影响广西热带气旋暴雨的环境流场和一些物理量特征分析

通过综合利用ECMWF提供的热带风场、气压场、高度场等资料,对24例影响广西的热带气旋环境流场和一些物理量特征进行了较为深入的分析。结果表明:大多数热带气旋的发生、发展都与赤道西风急流向东扩展或热带气旋东侧南风急流向北扩展有关;造成广西大范围台风暴雨的因素不仅取决于台风登陆地点和登陆后的路径以及中心是否直接进入广西内陆有关,而且还与副热带高压脊线的位置和面积指数、强度指数的变化关系密切。登陆台风在影响广西的过程中,其台风东侧的偏南风急流中心涌进广西和正涡度中心进入广西对产生大范围的暴雨起着重要的作用。     

中国台风特大暴雨综述

Nina(7503)台风于1975年8月在河南林庄造成24 h 1062 mm的特大暴雨,成为中国大陆台风暴雨之最。1975年,发生在中国大陆的这场特大暴雨,冲垮水库河堤,洪水泛滥,酿成大灾。中国24 h 1000 mm或以上的台风特大暴雨,称之为极端暴雨(Extreme rain),除这次外,还出现过多次,但都发生在台湾。分析表明,台风特大暴雨并不完全依赖于台风强度或内核对流强度,还和环境不同尺度环流系统与台风的相互作用、下垫面对台风环流的作用及台风上层云微物理过程有关。因此,登陆台风残涡复苏所下暴雨往往会超过强台风的暴雨;台风外围尤其是台风倒槽辐合区所下的暴雨也可能会超过台风中心暴雨。造成极端暴雨的台风有一些显著特点:极端暴雨产生在登陆或近海台风维持和停滞时段;低空急流、季风涌、双台风作用及内陆大面积水体是登陆台风获得水汽和潜热能量的主要来源;中纬度槽与登陆台风或残涡相互作用,可向台风或残涡提供位能和不稳定能量,使其产生更大降水;山脉地形对极端暴雨的形成起重要作用;台风高层云团中的微物理过程,对极端暴雨的形成有重要作用。     

影响广西热带气旋暴雨的环境流场和一些物理量特征分析

通过综合利用ECMWF提供的热带风场、气压场、高度场等资料，对24例影响广西的热带气旋环境流场和一些物理量特征进行了较为深入的分析。结果表明：大多数热带气旋的发生、发展都与赤道西风急流向东扩展或热带气旋东侧南风急流向北扩展有关；造成广西大范围台风暴雨的因素不仅取决于台风登陆地点和登陆后的路径以及中心是否直接进入广西内陆有关，而且还与副热带高压脊线的位置和面积指数、强度指数的变化关系密切。登陆台风在影响广西的过程中，其台风东侧的偏南风急流中心涌进广西和正涡度中心进入广西对产生大范围的暴雨起着重要的作用。     

两例相似路径台风降水差异的成因及预报分析

2016年超强台风“尼伯特”和“莫兰蒂”的路径极为相似,登陆福建北上途经太湖流域后入海的路径也几乎重合,但太湖流域出现的降水却迥然不同,前者仅造成了太湖流域个别测站的暴雨-大暴雨,后者则出现大范围暴雨-大暴雨。利用常规气象观测资料、多普勒雷达资料、中国气象局的台风最佳数据集及美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）提供的再分析资料等,对两个台风登陆后的环流背景、台风结构特征等进行了对比分析。结果发现：“莫兰蒂”登陆后的低压环流结构保持良好,北上过程中与外围浅层冷空气的相互作用明显,海上水汽输送通道畅通,台风倒槽导致太湖流域大范围暴雨-大暴雨;“尼伯特”登陆后迅速减弱,环流结构出现“空心化”,水汽输送弱,高层弱冷空气与台风残余低涡的叠加触发局地短时强降水,未能导致太湖流域大范围暴雨。从预报回顾看,模式对登陆台风北上过程中强度预报过强是导致“尼伯特”在太湖流域风雨预报过度的主要原因。3 d以上的中期台风降水预报中,经验概念模型与模式集合预报结果的相互印证,有利于得出比模式确定性降水预报更合理的预报结论。     

