飞机积冰云微物理特征分析及监测技术研究

利用7个架次有积冰报告的飞机探测资料,对积冰云的微物理特征进行了分析,详细描述了云中相态组成、液水含量、中值体积直径和过冷大滴浓度特征。介绍了基于卫星、数值模式输出和地面观测资料的飞机积冰潜势监测技术,在与20个飞机探测积冰报告对比中,积冰监测可识别率为90%,并应用飞机积冰潜势监测技术具体分析了2010年10月26日的积冰个例。最后介绍了基于积冰潜势监测技术的飞机积冰监测系统,该系统能够支持水平分辨率为20 km、垂直分辨率为25 hPa、时间分辨率为1 h的飞机积冰潜势产品的运算和显示,该系统可为实际业务提供参考。     

飞机试飞的自然结冰潜势预测及检验评估

自然结冰试飞是运输类飞机合格审定必须实施的高难度、高风险试飞科目，需要在环境温度、云中液态水含量（LWC）和云滴中值体积直径（MVD）满足条件，含有大量过冷水的环境中完成规定的飞行动作。利用2020年3月16日、26日及27日阎良机场国产某大型运输机自然结冰试飞的地面、高空、卫星、雷达和机载探测等多源观测资料，对3次自然结冰试飞气象条件进行了对比分析，并验证了李佰平等改进的自然结冰潜势算法有效性。结果表明：改进的自然结冰潜势算法对于结冰区域的预报较为准确，但在结冰强度预报上需进一步优化。西风系统因水汽条件不足，结冰气象条件较南支系统要差。高空冷空气未到达试飞区域前，云中环境温度偏高，结冰强度较弱；冷暖空气交汇的区域，LWC较高，MVD较为合适，结冰较强。研究结果对未来在阎良机场开展运输类飞机自然结冰试飞的窗口期和空域选择、协同指挥保障均具有参考意义。     

飞机积冰气象条件研究进展

飞机积冰的直接影响气象因子包括大气温度、云中过冷水含量、过冷水滴大小。飞机积冰气象条件的研究对于飞行安全保障、飞机适航验证、人工影响天气等方面具有重要意义。近年来在飞机积冰气象条件研究方面取得了很大进展,文章对飞机积冰气象条件的外场观测、天气系统、监测识别、预报方法、气候分布等方面进展进行了简要综述,并对有关问题进行了讨论。飞机探测结果表明,过冷水时空分布具有明显不均匀性,国外以大量飞机积冰观测试验为基础统计分析了积冰环境,并制定了用于飞机积冰适航验证的一系列标准。产生飞机积冰的主要天气系统是锋面、高空槽线和切变线,冻雨往往产生强积冰。综合多源遥感数据各自的优势信息,建立飞机积冰区域识别技术是主要趋势。具有对云水显式预报能力的中尺度模式为预报飞机积冰提供了更好的工具。同时将多种监测数据、模式数据相融合的实时积冰潜势系统是新的发展方向。     

华东地区夏季云微物理结构的飞机观测分析

利用飞机搭载云粒子探头对2014年8月12-28日华东地区云的空间分布特征进行了探测,分析了云的垂直结构和水平分布特征,结合同时探测的气溶胶数据,探讨了云与气溶胶的相互作用关系。探测结果表明,安徽地区层状云云滴平均数浓度在24~297 cm^-3,液态含水量在0.04~0.13 g·m^-3,云滴数浓度随云底高度升高而减小,云滴粒径则随云底升高而增大。层积云(Sc)和雨层云(Ns)的云滴数浓度在云底最高,随高度上升浓度下降,液态含水量在云中部最高,云顶和云底处较低,高层云(As)云滴数浓度和液态含水量峰值均出现在云中上部。云的水平分布不均匀,云粒子双峰分布区域对应液态含水量高值区。Ns对气溶胶清除作用明显,清除方式以活化清除为主、碰并清除为辅。     

建立在数值预报系统上的航空气象要素预报试验

文章介绍了建立在数值预报基础上的航空气象要素（颠簸、积冰和云等）预报技术，给出了预报颠簸强度的晴空湍流指数和预报积冰的积冰强度和积冰严重性指数，并利用预报模式进行了模式成云预报和云区诊断分析，给出了一些具体的模拟及预报试验结果。     

