垂线偏差反演重力异常中央区效应计算模型

为提高卫星测高反演重力场中央区效应的计算精度,以逆Vening-Meinesz公式为例,推导了包含4个网格的矩形中央区效应计算模型;基于"非奇异变换"思想,推导了中央区垂线偏差展开为泰勒级数式和二次多项式的非奇异变换法计算模型一和模型二。结果表明:矩形中央区积分法得到了与非奇异变换法模型一完全相同的中央区效应计算模型。设计了基于EGM2008模型数据的仿真计算,计算结果表明:该公式计算的重力异常中央区效应与将中央区视为圆域的传统方法算得的结果差值最大能够达到数个毫伽;与形式更为复杂的非奇异变换法算得的结果基本一致,说明在中央区效应计算中,使用矩形域中央区模型更为合理。     

重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精密计算

为提高利用重力异常计算重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精度,视中央区为矩形域,将重力异常表示成双三次多项式插值形式,引入非奇异变换,推导出了重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精密计算公式。以低纬度区域分辨率为2＇×2＇的重力异常数据为背景场进行了仿真分析,结果表明在解算计算点所在的1个网格的中央区效应时,传统公式与本文导出公式计算结果差值的最大值达数E。该导出公式可为重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精密计算提供理论依据。     

基于遥感数据的三维温度场参数化分析方法研究

为了满足海洋研究以及海洋调查的需求，本文基于Argo剖面和海表面温度数据开发了一个新的拟合三维温度场的算法。选取西北太平洋区域作为验证算法有效的实验海区。该水域的经纬度范围设定为:30°～40°N, 140°～155°E, 水平分辨率为0.25°。深度方向为从海表到2 000 m水深，水域划分为29层。拟合算法首先将Argo温度剖面以5个深度划分为6层，分别为混合层、夹层、温跃层、过渡层、第一深层、第二深层，然后以第一猜想值和线性回归得到的海表面温度作为初始条件重构三维温度场。重构的三维温度场的剖面与原观测剖面的均方根误差较小，相关性较好，表明该算法是合理有效的。     

印度尼西亚近海潮汐潮流的数值模拟

利用FVCOM海洋数值模式计算了印尼近海的M2,S2,K1,O1分潮的分布,计算范围从20°S～20°N,90°～150°E,计算网格分辨率在印尼海域岛屿平均为1/12度,在大陆边界平均为1/5度,在开边界平均为1/2度.计算结果与104个TOPEX/Poseidon卫星高度计交叉点数据和79个验潮站数据进行比较,符合良好;与高度计交叉点比较,M2分潮振幅的均方根差为6 cm,迟角为7°;S2分潮的振幅偏差为3 cm,迟角偏差为8°;K1分潮振幅的偏差为6 cm,迟角偏差为10°;O1分潮振幅偏差为3 cm,迟角偏差为10°.根据计算结果给出了4个分潮的潮汐、潮流、潮余流和潮能通量密度分布图.     

基于海面位势高度和海表温度构建西太平洋三维温度场

提出了一个基于上一年逐月三维再分析温盐场和第二年月平均卫星观测数据,包括海表温度SST(Sea Surface Temperature),海面高度异常SLA(Sea Level Anomaly),来推算区域海洋三维温度场的方法。选取西太平洋区域作为验证算法有效的海区。该三维水域的水平海域范围设定为:30°N～50°N,140°W～180°W,水平分辨率为1°;深度方向为从海表至-1 000 m,划分为19层。重构的第一步是利用上一年的逐月的温盐场,在该三维空间的每个网格点上建立一个温度和卫星观测的海表温度、海面位势高度的回归方程。根据该回归方程和第二年的卫星观测数据可以得到第二年的该区域的三维温度场。第二步把相同月份的该区域存在的Argo温度廓线同化进重构的温度场来提高重构的精度。重构的2015、2016年的温度场和CMEMS(Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service)提供的再分温度场的相关系数分别达到了0.992 9和0.991 2,均方根误差为0.79和0.89℃;在-200 m以深的区域,均方根差异小于1℃,-200 m以浅的区域,均方根差异在1～2℃。表明该重构方法是合理有效的,所以基于第一年的温盐三维数据和第二年的卫星观测的海表数据可以重构第二年的三维温度场。     