近年来引发青岛暴雨的台风特征分析

采用FNL（NCEP/NCAR）全球1°×1°再分析格点资料和实况观测资料,选取2001—2008年引发青岛暴雨的6个登陆台风个例,从源地、路径、结构、强度及其环境场作用等方面分析其特征,并与未引发青岛暴雨的登陆台风特征进行了合成对比分析。结果表明：台风登陆我国福建或浙江后继续北上至30°N以北时,会引发青岛暴雨;台风东移入海,再次登陆山东半岛且登陆点离青岛越近,引发的暴雨越强、范围越广;台风影响青岛时,已处于生命史中的衰亡阶段,但高层暖心结构仍较明显,强度仍会维持一段时间;台风登陆后沿着南北向块状副高边缘的引导气流方向移动,且高空有冷槽与台风低压结合,会引发青岛全区性的暴雨、大暴雨天气。     

西北涡与登陆台风相互作用个例的诊断分析

利用常规高空、地面观测资料以及每日4次的1°×1°NCEP/NCAR再分析全球格点资料,以2010年7月23日发生在陕西、甘肃东部以及陕西南部与四川交界地区一次区域性大暴雨过程为例,对远距离台风与西北涡相互作用对西北涡发展和暴雨发生的影响及其原因进行了诊断分析。结果表明:(1)远距离台风和西北涡相互作用,改变了西北涡的斜压结构、温湿结构和动量结构,也增强了西北涡附近对流不稳定程度和动力抬升作用;(2)西北涡中心强度及其附近环境场的改善对暴雨的发生和发展起到正反馈作用,即延长了由台风和西太平洋副热带高压建立起来的水汽通道,增强了暴雨区低层的动力抬升,这在一定程度上增大了暴雨强度和暴雨范围;(3)西北涡和台风远距离相互作用与低空急流的建立是同时的,这对大范围短时强降水的发生位置与强度变化具有一定的指示意义。     

“海棠”台风(2005)暴雨过程数值模拟及位涡分析

采用WRF模式对2005年"海棠"台风登陆福建省前后24h内所造成的降水过程进行了数值模拟,在此基础上,利用模式输出结果,借助位涡理论分析位涡与台风低压流场及降水的关系,并结合对风场、相当位温、相对湿度等诊断量的分布特征分析,探讨了台风强降水的发展和维持机制。结果表明,310K等熵面上高位涡发展演变较好反映了台风低压系统路径移动以及强度变化的过程。暴雨中心主要出现在位涡大值区及其偏东北方向,且位涡气块回旋少动,与暴雨的发展维持密切相关。高位涡区主要位于等熵面坡度和梯度最大处,当等熵面上下贯通,对流层高层的高位涡沿等熵面下传,形成位涡柱时,有利于暴雨增幅。台风环流内水汽充足,上升运动强烈,也有助于此次台风降水强度持续强大。     

台风Haitang和Matsa引发浙江暴雨强度和分布的对比分析

以2005年两个严重影响浙江台风Haitang和Matsa为研究对象,首先对两次台风暴雨过程在强度和落区上的相似和差异进行了比较,指出两者都给浙江带来了大范围的暴雨天气,并且最大降水中心都出现在台风登陆点北侧;虽然Haitang先在福建登陆、且登陆时强度不及Matsa,但其雨量明显大于后者。然后从台风的强度、移速、结构、环境场、地形等多个方面对两次台风暴雨过程进行了比较分析,结果表明:台风暴雨的非对称分布与台风结构、水汽输送、地形密切相关。高温高湿在台风的北侧表现得比南侧更为强烈,水汽含量也更为丰富。Haitang降水量大于Matsa则是多种因素共同作用的结果,弱冷空气的侵入、动力场上较Matsa减弱得更为缓慢,均有利于降水的增加和持续;Haitang影响前控制浙江气团的“冷场”性质和影响期间移速缓慢也对暴雨增幅起到了促进作用。     

“莫兰蒂”台风（1010）暴雨成因分析

2010年第10号微型台风＂莫兰蒂＂登陆后在福建和浙江引发暴雨天气,本文利用NCEP再分析资料从天气形势、动力、热力等特征物理量对暴雨产生的机理进行了分析,结果表明：（1）按影响系统划分,福建暴雨是由台风环流本身引发的,浙江暴雨则是由台风残留低压和弱冷空气共同作用所造成。（2）台风登陆前夕强度增强及登陆后福建境内强度减...     

