登陆台风与环境因子相互作用对暴雨的影响研究综述

综述登陆台风造成的暴雨强度和范围不仅受台风强度、范围及结构等的影响,还与环境场密切相关。对低空急流、中纬度西风槽及冷空气、季风、大陆高压、台风周围的残涡或小涡、下垫面以及边界层输送等环境因子,与登陆台风相互作用影响暴雨的机理进行了系统全面的综述,并对该领域内存在的问题作了初步讨论。     

对2005年盛夏十堰市一次台风特大暴雨天气过程的分析

2005年第10号台风“珊瑚”8月13日在广东沿海地区登陆后继续朝西北方向移动,其倒槽造成8月14～16日十堰局部地区暴雨或特大暴雨。分析结果表明:本次暴雨过程是西太平洋副高、大陆高压与台风低压三者共同作用的结果,前期环流形势调整为暴雨提供了有利的大尺度背景;低空东南急流为暴雨提供了动力、水汽条件,是中低纬系统相互作用的纽带;本地特殊地形与东南急流结合是十堰市特定区域强降水的重要条件;受台风影响西移的混合性降水回波具有高降水效率。     

等熵分析方法在暴雨预报中的应用

介绍了三维等熵分析方法，特别是等用位涡分析的理论和技术在暴雨预报中的应用。作为例子，讨论了１９９４年６号台风登陆后，在中低纬度系统相互作用的形势下，台风倒槽在河南引起的一次特大暴雨天气过程，从而得出台风倒槽特大暴雨形成的三维结构特征。还提出等熵质量散度的概念，它可以用于定性预测等熵位涡的相对变化。     

大陆高压对强热带风暴碧利斯内陆强降水影响

强热带风暴碧利斯 (0604)(简称碧利斯) 登陆后造成极其严重的灾害。对该次强降水过程诊断分析发现,除强盛的西南季风外,深厚的大陆高压也起着重要作用。自高层向低层逐渐加强的大陆高压,其东南侧深厚的偏东北气流,与碧利斯登陆后西北象限的东北风相叠加,配合强盛的西南季风,使得碧利斯残涡以及槽区得以长时间维持。涡度收支表明:长时间维持的台风槽,其低层强烈的辐合效应,对暴雨区低涡发展作用显著,致使中尺度对流系统不断发展而造成内陆连续强降水。数值试验表明:在强盛西南季风背景下,大陆高压的增强东伸,不仅能够提供高空强辐散,而且能增强碧利斯西北象限东北风,使得登陆后减弱的碧利斯残涡和台风槽得以长时间维持,致使内陆暴雨区各层涡度增加而导致暴雨维持与增幅。     

山东台风暴雨的东亚环流特征

台风暴雨是影响山东的重要灾害天气,在山东发生的特大暴雨中,约占44％。本文通过对30年中(1956—1985年)在我国东南沿海登陆台风资料的分析统计,筛选出19次影响山东造成暴雨的台风天气过程,总结出了山东台风暴雨的东亚地区环流特征。并对几种主要天气形势做了定性描述,认为大陆长波槽在一定形势下的稳定、西太平洋副热带高压主要单体的位置和强度、台风本身的强度及环流特点三者对山东台风暴雨的短期预报有一定的指示意义。     

广西台风残涡暴雨发生特征分析

利用EC再分析资料(2.5°×2.5°)、台风年鉴资料及广西降水资料,统计分析了1970-2014年影响广西的台风残涡暴雨过程,采用逐例与合成分析方法,对发生日暴雨≥10站过程与弱降水过程的前24h环流特征进行对比分析。结果显示:(1)1970-2014年的45a中,共有18例台风残涡影响广西,约2-3年出现1次,造成广西日暴雨≥10站的暴雨过程15次,占83%;(2)5-9月均有台风残涡影响广西,其中8月有7例最多,7月有6例次之,9月有3例,5、6月均为1例;(3)依照广西台风影响路径分型,广西台风残涡暴雨共有3类4型,即第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类强降水型和第Ⅲ类弱降水型;(4)有利台风残涡维持并发生暴雨的环流条件有:200h Pa高度场上,台风残涡移入南亚高压东侧强辐散区之下,500h Pa高度场上,台风残涡移向高原槽前斜压锋区,台风残涡环流呈倒槽状与季风低压区环流相连,850h Pa高度场上,季风急流伴随湿度大值区与台风残涡环流相连接,地面有弱冷空气扩散南下。     

