Illegal Farmland Conversion in China's Urban Periphery: Local Regime and National Transitions

Through a case study in a village located in suburban Haikou City, Hainan Province, this article suggests the existence of a local development regime that exercises illegal farmland conversion in China's urban periphery. This regime consists not only of state officials and business investors, but also of local farmers anxious for off-farm employment. Our study highlights the broad transitions that led to the rise of local development regimes in China's urban periphery. These transitions include (1) the development of the local state, (2) farmers' changing relations with local authorities, and (3) the asymmetrical liberalization of land transaction rights in rural and urban areas. Whereas the state government still manages to intervene in the local conversion of farmland, such intervention is increasingly ineffective as economic liberalization intensifies. A series of potential policies are recommended to protect farmland and agricultural livelihoods in the context of rapid urbanization.     

宅基地退出外部环境地域差异实证分析——基于武汉市东西湖区84个样点的分析

现阶段中国宅基地“乱象”引起了全社会的高度关注,学者们围绕宅基地退出问题从各个视角进行了广泛的探讨。宅基地退出外部环境作为外生约束条件,对农户宅基地退出意愿具有重要影响。本文以收益性空间界限理论为基础,构建了宅基地退出外部环境收益空间界限模型;并以2015年武汉市东西湖区84个宅基地样点为对象,从微观尺度单元视角对城乡宅基地退出外部环境综合收益地域差异进行系统分析。结果发现：城乡结合区农户宅基地退出外部环境综合收益为正(B>0),宅基地退出外部环境较好,农户宅基地退出意愿较高;而城市中心区和偏远农村地区宅地基退出外部环境综合收益为负(B<0),宅基地退出外部环境较差,农户宅基地退出意愿不高。研究结论可为政府在宅基地退出管理中“因地施策”,构建“城乡互助”宅基地退出机制提供决策参考依据。     

Religion on the Fringe: the representation of space and minority religious facilities in the rural–urban fringe of metropolitan Sydney,Australia

This article examines land-use development applications for minority religious facilities in two local government areas on the rural–urban fringe of metropolitan Sydney, Australia. Using critical discourse analysis and underpinned by Lefebvre's (1991) conceptual triad of space, the work interrogates the way in which place identity is generated and codified both by land-use planners and local residents through spatial representation. This representation is revealed in discourses around the compatibility of minority religious facilities for particular zones, lack of a sufficient minority population and social disruption. These discourses reveal a construction of peri-urban space that is aligned with particular elite Anglo-Australian activities (horse riding and gentleman farms) and land uses (rural residential, small-scale agriculture and the ‘bush-church’). These case studies illustrate the potential for the creation of exclusionary, abstract space by urban planners but also the ways in which local residents use discoursive strategies to ensure the stability of their position as elites in rapidly changing spatial situations.     

Imagining the borderlands: Contending stories of a resource frontier in Muang Sing

Muang Sing in Luang Namtha province, an administrative district of northern Laos bordering Myanmar and China, has been portrayed by the Lao government and international development agencies as a ‘poor’ rural region in need of development. To developers, Muang Sing's remoteness from major towns and the livelihoods of ethnic people such as the Akha in the uplands based on swidden agriculture and opium production characterized ‘poverty’. To address this rural poverty, state and development agencies devised land use zoning that would demarcate and regulate various land uses in line with a rural development plan for the district. This vision for regulated development began to go awry, however, as farmers and traders in Muang Sing launched their own rapid social and economic changes. In contrast to the official image of a backward rural district in need of outside assistance, this paper portrays farmers and local entrepreneurs of the Muang Sing borderlands as actively transforming their lives and agricultural landscapes. This paper challenges the official version of a remote, poor district untouched by regional trade through a focus on narratives of local people. Ethnographic research reveals the dynamic micro‐processes of agrarian transformation during recent decades to highlight the centrality of borderland people in reworking their lives and agricultural landscapes through cross‐border relationships in China.     

