成在卵黄发生上起重要的作用.     

广西北海营盘海域钝缀锦蛤(Tapes conspersus)卵巢发育、卵子和卵黄发生的研究

文章采用组织切片、透射电镜技术对广西北海营盘海域钝缀锦蛤(Tapes conspersus)的卵巢发育、卵子发生的组织学及卵黄发生的超微结构进行研究。结果显示, 钝缀锦蛤卵巢发育一年为一个繁殖周期, 分为增殖期(6月底—7月)、生长期(7月中旬—10月中旬)、成熟期(11月—翌年2月底)、排放期(3月—4月)、休止期(5月—6月)共5个时期。钝缀锦蛤卵巢发育受水温的影响较大, 个体间的性腺发育并不完全同步。在广西北海营盘海域, 钝缀锦蛤每年在6月底—7月初性腺开始发育, 在翌年3月—4月底成熟的卵子大量排放。依据钝缀锦蛤卵细胞发育的相关特点, 可将其划分为4个主要阶段, 第一阶段为卵原细胞期, 第二阶段为初级卵母细胞期, 第三阶段为次级卵母细胞期, 第四阶段为成熟卵母细胞期。根据透射电镜观察钝缀锦蛤卵黄的发生, 可将其分为3个主要时期, 第一时期为卵黄合成前期, 第二时期为卵黄合成期, 第三时期为卵黄合成后期。     

罗氏沼虾初级卵母细胞在卵黄形成期超微结构的变化

对罗氏沼虾初级卵母细胞在卵黄形成期的超微结构变化进行了研究。卵黄形成期早期 ,初级卵母细胞体积和细胞核迅速增大 ,核内核糖体等物质通过核孔复合体活跃地向胞质转移 ,同时滤泡细胞中的营养物质开始进入初级卵母细胞。初级卵母细胞内卵黄形成的主要细胞器是线粒体、高尔基体、粗面内质网和核糖体 ,其合成过程始于卵黄形成期中期 ,并一直延续至后期。在卵黄形成期中期 ,发现滤泡细胞内的线粒体也有类似的卵黄物质合成功能。同时滤泡细胞继续有物质通过指状通道进入初级卵母细胞 ,直接或间接转化为卵黄物质。卵黄形成期后期 ,初级卵母细胞核膜逐渐消失 ,随着卵黄粒在初级卵母细胞中大量沉积 ,滤泡细胞内的营养物质向初级卵母细胞的转移通道变细 ,转移过程也最后停止     

影响黄体酮促两种沼虾卵巢发育作用的一些因素

在11月给不切眼柄的日本沼虾注射黄体酮和滴加黄体酮，对其卵巢发育无明显的作用，切眼柄组比不切眼柄组有更多的虾达到较成熟的卵巢发育期，而切眼柄又注射或滴加黄体酮的组又比仅切眼柄的组有更多的虾达到较成熟的卵巢发育期，结果表明，眼柄内的激素可抑制黄体酮对卵巢发育的作用，10^-9M和10^-12M黄体酮可使体外培养的罗氏沼虾II和Ⅲ期卵巢的卵母细胞直径显著增大或非常显著地增大，而这2种浓度的黄体酮对I期和IV期的卵巢的卵母细胞的直径都无增大作用，10^-9M和10^-2M的黄体酮可使体外培养的罗氏沼虾Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期卵巢的总蛋白合成较对照组非常显著或显著地增加，而这2种浓度的黄体酮对I期和IV期的卵巢的总蛋白合成都无增加作用，结果表明黄体酮对卵母细胞的作用是有发育期的选择性的。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)卵子发生、激活与早期卵裂的细胞学观察

采用连续切片和光镜技术,对三疣梭子蟹卵子发生、激活和早期卵裂进行了细胞学观察.结果表明,在发育及再发育的卵巢中,三疣梭子蟹卵子发生主要经历了卵原细胞的增殖和初级卵母细胞的分化、生长、成熟这两个阶段.依据卵子发生过程中雌性生殖细胞形态的变化,这两个阶段又可细分为卵原细胞期、卵黄发生前卵母细胞期、小生长期、大生长期、近成熟卵母细胞期和成熟卵母细胞期等6期.成熟卵母细胞处于第一次减数分裂中期,这可作为卵子成熟的形态学标志.第一次减数分裂中期纺缍体长轴的旋转可以发生于卵巢中,与精子及海水的刺激无关.初级卵母细胞达到形态和生理上都成熟的时间窗口很窄.精子入卵引起卵子的激活和减数分裂的完成.23℃下离体培养时,第一和第二极体分别在卵产出后约40min和2h释放.雄原核的形成早于雌原核.雌、雄原核在卵产出后约5h通过联合形成合子核.卵产出后约6h,受精卵处于第一次核分裂后期,但卵裂沟直到卵产出后13h才能观察到,此时核已完成了2次分裂,形成合胞体胚胎.     