利用多代卫星测高数据计算中国近海及邻域重力异常

为提高海洋重力场数据的精度和空间分辨率,联合Jason-1/2、T/P、Envisat、ERS-1/2、Geosat等多代卫星测高数据计算中国近海及邻域(0°~42°N,100°~140°E)2′×2′重力异常。对卫星测高数据分别进行共线处理和自交叉点平差,并以T/P卫星测高数据为基准进行多星数据联合平差,有效削弱了卫星测高数据的时变影响和不协调性;利用逆Vening-Meinesz公式计算重力异常,与船测重力相比,均方根误差为5.4 mgal。结果表明,通过引入高精度的卫星测高数据,结合多项平差处理手段,提高了海洋重力异常的计算精度。     

谱技术在地形改正和间接效应计算中的应用

给出了计算局部地形改正和间接效应的改进公式及其谱计算式;确定了地形改正和间接效应级数展开计算式的可选次项和最佳积分半径;论证了计算地形改正需要进一步提高地形高数据分辨率和计算间接效应可以降低对地形高数据分辨率和精度要求的依据;讨论了精细积分面积元对计算地形改正的作用。     

小波变换在水下目标回波奇异性检测中的应用

小波变换突破了传统Fourier变换等信号处理方法均限制,具有表征信号局部特征的能力,信号的局部奇异性包含了信号的许多重要信息,论文研究了信号的奇异性检测问题。给出小波变换和信号奇异性的关系,实现小波分析对信号各类奇异间断点的有效检测,最后进行实例分析,说明此理论与方法适用于对边缘信号与突变信号的处理和提取,为海底底质识别提供理论依据。     

重力数据融合与重力垂直梯度异常反演

重力垂直梯度异常反应了重力异常的空间变化率,在地球物理勘探等多学科中得到越来越多的应用。利用南海局部区域实测重力异常数据和Sandwell测高重力异常数据,将搜索范围、距离和精度多种因素融合考虑并对Shepard算法进行改进,给出了南海局部区域(19°N~20.5°N,114°E~115.5°E)分辨率1'×1'的重力异常并反演了对应分辨率的重力垂直梯度异常。结果表明,基于Shepard改进算法的高精度船测重力和测高重力的有机融合,增强了单一测高重力数据反演重力垂直梯度异常的细节纹理,提高了反演重力垂直梯度异常的分辨率和精度。     

基于Argo资料的西太平洋混合层和温跃层数据产品研制

基于2017版全球海洋Argo网格数据集(BOA-Argo),利用最大角度法和梯度比值法等客观分析方法计算了2004年1月—2016年12月期间,西太平洋海域(25°S~40°N,120°~180°E)的上混合层和温跃层上、下界深度,并计算了混合层温盐度以及温跃层强度等海洋环境参数,制作完成水平分辨率为1°×1°的月平均Argo数据衍生产品。将本数据产品和采用阈值法计算得到MILA GPV数据集做比较,结果显示:对于混合层的主要空间分布特征和时间序列变化特征,两者都十分吻合;将西太平洋海域温跃层上、下界深度和强度等参数与人们利用传统的温度梯度法计算结果相比较,其季节分布特征及变化趋势也大体相符。     

Annual Variability of Sea Surface Height and Upper Layer Thickness in the Pacific Ocean

The annual variabilities of the sea surface height in the Pacific Ocean were investigated by analyzing the TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite data and by solving a reduced gravity model. We discuss how adequately the simple model can capture the variabilities of the sea surface height, and what the cause of the variabilities is. Three large amplitude peaks in the satellite data are found along the 12°N longitude line. Two elongated zones with a large amplitude are also found: one extends east-west along 6°N and the other extends northwestward from South America around 25°S. These features are adequately reproduced in the numerical simulation of the reduced gravity model. The propagation of the Rossby wave is analyzed by the use of the extended Eliassen-Palm flux to investigate the mechanism of these annual variabilities. The two east peaks around 12°N can be explained in terms of the interference between the local Ekman pumping and the free wave emitted near the western coast of North America, and the most western peak is affected by the Rossby wave formed by the local wind stress. The elongated zonal area around 6°N is mainly due to the local Ekman pumping. Another area around 25°S results from the convergence of the free Rossby wave emitted from the eastern boundary and the area with the strong wind stress curl off South America. A discrepancy between the satellite data and the model results suggests that the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean is relatively calm in the model but not in the satellite data. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Transformation of Lambert Conic Conformal Coordinates from a Global Datum to a Local Datum