Competing Perceptions of the Rural Idyll: responses to threats from coal seam gas development in Gloucester,NSW, Australia

Threats to rural livelihoods and rural landscapes have increased over time as developed nations in particular look for cheaper and more locally based alternatives to traditional energy sources to drive national economies. In New South Wales, through the expansion of coal mines and coal seam gas (CSG), small towns such as Gloucester on the edge of the Upper Hunter are faced with competing visions which seek to redefine their future. Powerful and competing discourses over land use threaten not only the sustainability of the region but the integrity of its sense of place, centred on community, rurality, agricultural production and confrontation of risk from mining. The different discourses of local groups such as ‘tree-changers’, established residents and farmers conflict with those of external organisations such as the State government and mining/CSG companies which envisage Gloucester as a ‘balanced’ space of co-existence and position it as a new node in the carbon supply chain.     

中国精准扶贫土地整治的典型模式

土地整治是助推精准扶贫,实现脱贫解困的重要途径。根据土地整治作用于农村减贫发展的实现路径,将全国土地整治助推精准扶贫的典型模式概括为四种：① 单项土地整理模式。通过开发低效未利用地,建设高标准农田,改善农业生产条件,促进农业规模化经营。② 三生空间优化模式。将农村宅基地复垦与易地扶贫搬迁相结合,改善人居环境,恢复脆弱生态,优化乡村三生空间。③ 土地资产显化模式。实施补充耕地指标有偿异地调剂,积累扶贫开发资金,促进城乡要素双向流动,统筹城乡发展。④ 土地资本流动模式。将土地整治与土地流转及作价入股相结合,整合贫困地区劳动力、资本等要素资源,推动农业现代化和乡村振兴。     

城镇化进程中农户宅基地退出的决策行为及影响因素

探讨农户宅基地退出的行为规律及影响因素,对于提高土地资源利用效率,推进城镇化进程具有重要意义.基于山东省的农户问卷调查数据,运用Probit模型揭示了农户宅基地退出的决策行为及其影响因素.研究表明:① 在给予退出补偿的前提下,愿意进城落户的农户占63.67%,愿意退出宅基地的农户占47.66%.愿意进城落户的农户中同时愿意退出宅基地的占58.90%,占全部愿意退出宅基地农户的78.69%.② 补偿方式,转户进城意愿是正向影响农民宅基地退出决策最重要的因素,揭示了"退有所居"是进城落户农民退出宅基地时关注的核心问题,也说明农户的城镇化意愿与宅基地退出意愿存在正向互馈关系.职业类型,家庭年收入,宅基地面积等指标也具有明显的正向作用.③ 家庭人口数量对农户宅基地退出的决策行为具有显著负向影响.针对愿意转户进城农户,宅基地多置和超标占地农户和非农户,从有偿使用,退出补偿等视角提出了宅基地退出的政策建议.     

中国居民耕地资源保护偏好研究：选择实验法的应用

耕地资源保护有效方案与政策一直是国内外政府决策者和学术界关注的热点。本文利用武汉市农民和市民实地调查数据,基于选择模型法构建假设的政策与交易市场,模拟在此假设市场下主要相关利益群体耕地资源保护偏好意愿。依据选择实验法的基本原理选取耕地面积、耕地质量、耕地周边景观与生态环境、支付耕地保护费用作为环境商品的属性。首先考查了主要相关利益群体的偏好,并获得了对于保护属性主要相关利益群体农民和市民不同偏好的实验证据;然后分析不同环境商品属性组合方案所可能引起的福利变化水平。本文研究所得出的结论,为中国的农地保护制度和目前实施的耕地保护基金、农业补贴制度提供理论上的支持和决策参考。     

Scenarios on future land changes in the West African Sahel

In an attempt to anticipate possible futures of drylands of West Africa in the face of rapid socio-economic and environmental changes, we developed four scenarios based on recent survey data, the literature and our knowledge of the region. The four scenarios are inspired by those developed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: (1) ‘downward spiral’ characterized by rapid climate change, expansion of agriculture and chaotic urban growth; (2) ‘integrated economy’ with integrated land management, food production for local markets and rural–urban exchanges; (3) ‘open doors’ characterized by large-scale out-migrations, land grabbing by foreign companies and development aid and (4) ‘climate change mitigation’ with an increase in biofuel crops, land management for carbon capture and development of off-farm activities. We conclude that the Sahel region is most likely moving away from being a highly climate-dependent region based on agriculture towards a more open and diversified economy. West African countries have to find a balance between the new opportunities and risks created by economic globalization.     

