生态气候因子对马铃薯退化的影响

利用田间调查和区域试验资料，分析了马铃薯退化与生态气候因子的关系，较详细地阐述了综合纬度、不同时期的温度因子（日最低气溫△T_min、日较差△T、日最高气温T_max、平均气温T)、风速、相对湿度和降水对退化的影响，得出：退化与综合纬度存在明显的负相关关系；温度因子中日最低气温T_min和曰较差气温△T对退化的影响要大于曰最高气温T_max和平均气温T;7、8月份的风速和相对湿度是影响退化的又一重要生态因子；萌芽期和开花结薯期温度与退化的关系最为密切等。这些结论在深入研究环境条件对退化的影响，评选优良种薯基地,进行专用薯种植区划和有效防止退化等方面具有一定的参考价值。     

基于L波段雷达资料的威宁降雪天气预报模型初探

利用威宁站逐日地面降雪观测资料和L波段雷达每天08时、20时的探空资料,采用数理统计方法,分析2008—2019年探空各规定标准等压面温度、湿度和风向风速的分布特征,找出其降雪预报指标,建立降雪预报模型。结果表明：①威宁降雪天气主要与中低层的湿度及其风向风速、近地面~500 hPa的温度关系密切;②降雪预报模型主要包含湿度指标（H_近地面≥80%、H₇₀₀≥80%、H₆₀₀≥60%）、温度指标（T_近地面≤0.5 ℃、T₇₀₀≤-1.2 ℃、T₆₀₀≤-4.8 ℃、T₅₀₀≤-8.2 ℃）和风向风速指标（V_近地面≤5 m·s^-1、V₆₀₀≥17 m·s^-1）3个方面,随着高度的增加,风速增大,南北风切变明显;当湿度、温度指标同时满足时,直接判断将有降雪天气出现,不再进行风向风速指标的判别;③预报模型对2020年冬季(12月、1月、2月)降雪进行检验,其预报准确率达70%,预报可靠性高,对威宁降雪预报具有较强的指导性。     

中国区域性大气加权平均温度线性模型精度评估

以欧洲中期天气预报中心的再分析资料ERA5为参考数据,评估由探空数据建立的中国区域88个单站大气加权平均温度（T_m）与地表气温（T_s）线性关系模型的精度.各站T_m-T_s线性模型计算的T_m（计算值）与ERA5 气压层数据积分所得的T_m（参考值）间偏差均方根值（RMSE）为1.8~5.5 K.不同站模型计算值与参考值间存在-1.22~4.54 K 的系统性偏差,且绝大多数测站（82个站）系统性偏差为正值,即模型计算值总体上大于参考值.补偿各站系统性偏差后,模型计算值与参考值间RMSE降为1.5~3.5 K.与使用中国区域统一模型相比,使用单站模型平均能提高0.6 K的T_m计算精度,尤其在中国西部、西北和内蒙区域,精度提高可达1~3.9 K.对所有测站模型计算值和参考值间偏差时序进行分析,发现超过半数测站的偏差存在明显季节性变化.     

考虑不同背景场低频降水的延伸期预测

基于中国国家气象观测站的逐日降水资料、NCEP逐日全球再分析资料和NOAA逐日向外长波辐射资料,选取与10—30 d低频降水相关显著的热带、中高纬环流作为影响因子,针对1979—2013年江南4—6月延伸期低频降水,依照不同背景场下低频降水与影响因子之间的相关性,进行了预测试验。结果表明:江南4—6月降水以10—30 d的低频周期最为显著。印度洋、印尼附近的热带对流和欧亚高纬度地区的大气环流共同影响着我国江南4—6月低频降水,可作为延伸期降水的预测因子。当欧洲及西西伯利亚地区位势高度出现负距平、北美及贝湖以西附近位势高度正距平,且热带对流异常偏弱时,对应江南低频降水异常偏少,异常中心主要位于长江中下游地区; 30 d以上的大尺度500 h Pa低频位势高度场主要表现为3种空间分布型,根据这3种分布型可将逐日降水个例的大尺度背景场划分为3类,每种背景场下低频降水与热带、中高纬度环流因子在前期30 d内的相关特征均不同; 30 d以上时间尺度的500 h Pa低频环流可为10—30 d延伸期变化提供相对稳定的大尺度背景场,不同背景场下区域低频降水与相应低频环流之间的关系演变不同。考虑不同背景,其相关性增强,且显著相关超前的时间更长。     

基于低频振荡的西南雨季降水的延伸期预报

采用西南地区站点逐日降水数据和欧洲中心再分析数据,通过滤波、分位相合成等方法,分析了西南地区降水的低频特征及与之相联系的低频环流场演变特征,并采用基于降水自身低频信号和基于降水低频影响因子两种方法建立预报模型进行延伸期预报试验,结果表明：西南地区雨量存在10～20 d和30～60 d的低频变化;低频降水与低频OLR场正、负值区的顺次北移,印度洋北侧850 hPa低频纬向风的转变,500 hPa环流场槽脊的配置以及200 hPa低频气旋、反气旋的交替影响有关;基于降水序列自身低频信号的预报模型可以提前半个月左右给出较为准确的预报结果,而基于低频影响因子的预报模型可以提前20 d左右给出具有一定参考价值的结论,两个模型对于降水偏多年的预报效果好于降水偏少年。     