A detailed gravimetric geoid around Japan has been computed on the basis of 30’ × 30’ block mean free‐air gravity anomalies and GSFC GEM‐8 geopotential coefficient set. The 30’ × 30’ block means were read from various gravity maps around Japan, and the block means have been compiled into the JHDGF‐1 gravity file. Since the gravity file is restricted around Japan (see Figure 1), additional gravity data are needed to perform the Stokes’ integration in the cap with radius ψ₀ = 20°. The 1° × 1° block gravity means have been used outside the JHDGF‐1 region. The remarkable features of the gravimetric geoid occur over the trench areas. The geoidal dents over the trenches amount to ‐20~ ‐25 m in comparison with the geoidal heights in the land areas of Japan. The mean error of the 30’ × 30’ detailed gravimetric geoid obtained is estimated to be around 1.4 m, and the relative undulation of the geoid between the distance of a few hundred kilometers may be more accurate.     

基于频域法的留尼汪海域海底地形反演

海底地形是全球地形的重要组成部分,对地球物理科学研究、经济活动等具有重要作用。基于Parker公式,利用卫星测高重力异常和船测水深数据,采用频域的方法反演了疑似马航MH370失事区域的留尼汪海域的10°×10°的海底地形。最后将反演的水深和船测水深、国际通用的海深模型ETOPO1作比较进行精度评估,结果表明:本文反演结果与船测水深相比误差平均值为-26.038 m,标准差为176.588 m;与ETOPO1相比,差异平均值为-33.541 m,标准差为160.769 m。这表明采用重力异常数据,结合船测数据能较高精度地反演海底地形。     

CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE HEIGHT ANOMALY AND THE DEFLECTION OF VERTICAL IN AN OCEAN AREA

By the analysis of a practical calculation, this paper describes, for the first time in China, the gravimetric method on the calculation of the height anomaly and the deflection of vertical in the ocean by Stokes' and Vening Meinesz's formula. There are 84 calculation points distributed uniformlic in a calculated area of 2°×2° in the Mid-Pacific. In the course of the calculation, the gravimetric data measured by us, the 1° ×1° mean gravity data "published in other countries and the 25-ordeic gravitational coefficients of GEM8 were used. The results (Fig. 2b) show that the calculated area is an uplift of the geoid, with a mean height anomaly of 42 m, the maximum being 45 m and the minimum 39 m. In the whole calculated area, the variation of the deflection of vertical is rather small, with the maximum 7″·1 and the minimum -0″·2. The major causes of the calculation errors are pointed out and the calculation results are compaired with the data from the satellite altimeter.     

Basement-involved faults and deep structures in the West Philippine Basin: constrains from gravity field

To reveal the basement-involved faults and deep structures of the West Philippine Basin (WPB), the gravitational responses caused by these faults are observed and analyzed based on the latest spherical gravity model: WGM2012 Model. By mapping the free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies, several main faults and some other linear structures are located and observed in the WPB. Then, by conducting a 2D discrete multi-scale wavelet decomposition, the Bouguer anomalies are decomposed into the first- to eighth-order detail and approximation fields (the first- to eighth-order Details and Approximations). The first- to third-order Details reflect detailed and localized geological information of the crust at different depths, and of which the higher-order reflects gravity field of the deeper depth. The first- to fourth-order Approximations represent the regional gravity fields at different depths of the crust, respectively. The fourth-order Approximation represents the regional gravity fluctuation caused by the density inhomogeneity of Moho interface. Therefore, taking the fourth-order Approximation as input, and adopting Parker-Oldenburg interactive inversion, We calculated the depth of Moho interface in the WPB. Results show that the Moho interface depth in the WPB ranges approximately from 8 to 12 km, indicating that there is typical oceanic crust in the basin. In the Urdaneta Plateau and the Benham Rise, the Moho interface depths are about 14 and 16 km, respectively, which provides a piece of evidence to support that the Banham Rise could be a transitional crust caused by a large igneous province. The second-order vertical derivative and the horizontal derivatives in direction 0° and 90° are computed based on the data of the third-order Detail, and most of the basement-involved faults and structures in the WPB, such as the Central Basin Fault Zone, the Gagua Ridge, the Luzon-Okinawa Fault Zone, and the Mindanao Fault Zone are interpreted by the gravity derivatives.     