日本乡村振兴政策演变及其效果分析

研究乡村振兴的国际经验，对我国乡村振兴政策的制定具有借鉴作用。本文分析了日本20世纪70年代以来的乡村振兴法案，利用KH Coder软件对系列法案进行文本定量分析，揭示日本乡村振兴的政策演变轨迹和效果。分析表明：日本乡村振兴经历了农业规模化生产起步、基础设施提升、多元融合提升阶段，三阶段依次表现为扩大农业生产规模、重振乡村活力，加强基础设施建设、大力开发乡村旅游，发展有机农业、促进乡村可持续发展的特点。借鉴日本的经验，中国乡村振兴应针对乡村地域类型采取积极措施：（1）制定针对性的农地使用政策，保障农业用地安全，加强乡村三次产业融合发展，推进乡村基础设施的现代化和均等化；（2）保护具有地方性特色的农产品品牌，以文旅融合等方式刺激乡村经济结构更新与增长；（3）开展农业专业化培训与“职业化农民”队伍建设，大力发展生态农业，促进乡村经济、社会与环境的协调、可持续发展。     

Planning with complexity—how do we deal with stakeholder and spatial heterogeneity in land use planning?

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 105(2):23–37, 2005

As a reaction to the 'top-down 'approach to rural development during the 1970's and 1980's, and in line with the increased focus on ‘putting farmers first’ (bottom-up) through local participation, new and integrated approaches to natural resource management (NRM) have been launched to generate sustainable development. This paradigmatic change has greatly influenced land use planning. Some of the implications involved in this change are discussed in this paper and based on empirical data from Tanzania and Botswana. In this paper we will discuss three critical issues related to land use planning for sustainable NRM: the complexity of livelihood strategies at the local level, the role of different stakeholder interests and the importance of spatial scale considerations. The discussion emphasizes the importance of understanding that the different and often erratic resource endowment of the rural households influences the strategies these households follow in order to meet their overall needs, rather than ‘simply’ maximizing agricultural yields. Furthermore, the importance of spatial scale, in relation to both different stakeholder interests and their needs will be discussed. The paper highlights the need to take community heterogeneity into consideration in land use planning if sustainable NRM is to be achieved in the future.     

中国耕地和农村宅基地利用转型耦合分析

土地利用转型,即在社会经济变化和革新的驱动下,某一区域在一段时期内由一种土地利用形态转变为另一种土地利用形态的过程。在中国,耕地和农村宅基地乃土地利用转型的重要源头。本文综合利用2000 年和2008 年两期Landsat TM 影像解译土地利用数据及2000-2008 年国土资源部土地利用年度变更调查数据,分析了中国耕地和农村宅基地利用转型的时空耦合特征。研究表明：① 2000-2008 年期间,中国耕地面积与农村宅基地面积变化的相关系数为-0.921,呈现出明显的增减逆协同演进格局;② 耕地—宅基地变化相关系数与农村宅基地利用变化率的Spearman 等级相关分析结果表明,在耕地和农村宅基地利用的相互转化过程中,农村宅基地利用的变化起主导作用;③ 通过计算全国各省2000-2008 年间的耕地—宅基地变化耦合系数,发现期间耕地和农村宅基地利用变化耦合程度高的省份主要分布在胡焕庸线的东南部。社会经济—生物自然—土地管理三维驱动因素通过“农村人口—耕地—农村宅基地”三者之间的相互联系与相互作用驱动着耕地和农村宅基地利用的转型。然而,耕地和农村宅基地利用转型的时空耦合现象及其发生机制在很大程度上要归因于中国特殊的城乡二元结构社会体制。     

Alternative and Virtual Rurality: Agriculture and The Countryside as Embodied in American Imagination