20世纪90年代以来东北暴雨过程特征分析

使用1990～2005年全国730站日降水资料和NCEP格点分析资料对1990～2005年东北地区大暴雨过程进行了分类研究,探讨21世纪前后夏季东北暴雨的主要特征.按照东北地区日降雨量大于50 mm的站点数不少于5个的标准,统计出1990～2005年东北地区的69个暴雨个例(共90天).在统计的基础上,进一步对造成大范围暴雨过程的天气形势进行分类研究.考虑阻塞高压、热带、副热带系统和西风带之间的相互关系,将暴雨过程的主要影响系统大致分为6类:(1)台风与西风带系统(西风槽、东北低涡)的远距离相互作用(20个,28.9%);(2)登陆台风(或南来低涡)北上与西风带系统(西风槽、东北低涡)相互作用(16个,23.2%);(3)台风直接暴雨(1个,1.5%);(4)低槽冷锋暴雨(16个,23.2%);(5)低空切变型暴雨(2个,2.9%);(6)东北低涡暴雨(14个,20.3%).在所有个例中与台风有关的共有37个,超过一半,占总数53.6%.台风的远距离水汽输送或登陆台风北上与西风带系统相互作用是东北地区产生大暴雨或持续性大暴雨的重要环流条件.此外,东北低涡和西风槽前系统造成暴雨个例也比较多,也是东北地区大范围暴雨的重要影响系统,低槽冷锋暴雨和东北低涡暴雨也各分为4小类.低空切变暴雨的切变线一般在低层较为明显.上述分析表明,夏季东北地区暴雨过程种类繁多,情况较为复杂,且进入新世纪以来该区降雨过程较为活跃,值得深入研究.     

登陆北上山东台风暴雨非对称分布的成因对比分析

应用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,选取登陆北上山东地点相近但暴雨落区分别位于台风中心西北侧和东北侧的两个台风,分析暴雨落区相对台风中心非对称分布的成因。结果表明：台风进入中纬度以后,0421号台风“海马”位于高空深槽前,与西风槽相互作用,西风槽携带的冷空气从西北侧侵入台风环流,产生湿斜压锋区强迫抬升、冷暖空气交绥、水汽辐合等因素造成暴雨,暴雨趋于出现在台风中心的西北侧,为高比湿舌前方、较强水汽辐合区与相当位温密集区叠加的区域;而0509号台风“麦莎”与副热带高压相互作用,引起涡度及涡度平流的非对称改变,暴雨区与500 hPa正涡度区或正涡度平流相对应,暴雨趋于出现在台风中心的东北侧,为强正涡度平流区与水汽辐合叠加的区域。     

20世纪90年代华北大暴雨过程特征的分析研究

首先对1960～1999年的华北夏季暴雨过程进行了统计分析,之后,又进一步对1990～1999年造成夏季特大暴雨过程的天气形势进行了分型研究.结果表明,从20世纪60年代到90年代夏季每10年发生的暴雨和大暴雨次数基本相当,40年中山西和河北的北部暴雨发生次数在20次以上,沿海地区暴雨发生次数为60～100次.1990～1999年的6～8月华北地区发生大暴雨共39天,大体可分为5型:1型为台风与低槽(低涡)远距离相互作用;2型为低涡(登陆台风)与西风槽相互作用;3型为登陆台风北上受高压阻挡停滞;4型为低涡暴雨;5型为暖切变暴雨.其中,台风和低涡是主要影响系统.最后,对北京夏季的暴雨过程也进行了统计和分型研究.40年中有7年未发生暴雨,而最多的年份发生了5次,存在很明显的年变化.研究表明,尽管北京暴雨具有华北暴雨的共同特征,但也有北京地区的特点,如以暴雨频次而言,最多的是低涡暴雨,其次是台风与低槽(低涡)相互作用型.另外,低槽冷锋暴雨也是一类值得关注的系统.     

华东地区台风暴雨的诊断研究

本文利用一个空间滤波器将物理量分解为天气尺度和次天气尺度,以两个路径相似但环流形势不同的台风暴雨作为例子,对不同尺度的环流及其动能平衡进行诊断研究,结果表明:中、低纬环流系统能否进行相互作用是决定台风暴雨强度和范围的一个重要条件。在8209号台风过程中,这种相互作用是明显的,因而,8209号台风暴雨的强度和范围均显著大于8304号台风。同时,8209号台风暴雨的能量过程突出地反映在次天气尺度的动能场上,相反,在8304号台风过程中,以天气尺度的能量过程为主要的能量特征。本文还特别指出,不能简单地认为登陆台风是一个动能的“准封闭系统”,在8209号台风过程中,台风从中、低层向外输出的次天气尺度动能是造成台风环流之外暴雨的一个重要物理过程。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on