闽台海岸带气候的异同

本文对闽，台海岸带的风况与风能资源，日照与太阳能资源，热量资源，水资源，台风等几种气候要素进行对比分析，并揭示闽，台海岸带气候的共同特征和差异。     

台湾暖流起源的研究

根据台湾东北海域的水文资料分析,作者对台湾暖流起源提出以下看法:台湾暖流起源于黑潮分支和台湾暖水,黑潮分支为主要源泉。台湾暖流的深层水完全来自黑潮分支的深层水,不具有暖流性质,而其上层水是由黑潮分支的上层水和台湾暖水组成。由于台湾暖水有明显的季节变化,与此相应,台湾暖流也发生相应的变化。     

China’s missile tests in the Taiwan Strait: Relevant international law questions

In March 1996, China fired missiles near Taiwan’s two largest ports, namely, Keelung in the north and Kaohsiung in the south. The event disrupted sea and air transport in the area and was considered as a ‘partial blockade’ of Taiwan. China’s missile tests conducted in the waters of the Taiwan Strait give rise to several international law questions, such as: did China’s missile tests amount to a blockade of Taiwan and accordingly are subject to the international law of blockade: and does China, as a member of the United Nations, have the right, under international law, to fire missiles across the Taiwan Strait to intimidate Taiwan. This paper addresses these legal issues. This paper concludes by suggesting that China’s missile tests, in legal terms, did not amount to a blockade, but a military operation at sea, and that China failed to pass the reasonableness test for justifying its missile tests on the high seas and, thus, could be seen as in violation of international law. However, a caveat is given in the conclusion, that is, the legality of China’s missile tests in the waters so close to Taiwan’s coasts cannot but be appraised in the context of how other members of the international community view Taiwan’s legal status and the position they take regarding whether the Taiwan question is indeed entirely an internal matter of China.     

台湾海峡叶绿素a含量的季节变化特征

本文根据1983－1984年和1987－1988年在台湾海峡的调查结果，讨论了台湾海峡叶绿素a含量的季节变化特征。结果表明，台湾海峡叶绿素a含量的季节变化明显，但南北海区有着明显的差异，在台湾海峡北部，叶绿素a 含量峰值出现在春，秋季，在海峡南部，叶绿素a含量则在夏季呈持续高值特征，前者由浙闽沿岸流的输入而引发，后者则因上升流而产生，因此在台湾海峡，叶绿素a含量呈春，秋季北部高，夏季南部高的趋势。     

关于台湾海峡分界的探讨

台湾海峡介于台湾岛与大陆之间,是东海与南海的通道.关于台湾海峡范围的划分,海峡之东常以台湾岛两端（北为富贵角,南为鹅銮鼻）为界;海峡之西以大陆的平潭岛等为北界,东山岛或南澳岛为南界.为了更客观和准确地划分台湾海峡范围,本文根据海洋地理学中＂海峡＂的概念及对世界海峡类似实例的分析,并按照台湾海峡区域地形、地质等特征进行了分界.作者认同台湾海峡北口位于福建省平潭岛至台湾富贵角,但认为其南口应位于广东南澳岛至台湾曾文溪河口南岸.在此南、北口之间为台湾海峡范围.台湾海峡地形、地质等特征明显,与台湾及大陆紧密关联,并具有东海延伸入内的特点.而北口之北的闽东北海底,海峡特征明显消失.此南口为东海与南海的交汇处,其南属于南海的台湾浅滩及其外缘,其地形、地质特征也与海峡的显著不同.本研究结果对于更准确地划分台湾海峡范围及区域海洋研究与实践等方面都具有多方面的意义.     

台湾海峡地质构造特征

台湾海峡及其邻区构造可分为３个一级构造单元，即闵浙中生代隆起区、台湾峡新生代坳陷区和台湾新生代岛弧褶断区。其中台湾海峡新生代坳陷区由海峡的主体和台湾西部兵陵平原区组成，它的东、西边界分别是台湾屈尺－老浓断裂带和粤滨外深断裂带。本文在以往海峡西岸东南海海长东－南澳断裂带研究基础上，对近年来台湾海峡、特别是海峡新生代坳陷区各次一级构造单元的深部地质结构，海底地形地貌、沉积特征、断裂构造、火成岩分布和地     

Geological Characteristics and Distribution of Submarine Physiographic Features in the Taiwan Region