Affection for agrarian livelihoods and rural and small‐town environments has long been held by residents in many of the world's “more developed” countries. Although the rural proportion of the U.S. population has shrunk to a minority over the last century, fondness for rurality continues to manifest itself in a number of ways. Attachment to the rural ideal or rural idyll can be considered as attachment to the idea of a type of place, rather than specific place attachment. Based on literature, field observation, computer searches, and data from the U.S. Census of Agriculture, connections to idea(l)s of rurality apparent in popular culture are identified and illustrated. These include rural and agricultural tourism, small‐scale farming and large‐lot rural subdivisions, urban agriculture, farmers’ markets and community‐supported agriculture, creation of housing developments around farm activities, and rural‐named housing and business developments. Idealized relationships with rurality call upon health and well‐being, connecting to nature, aesthetics, privacy, and respect and nostalgia for rural livelihoods.     

Space diversification process and evolution mechanism of typical village in the suburbs of Guangzhou: A case study of Beicun

The reform of global production mode and social system accelerate the process of urbanization, and the urban-rural factors accelerate rural space diversification. Based on the space production theory and game theory, this paper analyzed the space diversification process and its influence on Beicun village. The results show that:(1) In the past 30 years, the development of Beicun has experienced three stages: agricultural development, industrial development, and service industrial development. The industrial structure has changed from single to diverse. The transformation of agricultural decentralization to rural community has been realized.(2) Accompanying the rural economic development transformation, the land use type and structure of Beicun has diversified. The spatial relationship of various types of land use was complicated and gave rise to new characteristics of mixed land for commercial and residential use, and industrial and commercial use, gradually forming a circular spatial layout structure model of public service facilities, traditional residential areas and modern residential areas, commercial areas, agricultural and industrial areas.(3) Rural space diversification was mainly due to the intervention of new industries and the transformation of leading industries. The endogenous land transferring mechanism and exogenous urban capital jointly promoted the industrialization process, and the market power promoted the transformation of industry into the service industry.(4) The industrialization process promoted the functional replacement of historical buildings by village organizations. It changed the social relations of the village with the blood clan and geography oriented, and produced the occupational relation between migrant workers and urban low-income groups.(5) The multi-differentiation of suburban rural space followed the game logic of capital and land interests. The rural community played a key mediation in the competition for space and the game of interests among local villagers, farmers, economic cooperation, industrial operators, and service owners.     

基于社区理论大城市郊区化过程中失地农民社区的城镇化问题分析——以长春市兴华园社区为例

基于长春市兴华园社区典型案例,利用社区理论揭示了大城市郊区化过程中失地农民社区的城镇化机制与影响。结果表明土地征用体制下以农村社区为载体实现了快速城镇化,实现了乡村社会和经济空间重构,乡村生产空间和生活空间的优化和重组,地域空间并入城市发展范畴,城镇化进程加快,主要表现为城市景观和设施的推进,农民市民化进程加快,包括就业非农化与生活方式市民化等,但存在社会保障和补偿机制不健全,失地农民生活满意度低,社会认同感缺失等问题。     

Cottagers in an Urban Field

The use of rural areas by the urban population is an important organizing principle in the study of the rural hinterland of urban centers. One of the important land uses identified within the urban field is recreation. This paper focuses on cottage property ownership in one part of the urban field, the rural-recreational countryside. Using three case studies from Canada, it was found that cottage properties account for a large proportion of local residential property. Although most cottage properties are owned by urban residents, up to one-quarter are owned by local residents. Using a questionnaire survey, it was also found that cottage owners are more likely to be older, better educated, and have higher incomes than rural residents.     

Cross‐border rubber cultivation between China and Laos: Regionalization by Akha and Tai rubber farmers