一次降水性层积云系的微物理特征分析

利用飞机云微物理探测资料,对2004年6月29日甘肃省东南部地区一次层积云(Sc)降水云系的微物理结构特征进行了详细的分析。飞机探测表明,此次云系主要分为两层,上层是纯冷性高积云(Ac),下层是层积云,观测分析主要针对Sc云。对不同高度层及Sc云顶附近的云粒子探测数据的分析结果表明,Sc云中云粒子的垂直及水平特征具有明显的不均匀性;Sc云区下层粒子特征参量起伏变化大,上层起伏变化小;云中含水量和大粒子浓度随高度升高有递增趋势。同一高度云区的粒子特征参量存在差别,表明即使在云区同一高度,不同水平区域的粒子形成和增长条件也有差异。Sc云中含水量较大,暖区最大液水含量达0.34 g·m-3。Sc云底有较强的逆温层存在,对云底附近的微物理结构特征造成一定影响,使得较小的云滴在逆温层顶附近和逆温层下部累积,含水量增大,但对较大尺度的液滴影响不明显。Sc云中不同高度处普遍存在暖雨过程,以Sc中部最为活跃;云顶附近冰相粒子的存在对云中暖云过程具有增强作用,对降水有利。     

我国干旱地区一次直升机自然结冰试飞天气个例分析

2018年3月17日、27日,国产某型直升机在新疆五家渠地区成功完成2架次自然结冰试飞。利用NCEP/NCAR的1°×1°再分析资料、机测液态水含量资料结合常规气象资料,对2次结冰天气过程的天气环流形势、动力热力特征、液态水含量进行分析。结果表明:17日在高空冷涡、地面冷锋前的环流形势下,试飞高度层位于冷暖平流交汇处,温度为0～-4℃,比湿值为3～3.5 g/kg,处于强水汽辐合中心,并伴有弱上升运动,Ic积冰指数为20～30,云中液态水含量波动较大,飞机挂架上形成0.5 cm厚度的凇冰。27日在高空槽前和地面冷锋后的环流形势下,试飞高度层在弱冷平流中心附近,温度为0～-2℃,比湿值接近4.5 g/kg,处于弱水汽辐合中心边缘,伴有弱上升运动,Ic积冰指数为30～40,云中液态水含量稳定,飞机挂架上形成1～2 cm厚度的明冰。在气象保障中运用探空、云图、雷达、微波辐射计等资料有效预报了积冰区域及高度。     

对华南对流云中过冷云水-飞机积冰的直接气象因子的中尺度数值预报试验

利用“海峡两岸及临近地区暴雨试验”（HUAMEX）加密观测资料和MM5湿物理显式方案模拟研究了1998.5.23-24自粤北移向南海海岸冷锋前对流云团中的云物理过程，给出了造成飞机积冰的直接气象因子-云中过冷水的空间分布和随时间演变及其与水汽、冰相（冰晶、霰、雪）、垂直气流的相互关系。结果显示，当对流较强因而产生冰相后，由于冰粒子与过冷水间的碰并及过冷水滴蒸发，过冷水迅速减少；当对流较弱因而只有液相云水而无冰相加入时，过冷云水维持。模拟试验显示具有完善湿物理显式方案的高分辨非静力平衡中尺度数值模式MM5可用于对飞机积冰的直接气象因子-云中过冷水的数值预报。     

飞机空中积冰的气象条件分析及数值预报试验

利用2000年3月至2005年6月山东飞机增雨作业季节,90架次飞机宏观观测资料,对飞机积冰的气象条件和积冰特征进行了分析;并利用PSU/NCAR MM5非静力数值模式,对2005年5月16日增雨作业过程进行了个例研究,在模式准确地预测出了降水的发展趋势和降水范围的基础上,用模式预报场计算的积冰指数和实际飞行观测资料进行了对比试验。结果表明,地面倒槽和冷锋,是山东飞机增雨作业季节的主要作业天气;低压倒槽出现轻度及中度以上积冰所占的比率最大,但南方气旋出现积冰的概率最高,达53.3%;MM5模式预报场计算的积冰指数和垂直上升运动场的叠加,能较好地反映最可能发生积冰的区域、时间及积冰强度,可作为确定飞机增雨作业安全飞行航线的依据。     

基于HTG-4型微波辐射计的双流机场冬季天气过程分析

利用HTG-4型微波辐射计资料对2018～2020年成都双流机场冬季三次重要天气过程进行分析,结果表明：微波辐射计资料能够反映大雾、霜、积冰三种天气条件下的大气垂直特征及变化趋势,温度数据以及液态水路径LWP对大雾的生消具有很强的监测和预警作用,水汽密度能够帮助预报员提前认识大雾的环境场条件。大气温度数据能够探测逆温层的生消,相对湿度大值区（相对湿度≥85%）可用于判断是否有云,液态水路径LWP的激增对应大雾浓度的增加,但在霜天气情况下一直处于低值。液态水廓线LPR与大气温湿廓线配合可预报或探测空中积冰位置,即大气温度层-10～0℃,且处于高湿区,液态含水量大值区,此时容易造成航空器积冰。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on