雅鲁藏布江缝合带南缘混杂岩放射虫组合及其地质意义

在西藏南部雅鲁藏布江缝合带南侧的吉隆地区出露有一套混杂岩,该混杂岩中见大量的放射虫化石。其研究成果可为恢复缝合带南缘混杂岩地层层序、探讨特提斯古海洋盆地演化、揭示印度-亚洲板块的全面碰撞过程等提供重要的生物地层学证据。将吉隆地区桑单林剖面自下而上划分为宗卓组、桑单林组和者雅组3个岩石地层单元;并在其中发现有晚白垩世-始新世放射虫化石,鉴定出50属、72种,划分了4个放射虫化石带：Immersothorax cyclops带(晚白垩世Campanian期),Spongurus irregularis带(早古新世,RP1-RP3),Buryella dumitricai带(古新世中晚期,RP4-RP6),Phormocyrtis turgida带(始新世早期,RP7-RP8)。通过对古近纪时期特提斯喜马拉雅北亚带的地层、沉积等特征进行横向上的对比分析,认为古新世时处于特提斯喜马拉雅沉积带北亚带西段的吉隆地区为前渊环境,东段的江孜地区则为滨浅海沉积环境,表明西藏境内特提斯洋的闭合并不是同时发生的,而是沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带自东向西发生。     

昌宁-孟连结合带弄巴地区泥盆系、石炭系的时代及沉积环境:放射虫、碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素约束

造山带中远洋深水沉积物是恢复古大洋的重要依据之一,昌宁-孟连古特提斯结合带存在大量海相沉积物,但是否存在大洋盆地相的远洋沉积还不清楚.对弄巴地区被认为最可能是洋盆相沉积的石炭系岩片和海相泥盆系岩片进行了岩石学、放射虫时代、碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素研究.石炭系岩片放射虫硅质岩中鉴定出放射虫6属8种,时代为早石炭世早-中期.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,泥盆系岩片岩屑石英杂砂岩碎屑锆石年龄范围为387~3 266 Ma,最年轻一组年龄为387~413 Ma;石炭系岩片中与放射虫硅质岩共生的基性凝灰岩碎屑锆石年龄为341~3 403 Ma,最年轻一组年龄为341~354 Ma.综合锆石年龄和化石资料,限定泥盆系岩片原始沉积时代为早-中泥盆世,石炭系岩片时代为早石炭世早-中期.碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱特征和Hf同位素组成指示泥盆系岩片和石炭系岩片具有相似的物质源区,主要来源于亲冈瓦纳的陆壳,少量来自于古生代特提斯域新生岛弧.早-中泥盆世地层岩片原始沉积于亲冈瓦纳的大陆斜坡环境;早石炭世地层岩片原始沉积于亲冈瓦纳的大陆斜坡至古特提斯洋盆边缘环境,不是远洋深水的大洋盆地环境.寻找以远洋深水沉积物为代表的大洋盆地相沉积并开展研究是当前昌宁-孟连古特提斯研究的重要方向之一.      

藏南硅质岩及富SiO2热水流体成岩成矿作用研究

藏南地区中生代硅质岩广泛发育,呈东西向带状展布,自北向南可分为雅鲁藏布江缝合带北侧早白垩世硅质岩带、雅鲁藏布江缝合带南侧三叠纪至白垩纪硅质岩带和特提斯喜马拉雅沉积区白垩纪硅质岩带.按照野外的沉积建造特征,分为蛇绿岩_硅质岩建造、火山岩-硅质岩建造、改造型硅质岩建造(构造断块型和构造混杂型)和浊积岩-硅质岩建造等多种类型.按照岩石学特征分为块状硅质岩、层状硅质岩、角砾状硅质岩和结核状硅质岩等四大类.     