This paper is a multi‐sited ethnography of cross‐border rubber cultivation between China and Laos. Smallholder minority rubber farmers from Xishuangbanna (China) have forged successful informal share‐cropping arrangements to grow rubber trees on the land of relatives and friends in neighbouring Laos. By becoming rich and entrepreneurial rural citizens, Akha and Tai farmers have also, in their own eyes, raised their own ‘quality’ (suzhi) and see themselves as ‘modern’. By examining various meanings of ‘modern’ in China, and contrasting the rubber farmers' experience with Jacob Eyferth's notion of rural ‘deskilling’, this paper shows how through learning to plant, cultivate and tap rubber, these farmers have taken on the discipline and technical knowledge of ‘modern’ workers and become ‘skilled’. By rising in ‘quality’, minority farmers on China's periphery challenge the entrenched binaries of urban/rural, modern/backward, prosperous/poor and Han/minority nationality. Xishuangbanna minority farmers acknowledge that they are also ‘backward’ in the Chinese social hierarchy, but their extension of rubber cultivation to kin and others in Laos has confirmed their modernity as dispensers of development, technical know‐how and ‘superior’ Chinese culture to Lao farmers who are ‘backward and poor’. In contrast to large state rubber farms that have failed to establish rubber plantations in northern Laos, minority farmers have created regionalization.     

中国农村居民点用地微观尺度研究进展及展望

中国快速工业化和城镇化进程助推农村发展经历了深刻转型,农村居民点用地类型及功能逐渐多样化和非农化,由此对农村居民点内部地类辨析、演变规律及驱动力探讨等提出了迫切需求。本文围绕农村居民点用地类型、结构及功能,农村居民点用地空心化以及用地景观等方面进行了较全面地总结,指出农村居民点用地演变与经济发展及农户生计变化息息相关。都市郊区及经济发达地区农户就地非农就业促使农村居民点用地类型多样化以及功能和景观的非农化,传统农区劳动力大量转移导致农村居民点用地闲置废弃和景观的空心化。当前,无论从技术手段还是研究内容看,农村居民点用地微观尺度研究仍以现象描述和解释为主,未来应逐渐向实践应用拓展和深化,并加强微观研究方法与技术手段的创新。在微观尺度的农村居民点用地转型、演变模式提炼基础上,深入剖析农村居民点用地的演变规律及驱动机理,提出面向国家战略需求的农村居民点空间重构方向,将凸显乡村聚落地理研究的政策出口与实践价值。     

土地资源约束下的北京食物供给潜力与优化(英文)

全球气候变化所带来的极端天气的频繁发生,水资源短缺情况下的农业用水的不断减少和伴随着人口增长与社会经济发展所引起的耕地面积下降,正在严重影响着世界范围内的食物安全。近年来由于食品价格的迅猛增长而导致的食品危机正在引起人们对增加地方食物供应的普遍关注。城市作为对食品安全更为敏感的地区,更是首当其冲受到食品危机的影响,城市一方面由于城市化快速发展,带来城市人口膨胀和消费多样性要求,从而形成需求的大幅增加,另一方面有由于城市周边耕地面积的不断减少,农业生产空间受到压缩,农业生产能力减弱,降低了城市的自我食品供给,引起自给率明显下降。如何保持供需之间的平衡,保障城市食品安全,成为亟需研究的问题。本文提出以食物足迹的概念,来衡量城市所间接消耗的土地资源,并以此为工具,以自给率为条件,来求得满足一定自给率条件下食物供给的空间对应格局。通过分析30年来北京食物足迹以及食物自给率的年际变化,得出结论:北京食物足迹从1981年的1.18万km2增加到2010年的2.94万km2,而自给率整体下降较多,蔬菜、水果、谷物及油脂类的自给率从1981年的59.3%、35.8%、37.3% 和 13.1% 下降到2010年的39.0%、27.0%、6.7% 和2.2%,可以看出蔬菜仍能保持相当的自给率,因此提高蔬菜自给率是增强城市自给能力的最佳选择。最后,以60%的蔬菜自给率为目标,提出了两种情景,包括完全以耕地为来源的空间应对格局,以及屋顶农业参与下的空间应对格局。     

长江三角洲地区城镇时空动态格局及其环境效应

利用多期遥感影像对长江三角洲地区城镇近15年来的时空变化特征进行了分析,揭示了地区城镇化的空间格局与其生态环境的相互关系。结果表明:80年代中后期至2000年之间以农业景观为主的农田、林地显著减少,城镇迅速扩张,呈集中化趋势。前后五年的土地利用动态变化的构成比例不同,后期城市扩展的速度明显减慢。土地利用的动态变化引起了环境的一系列变化,其扩展方式直接影响到局地气候及区域空气质量。