利用EGM2008模型快速构建扰动重力梯度基准图

重力梯度张量是重力位二阶导,相比重力异常能够更好反映局部区域的细节特征。因此重力梯度导航理论上能为惯性导航提供更好的辅助。重力梯度导航的关键技术之一是背景基准图的构建,推导了扰动重力梯度张量与扰动位在局部指北坐标系中的关系式,并基于EGM2008地球重力场模型构建了一块范围的海域扰动重力梯度张量基准图。为了快速构建基准图,选取了合适的勒让德函数,并将每一个梯度张量的计算式改变求和顺序来提高同一纬度圈上的计算点的计算速度。最后利用梯度张量对角线上三元素满足拉普拉斯约束条件的原理验证了所得基准图的正确性。     

海区沉积盆地的三维变密度基底反演及其应用

建立了适合海区沉积盆地基底反演的密度模式，推导了对应的重力异常精确公式（近区计算公式）和近似公式（远区计算公式），提出模拟沉积盆地复杂变化的密度差－深度曲线的分段拟合方法。建立了一种利用地震波速度谱、重力和水深资料反演沉积盆地基底的方法。利用地震波速度谱的资料对厦澎凹陷的密度－深度关系进行了统计分析，并反演了厦澎凹陷的重力基底，认为整个厦澎凹陷可能由不同构造格局的东北和西南两部分组成，并分别讨论了这两部分的基底特征。     

HY-2A/GM高度计数据反演的初步海洋重力场

HY-2 A(Haiyang-2 A), launched in 2011, is the first ocean dynamic environment satellite of China and is equipped with a radar altimeter as one of the primary payloads. HY-2 A shifted the drift orbit in March 2016 and has been accumulating geodetic mission(GM) data for more than three years with 168-day cycle. In this paper, we present the preliminary gravity field inverted by the HY-2 A/GM data from March 2016 to December 2017 near Taiwan(21°–26°N, 119°–123°E). The gravity anomaly is computed by Inverse Vening Meinesz(IVM) formula with a onedimensional FFT method during remove-restore procedure with the EGM2008 gravity model as the reference field. For comparison, CryoSat-2 altimeter data are used to inverse the gravity field near Taiwan Island by the same method. Comparing with the gravity field derived from CryoSat-2, a good agreement between the two data sets is found. The global ocean gravity models and National Geophysical Data Center(NGDC) shipboard gravity data also are used to assess the performance of HY-2 A/GM data. The evaluations show that HY-2 A and CryoSat-2 are at the same level in terms of gravity field recovery and the HY-2 A/GM altimeter-derived gravity field has an accuracy of 2.922 mGal. Therefore, we can believe that HY-2 A will be a new reliable data source for marine gravity field inversion and has the potentiality to improve the accuracy and resolution of the global marine gravity field.     

Static stability of submerged partial revetment structures under regular and irregular waves

Physical models of submerged partial revetment structures were built on natural beach sand with a diameter of 0.35 mm and specific gravity of 2.63. The armor units, the diameter and specific gravity of which varied in the range of 8.5–67.95 mm and 1.81–2.77 respectively, were placed only on wave breaking areas. A series of experiments has been conducted on the conditions of different armor units and different wave characteristics using regular waves and irregular waves. Based on the experimental data, the effects of wave height, wave period, diameter and specific gravity of armor units, water depth in the channel, and wave types on static damage of given structures are assessed. Some empirical formulas have been suggested through regression analysis to describe static stability and stability number of submerged partial revetment structures under pure regular waves, pure irregular waves, and regular–irregular waves. The suggested formulas compared with Van der Meer’s (1988) formulas and some differences have occurred because of differences among revetment types and test conditions; therefore, proposed formulas give reasonable results for the test conditions used.