班公湖—怒江洋复理石沉积时代:来自改则县亚多村碎屑锆石的制约

木嘎岗日岩群是班公湖?怒江洋的洋盆沉积记录,它的时代归属对约束班公湖?怒江洋的演化具有重要意义.然而自命名以来,木嘎岗日岩群的时代一直争议较大.以班公湖?怒江缝合带中段改则县亚多村一带的木嘎岗日岩群为研究对象,对其进行岩石学和碎屑锆石年代学方面的研究.该区木嘎岗日岩群以薄层砂岩和页岩互层为主,具复理石沉积特征.砂岩碎屑锆石年代学分析结果显示,最小碎屑锆石为149 Ma,最小年龄峰值为156 Ma,指示该地区木嘎岗日岩群的时代为晚侏罗世?早白垩世.在此基础上,对班公湖?怒江缝合带中西段内不同地区木嘎岗日岩群的年龄信息进行搜集和整理,结果显示,木嘎岗日岩群的时代跨度至少为晚三叠世?早白垩世,表明班公湖?怒江洋中西段在晚三叠世?早白垩世内可能是连续演化的.      

藏南白朗地区宗卓组混杂岩的物质来源和形成时代——来自岩石学和碎屑锆石U-Pb定年的证据

本文通过对藏南白朗地区宗卓组混杂岩"基质"进行岩石学、碎屑锆石形态学和U-Pb同位素测年等研究,结果表明:"基质"中碎屑岩岩屑成分以中酸性熔岩为主,石英颗粒在阴极发光下主要呈不发光或弱发光,为低温变质成因的自生石英再沉积;碎屑锆石以岩浆成因锆石为主,少量变质成因锆石,多因经历了一定距离的搬运磨蚀作用而呈浑圆状、椭圆状;碎屑锆石年龄绝大多数分布于422~2867 Ma(43.5%)和71~205 Ma(52.2%),在中元古代(1032~1569 Ma)和早白垩世(102~142 Ma)形成两个年龄主峰。综合研究将研究区宗卓组混杂岩中"基质"的形成时代限定为晚白垩统马斯特里赫特期,雅鲁藏布江缝合带北侧冈底斯弧与南侧印度大陆北缘均对其物源具有一定的贡献。     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段白垩纪混杂岩归属及其构造意义

采用野外地质点观察、岩相分析及碎屑锆石U-Pb定年方法,对雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段南侧的朗县白垩纪混杂岩(KL)进行研究。分析结果显示,以乃东-金东-莫洛断裂为界,该断裂南侧具有以板岩/千枚岩为主夹砂岩、粉砂岩的特征,属于海底扇沉积,其碎屑锆石年龄谱有230Ma和530Ma 2个峰值,与南部的上三叠统复理石郎杰学群极其相似;而该断裂北侧狭长地带的KL则主要为陆棚相板岩与大理岩,属于拉萨南缘沉积。为此认为,南部主体属于上三叠统郎杰学群,暗示印度大陆与欧亚大陆在西藏东南部的缝合碰撞边界可能是乃东-金东-莫洛断裂,而不是北侧的泽当-加查-朗拉岗则断裂或南侧的乃东-曲松-白露断裂。     

滇东南八布早二叠世含火山岩屑砂岩指示古特提斯洋俯冲

滇东南八布基性/超基性岩体被认为代表洋壳残片,与越北Song Hien构造带内的蛇绿岩体共同构成八布-Song Hien古特提斯缝合带的重要岩石记录,是认识华南西南缘古特提斯构造演化的重要窗口.环绕八布基性/超基性岩体分布大面积碎屑岩系,内夹有硅质岩序列,长期以来被认为是三叠纪浊流沉积,但缺少确切的古生物化石和放射性年代学证据.为确定这套碎屑岩的沉积时代和物质来源,对紧邻八布岩体的龙林西含火山岩屑砂砾岩进行LA-ICPMS碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素和微量元素分析.结果显示,碎屑锆石年龄谱与华南西南缘的二叠系-三叠系年龄谱明显不同,但与Song Hien构造带晚二叠世砂岩和哀牢山带绿春二叠纪砂岩年龄谱相似.最年轻锆石年龄组约为285Ma,在微量元素组成上与弧/造山型岩浆结晶锆石一致,对应于安山质-流纹质火山岩屑,指示早二叠世火山岩浆活动.结合碎屑锆石年龄谱的对比分析和八布村东硅质岩序列的新发现,结果表明八布碎屑岩的沉积时代应为早二叠世,而非中三叠世,其早二叠世火山岩源区与八布-Song Hien古特提斯洋俯冲有关.      