The sea floor topography around Taiwan is characterized by the asymmetry of its shallow and flat shelves to the west and markedly deep troughs and basins to the south and east. Tectonics and sedimentation are major controls in forming the submarine physiographic features around Taiwan. Three Pliocene-Quaternary shelves are distributed north and west of Taiwan: East China Sea Shelf (passive margin shelf), the Taiwan Strait Shelf (foreland shelf), and Kaoping Shelf (island shelf) from north to south parallel to the strike of Taiwan orogen. Off northeastern Taiwan major morpho/tectonic features associated with plate subduction include E-W trending Ryukyu Trench, Yaeyama accretionary wedge, forearc basins, the Ryukyu Arcs, and the backarc basin of southern Okinawa Trough. Off eastern Taiwan lies the deep Huatung Basin on the Philippine Sea plate with a relatively flat floor, although several large submarine canyons are eroding and crossing the basin floor. Off southeastern Taiwan, the forearc region of the Luzon Arc has been deformed into five alternating N-S trending ridges and troughs during initial arc-continent collision. Among them, the submarine Hengchun Ridge is the seaward continuation of the Hengchun peninsula in southern Taiwan. Off southwestern Taiwan, the broad Kaoping Slope is the major submarine topographic feature with several noticeable submarine canyons. The Penghu Canyon separates this slope from the South China Sea Slope to the west and merges southwards into the Manila Trench in the northern South China Sea. Although most of sea floors of the Taiwan Strait are shallower than 60?m in water depth, there are three noticeable bathymetric lows and two highs in the Taiwan Strait. There exists a close relationship between hydrography and topography in the Taiwan Strait. The circulation of currents in the Taiwan Strait is strongly influenced by seasonal monsoon and semidiurnal tides. The Penghu Channel-Yunchang Ridge can be considered a modern tidal depositional system. The Taiwan Strait shelf has two phases of development. The early phase of the rift margin has developed during Paleoocene-Miocene and it has evolved to the foreland basin in Pliocene-Quaternary time. The present shelf morphology results mainly from combined effects of foreland subsidence and modern sedimentation overprinting that of the Late Pleistocene glaciation about 15,000 years ago.     

Geological Characteristics and Distribution of Submarine Physiographic Features in the Taiwan Region

The sea floor topography around Taiwan is characterized by the asymmetry of its shallow and flat shelves to the west and markedly deep troughs and basins to the south and east. Tectonics and sedimentation are major controls in forming the submarine physiographic features around Taiwan. Three Pliocene-Quaternary shelves are distributed north and west of Taiwan: East China Sea Shelf (passive margin shelf), the Taiwan Strait Shelf (foreland shelf), and Kaoping Shelf (island shelf) from north to south parallel to the strike of Taiwan orogen. Off northeastern Taiwan major morpho/tectonic features associated with plate subduction include E-W trending Ryukyu Trench, Yaeyama accretionary wedge, forearc basins, the Ryukyu Arcs, and the backarc basin of southern Okinawa Trough. Off eastern Taiwan lies the deep Huatung Basin on the Philippine Sea plate with a relatively flat floor, although several large submarine canyons are eroding and crossing the basin floor. Off southeastern Taiwan, the forearc region of the Luzon Arc has been deformed into five alternating N-S trending ridges and troughs during initial arc-continent collision. Among them, the submarine Hengchun Ridge is the seaward continuation of the Hengchun peninsula in southern Taiwan. Off southwestern Taiwan, the broad Kaoping Slope is the major submarine topographic feature with several noticeable submarine canyons. The Penghu Canyon separates this slope from the South China Sea Slope to the west and merges southwards into the Manila Trench in the northern South China Sea. Although most of sea floors of the Taiwan Strait are shallower than 60 m in water depth, there are three noticeable bathymetric lows and two highs in the Taiwan Strait. There exists a close relationship between hydrography and topography in the Taiwan Strait. The circulation of currents in the Taiwan Strait is strongly influenced by seasonal monsoon and semidiurnal tides. The Penghu Channel-Yunchang Ridge can be considered a modern tidal depositional system. The Taiwan Strait shelf has two phases of development. The early phase of the rift margin has developed during Paleoocene-Miocene and it has evolved to the foreland basin in Pliocene-Quaternary time. The present shelf morphology results mainly from combined effects of foreland subsidence and modern sedimentation overprinting that of the Late Pleistocene glaciation about 15,000 years ago.     

Environmental Geotechnical Problems in the Taiwan Strait Area

This article presents general information on environmental geotechnical problems along the Taiwan Strait Tunnel (TST) route including sea-floor characteristics. The term apparent sea-floor is introduced. This layer is due to land erosion washing down and settling in the Taiwan Strait. The depth of ocean water along the Taiwan Strait is estimated. Various soil, and rock types and marine sediments along the coastline of mainland, Taiwan Strait, and Taiwan Islands are presented. Foundation problems under adverse marine environments are discussed.     

Environmental Geotechnical Problems in the Taiwan Strait Area

This article presents general information on environmental geotechnical problems along the Taiwan Strait Tunnel (TST) route including sea-floor characteristics. The term apparent sea-floor is introduced. This layer is due to land erosion washing down and settling in the Taiwan Strait. The depth of ocean water along the Taiwan Strait is estimated. Various soil, and rock types and marine sediments along the coastline of mainland, Taiwan Strait, and Taiwan Islands are presented. Foundation problems under adverse marine environments are discussed.