苏南两次回流天气过程形势特征和降水相态分析

利用常规观测资料、0.25°×0.25° FNL资料、微波辐射计资料和风廓线雷达资料，对发生在苏南的两次回流天气过程的环流特征、大气层结特征等进行分析。结果表明：高纬度地区500 hPa是两槽一脊的环流形势，近地面层持续受东北风影响，西南暖湿气流在底层冷垫上爬升，是回流降雪天气形势；从东北平原回流南下的冷空气湿度小，在降水中只起到了"冷垫"的作用。中低层西南暖湿气流差异导致两次降雪强度存在差异；近地面层的降温在雨和雪的区分判别上影响更大，统计2012—2022年初苏南地区8个降雪个例发现，苏南地区，满足T₈₅₀≤-4 ℃，T₉₂₅≤-3 ℃，T_{1 000}≤1 ℃，T_{2 m}≤2 ℃这样的温度阈值条件时开始雨转降雪；当1 515 gpm≤H_700-850≤1 575 gpm，1 289 gpm≤H_{850-1 000}≤1 317 gpm时，相态易由雨转雪。中低层西南气流、底层东北风的加强，2 000 m左右高度风场的转变，短波槽（或切变线）触发了不稳定能量的释放，导致降雪发生；当中低层西南气流减弱转为西北气流后，大气水汽含量降低，降雪结束。     

太平洋混合层厚度(dml)年际异常的初步分析

用太平洋区域30a逐月混合层厚度(d_ml)及浅层海温(T_s)距平资料,分析了20°S以北太平洋区域d_ml年际变率的地理分布和季节变化,得到两个纬向d_ml高变率带,它们分别位于北太平洋(45°N附近)和赤道中、西太平洋。重点分析了赤道太平洋d_ml高变率带,并对其上混合层气候位置、d_ml年际异常与ElNino事件关系及伴随强ElNino事件的d_ml正异常东传等作了初步分析。     

NCEP/CFS模式对东亚夏季延伸预报的检验评估

利用NCEP的气候预报系统(C1imate Forecast System,CFS)所提供的1981-2004年历史回报试验结果,检验和评估了该系统对夏季东亚地区大气环流的预报技巧和系统误差;在此基础卜通过提取模式预报和观测的10～20 d及30～60 d低频振荡分量,重点对我国南方3次典型持续性暴雨过程的预报技巧进行检验和诊断分析.结果表明:CFS系统对东亚整体大气环流逐日预报的可靠时效为5 d左右,60°N以北的对流层中高层高度场预报系统性偏低,而在40°～60°N则为系统性偏高.系统性误差随预报时间的延长而增加,但10 d以上预报的系统性误差大小和空间分布逐渐趋于稳定;CFS系统对低频分量的延伸期预报技巧好于对其整体大气环流的预报技巧,并且在典型持续性暴雨过程中,CFS系统对影响强降水过程的主要环流系统低频振荡特征有一定预报能力.     

2013年初夏长江下游降水低频分量延伸期预报的多变量时滞回归模型

用长江下游降水低频分量和南半球中纬度地区850 hPa低频经向风主成分,建立多变量时滞回归 (multivariable lagged regression, MLR)模型,对2013年6—7月长江下游降水低频分量进行延伸期逐日变化预报试验。结果表明, 20~30 d时间尺度的长江下游低频降水预测时效可达25~30 d。进一步对2001—2012年资料分别构建的MLR模型的历史回报预测试验表明,对于20~30 d振荡较强和正常的年份,南半球中纬度绕球遥相关(south circum global teleconnection, SCGT)波列是预测初夏长江下游低频降水未来30 d变化的显著信号。基于南半球SCGT的发展和演变,对于提前20 d以上预报长江下游地区2013年7月上旬持续强降水过程异常变化过程很有帮助,南半球热带外环流低频变化是影响初夏长江下游地区延伸期强降水变化的重要因子之一。     

基于Logistic方法构建的中国降雪判定方法研究

基于中国区域逐日降雪、降水、气温、相对湿度、气压和风速等观测数据,构建了中国区域的Logistic降雪判定方法,并对该方法和当前广泛应用的其他降雪判定方法在中国区域的适用性展开对比研究。结果表明,单温度阈值法和S曲线法对[-3,4] ℃气温区间内的降雪模拟不确定性相对较大。比较而言,Logistic拟合的系列方法成功率更高,对中国不同区域降雪识别也更为稳健,尤其是对青藏高原地区降雪事件的识别效果明显优于其他方法。在Logistic方法中,温度和相对湿度对降雪判定起决定作用,而气压和风速的影响相对较小。Logistic湿球温度方案(LogT_w)和气温+相对湿度方案(LogT_aH_R)均能很好地再现降雪量的空间分布和年际变化特征,且相应偏差均小于其他方法;总体上,这两种方案对降雪量识别效果差别不大。因此,可使用LogT_w方案或LogT_aH_R方案对中国区域降雪事件进行判别,尤其是对模式中降雪事件的识别。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on