藏南仲巴地区早白垩世日朗组物源分析及其构造意义

藏南仲巴地区早白垩世日朗组出露于特提斯喜马拉雅北亚带,整体为黄绿色火山岩屑砂岩,局部层位可见页岩与泥岩,分析为一套深海海底扇沉积组合。本文仔细分析了日朗组砂岩岩石学特征及鲍马序列和槽模沉积构造等沉积学特征,结果表明:日朗组砂岩成分成熟度和结构成熟度均不高,具有近源物源的特点;槽模构造古水流数据统计表明古流向由南向北,指示物质组分来源于南侧特提斯喜马拉雅和/或印度克拉通。砂岩碎屑组分统计结果表明日朗组的物源区构造背景属于克拉通内部及石英再旋回区。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄频谱图对比进一步表明其物源区为印度稳定大陆边缘,外加一套早白垩世火山碎屑物质的输入。仲巴地区日朗组物源特征反映了印度大陆北缘早白垩世由深部断裂引起的一次强烈的火山事件,可能与印度大陆从澳大利亚-南极大陆裂解有关。     

西藏林周盆地中侏罗统却桑温泉组碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及地质意义

林周盆地位于冈底斯板块中部，对其进行盆地分析将为理解冈底斯板块构造演化过程提供重要的沉积学证据。本文以林周盆地中侏罗统却桑温泉组为研究对象，开展岩石学和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究，结果显示却桑温泉组岩屑石英砂岩最年轻碎屑锆石年龄为169 Ma，存在620～540 Ma,1 220～1 055 Ma等年龄峰值，其中最年轻碎屑锆石年龄是对特提斯洋壳俯冲引发的岩浆事件的响应。碎屑锆石区域对比研究表明却桑温泉组物源主要来自冈底斯中部唐加-松多造山带，为特提斯洋向北俯冲、向南增生过程的沉积记录。     

仲巴地体的板块亲缘性:来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素的证据

仲巴地体位于青藏高原西南部,其南北两侧均为雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩或蛇绿混杂岩。仲巴地体主要由一套断续出露的前寒武系构造基底、古生代和三叠系地层组成,岩性主要包括石英砂岩、含白云母石英岩、泥质石英粉砂岩,白云母方解石片岩和大理岩等。岩相学揭示这套地层总体上为滨浅海-陆棚-外陆棚环境。碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素分析表明,锆石年龄出现特征年龄峰值530Ma和950Ma,与西羌塘、特提斯喜马拉雅以及高喜马拉雅地体非常类似,并且950Ma左右的碎屑锆石群具有与上述地体上报道的同期碎屑锆石群相似的εHf(t)值和地壳模式年龄。这种碎屑锆石年龄和Hf同位素组成特征明显区别于拉萨地体,后者以出现约1170Ma的特殊年龄群为特征。基于碎屑锆石特征和沉积学研究,本文认为仲巴地体属于西羌塘-大印度-特提斯喜马拉雅构造体系,与拉萨地体具有不同的板块构造亲缘性。     

南天山蛇绿混杂岩中放射虫化石的时代及其构造意义

塔里木北缘南天山蛇绿混杂岩带沿乌瓦门、库勒湖、依奇科里克、黑英山等地分布,黑英山段蛇绿混杂岩以梅什布拉克牧场一带出露最好。该蛇绿岩时代的确定事关天山造山带形成与演化历史的认识。对采自梅什布拉克蛇绿混杂岩带基质中的20多件硅质岩进行了薄片观察,从中挑选出若干件代表性硅质岩和硅质泥岩做微古化石鉴定,从中发现较多放射虫化石,属于内射虫类和原笼虫类,时代为晚泥盆世法门期—早石炭世杜内期—维宪期,早石炭世代表南天山洋盆关闭的年龄下限,或构造混杂的早期年龄。结合区域地质及其前人研究成果,认为南天山的乌瓦门、库勒湖、依奇科里克、黑英山各段蛇绿岩在物质组成与时空延伸上均有可比性,共同构成一个大型的南天山晚古生代构造缝合带。现有资料不支持南天山存在晚二叠世洋盆的认识。     

The Yarlung suture mélange,Lopu Range,southern Tibet: Provenance of sandstone blocks and transition from oceanic subduction to continental collision

With the aim of better understanding the history of ocean closure and suturing between India and Asia, we conducted a geologic investigation of a siliciclastic matrix tectonic mélange within the western Yarlung suture zone of southern Tibet (Lopu Range region, ~ 50 km northwest of Saga). The siliciclastic matrix mélange includes abundant blocks of ocean plate stratigraphy and sparse blocks of sandstone. Metapelite and metabasite blocks in the mélange exhibit lower greenschist facies mineral assemblages, indicating that they were not deeply subducted. We obtained detrital zircon U-Pb geochronologic and sandstone petrographic data from sandstone blocks in the mélange and sandstone beds from Tethyan Himalayan strata exposed to the south of the suture. The sandstones from both units are all similar in U-Pb detrital zircon age spectra and petrography to the nearby Tethyan Cretaceous–Paleocene Sangdanlin section, which records the earliest appearance (at ~ 59 Ma) of arc-affinity strata deposited conformably on Indian-affinity strata. Two Paleocene sandstones, one of which is a schistose block incorporated in the siliciclastic matrix mélange, yielded indistinguishable maximum depositional ages of ~ 59 Ma. Mesozoic Asian-affinity sandstone blocks previously documented in the siliciclastic matrix mélange 200–500 km along strike to the east are notably absent in the Lopu Range region. We documented a gradational transition in structural style from the block-in-matrix mélange in the northeast to the south-vergent Tethyan thrust belt in the southwest. Blocks of Tethyan Himalayan strata increase in size and the volumetric proportion of matrix decreases from northeast to southwest. We conclude that no arc-affinity sandstone blocks were incorporated into the subduction complex until India-Asia collision at ~ 59 Ma when the Xigaze forearc basin became overfilled and Tethyan Himalayan strata entered the trench. As collision progressed, there was a gradual transition in structural style from block-in-matrix mélange formation to imbricate-style thrust belt formation.     

Lower Cretaceous turbidites in the Shiquanhe–Namco Ophiolite Mélange Zone,Asa area,Tibet:Constraints on the evolution of the Meso-Tethys Ocean

Turbidites from the Shiquanhe–Namco Ophiolite Mélange Zone(SNMZ) record critical information about the tectonic affinity of the SNMZ and the evolutionary history of the Meso-Tethys Ocean in Tibet.This paper reports sedimentologic,sandstone petrographic,zircon U-Pb geochronologic,and clastic rocks geochemical data of newly identified turbidites(Asa Formation) in the Asa Ophiolite Mélange.The youngest ages of detrital zircon from the turbiditic sandstone samples,together with ～115 Ma U-Pb concordant age from the tuff intercalation within the Asa Formation indicate an Early Cretaceous age.The sandstone mineral modal composition data show that the main component is quartz grains and the minor components are sedimentary and volcanic fragments,suggesting that the turbidites were mainly derived from a recycled orogen provenance with a minor addition of volcanic arc materials.The detrital U-Pb zircon ages of turbiditic sandstones yield main age populations of170–120 Ma,300–220 Ma,600–500 Ma,1000–700 Ma,1900–1500 Ma,and ～2500 Ma,similar to the ages of the Qiangtang Terrane(age peak of 600–500 Ma,1000–900 Ma,～1850 Ma and ～2500 Ma) and the accretionary complex in the Bangong–Nujiang Ophiolite Zone(BNMZ) rather than the age of the Central Lhasa Terrane(age peak of ～300 Ma,～550 Ma and ～1150 Ma).The mineral modal compositions,detrital U-Pb zircon ages,and geochemical data of clastic rocks suggest that the Asa Formation is composed of sediments primarily recycled from the Jurassic accretionary complex within the BNMZ with the secondary addition of intermediate-felsic island arc materials from the South Qiangtang Terrane.Based on our new results and previous studies,we infer that the SNMZ represents a part of the Meso-Tethys Suture Zone,rather than a southward tectonic klippe of the BNMZ or an isolated ophiolitic mélange zone within the Lhasa Terrane.The Meso-Tethys Suture Zone records the continuous evolutionary history of the northward subduction,accretion,arc-Lhasa collision,and Lhasa-Qiangtang collision of the Meso-Tethys Ocean from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous.     

西藏雅鲁藏布江中段构造混杂带特征及其构造意义

<正> 混杂体(Melange)是由板块俯冲过程中所导致的各种构造作用而混杂形成的一些杂乱地质体。它的主要特征是大小不同的各类岩块嵌在比较塑性,遭到强烈剪切作用和破碎作用的基质中,每一混杂体都包括基质(matrix)、外来岩块(exotic block)和原地岩块(native block)三部分。根据其中含有时代新于基质的外来岩块和基质的强烈剪切变形而区别于沉积成因的滑塌体(Olistostrome),又可根据基质的塑性形变和外来成分岩块的普遍出现而区别于一般构造产物(破碎岩、构造角砾岩等)。     

Ocean Plate Stratigraphy in East and Southeast Asia

Ancient accretionary wedges have been recognised by the presence of glaucophane schist, radiolarian chert and mélange. Recent techniques for the reconstruction of disrupted fragments of such wedges by means of radiolarian biostratigraphy, provide a more comprehensive history of ocean plate subduction and successive accretion of ocean floor materials from the oceanic plate through offscraping and underplating.Reconstructed ocean floor sequences found in ancient accretionary complexes in Japan comprise, from oldest to youngest, pillow basalt, limestone, radiolarian chert, siliceous shale, and shale and sandstone. Similar lithologies also occur in the mélange complexes of the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and other regions. This succession is called ‘Ocean Plate Stratigraphy’ (OPS), and it represents the following sequence of processes: birth of the oceanic plate at the oceanic ridge; formation of volcanic islands near the ridge, covered by calcareous reefs; sedimentation of calcilutite on the flanks of the volcanic islands where radiolarian chert is also deposited; deposition of radiolarian skeletons on the oceanic plate in a pelagic setting, and sedimentary mixing of radiolarian remains and detrital grains to form siliceous shale in a hemipelagic setting; and sedimentation of coarse-grained sandstone and shale at or near the trench of the convergent margin.Radiolarian biostratigraphy of detrital sedimentary rocks provides information on the time and duration of ocean plate subduction. The ages of detrital sediments becomes younger oceanward as younger packages of OPS are scraped off the downgoing plate.OPS reconstructed from ancient accretionary complexes give us the age of subduction and accretion, direction of subduction, and ancient tectonic environments and is an important key to understanding the paleoenvironment and history of the paleo-oceans now represented only in suture zones and orogenic belts.     

PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION OF THE CENO-TETHYS: MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM PELAGIC SEDIMENTS IN THE YARLUNG ZANGBO SUTURE ZONE, SOUTHERN TIBET

PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION OF THE CENO-TETHYS: MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM PELAGIC SEDIMENTS IN THE YARLUNG ZANGBO SUTURE ZONE, SOUTHERN TIBET     

内蒙古北山地区月牙山蛇绿质构造混杂岩带地质特征、形成时代及大地构造意义

月牙山蛇绿质构造混杂岩带位于红柳河—洗肠井蛇绿岩带东部的月牙山一带。月牙山蛇绿岩套出露较完整,自下而上由超基性杂岩、辉长岩、层状玄武岩、枕状玄武岩及放射虫硅质岩组成。蛇绿岩套北侧发生了强烈的构造混杂作用,形成蛇绿质构造混杂岩带,由强糜棱岩化、强蛇纹石化的辉橄岩、玄武岩基质和辉石岩、堆晶辉长岩、斜长花岗岩、橄榄岩、橄辉岩、角闪石岩、白云岩、放射虫硅质岩、蚀变玄武岩等岩块组成。通过对蛇绿岩套中辉石岩、辉长岩、斜长花岗岩、辉长闪长岩及蛇绿岩套北侧斜山——东七一山火山弧中的安山岩、花岗闪长岩等开展锆石U-Pb同位素测年研究,确定月牙山蛇绿岩套形成时代约为530Ma,相当于早寒武世;洋盆发生大规模自南向北俯冲作用的时间为421.0±15~442.4±1.5Ma,相当于志留纪。通过对蛇绿岩带两侧地层形成环境及蛇绿岩带对两侧地层单位的限定意义等研究认为,红柳河—洗肠井蛇绿岩带是代表古大洋闭合的板块缝合带,以该带为界,北侧为哈萨克斯坦板块,南侧为塔里木板块。