一次早台风暴雨的湿位涡分析

对0601号早台风暴雨进行湿位涡分析,结果表明:台风移向高空槽的过程中,冷空气在台风登陆前以高MPV1柱的形势下传使得台风低层环流对流稳定度减小、湿斜压性增大,导致垂直涡度显著发展,暴雨增幅。特大暴雨发生在台风低层出现MPV1锋区的时段,低层大范围正MPV1区的出现预示着强降水的结束,暴雨落区与低层正MPV2分布相一致。     

THE IMPACT OF HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION ON THE INTENSITY AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF SUPER TYPHOON USAGI

Typhoon Usagi (1319) was simulated by using the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting numerical model (WRF) with different horizontal resolution to understand the impact of horizontal resolution on the intensity and characteristics of typhoon’s microstructures (including dynamic and microphysical structure). The simulated results show that the improvement of horizontal resolution from 5 km to 1 km has little impact on the track which is comparable to real results, but has a significant impact on the intensity and microstructures, and especially, the impact on wind speed at 10 m height, the vertical movement and precipitation intensity is the greatest. When the resolution is increased to 1 km, the intensity and characteristics of typhoon’s microstructures can be simulated better. In lower resolution simulations, some structural characteristics, including more asymmetrical and more outward tilted eyewall, and less water vapor flux on sea surface, work together to weaken typhoon intensity.     

涡列涡量内传的数值研究

用一个高分辨率的准地转正压模式实施了4组积分时间为24h的试验,研究台风环流区域中尺度涡列对台风强度的影响,并与单个中尺度涡旋的情况作了对比。结果表明:涡列内传过程中出现了两次涡合并现象,涡列涡量内传对台风强度的影响能力较弱,单个中尺度涡旋涡量内传可使台风增强。     

Precipitation under Subtropical High Conditions: Evidence and Implications

The impact of the subtropical high （STH） on precipitation was investigated on a daily timescale using matched NCEP and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project （GPCP） datasets. Comparison of the conditional probability （intensity） of precipitation under STH conditions with that under non-STH conditions suggests that the presence of the STH conditions has a limited impact on local precipitation. In the West Pacific Subtropical High （WPSH） and the North Atlantic Subtropical High （NASH）, precipitation was only 30% lower under STH conditions than under non-STH conditions. The STH conditions had somewhat more impact on precipitation intensity, but it was still 50% less than the intensity under non-STH conditions （mean of roughly 5 mm d^-1）. Precipitation under STH conditions was found to be highly correlated with vertical motion. Active updrafts occurring even under STH conditions are essential for frequent occurrences and moderate intensities of precipitation.     

云微物理参数化对东亚近海热带气旋活动模拟的影响

基于CWRF模式（Climate Extension of Weather Research and Forecast Model）结果,探讨了8种云微物理参数化方案对1986—2015年间东亚近海热带气旋的空间分布、频数及强度模拟的影响。结果发现：CWRF模式中各云微物理参数化方案模拟的热带气旋频数普遍较观测偏少,其模拟的强度相比观测也偏弱;热带气旋的空间分布和频数对云微物理参数化方案的选择较为敏感,而云微物理方案的选择对热带气旋强度的模拟影响不大;Morrison方案和Morrison-a方案模拟的热带气旋空间分布更接近于观测,但对热带气旋频数及强度的年际变化趋势模拟得较差,而GSFCGCE方案的TS评分及强度、频数的相关系数均较其他方案偏高。综合来看,采用GSFCGCE方案模拟热带气旋活动总体最优。进一步分析发现,相较于Morrison方案和Thompson方案,考虑气溶胶影响的Thompson-a和Morrison-a方案不仅可以有效提高对热带气旋频数及空间分布的模拟能力,还对热带气旋频数及强度年际变化趋势的模拟能力也有所提升。     

热带气旋结构和强度变化研究进展

热带气旋结构和强度变化的物理过程和影响因子十分复杂,其登陆过程中海-陆-气三者之间的复杂作用常使其结构和强度发生突变,给热带气旋预报带来较大困难。近年来外场科学试验及数值模拟等科学方法都取得较大改进,在此基础上对热带气旋结构和强度研究取得了新的进展,如热带气旋强度突变及不同下垫面对热带气旋强度变化的影响等。但对热带气旋非对称结构对其强度的影响及热带气旋内部结构变化与其强度之间的联系等问题的研究仍不全面。本文通过查阅国内外相关研究文献,从环境气流、下垫面及内部结构3个主要方面,总结影响热带气旋结构和强度变化的主要因子,以期为改进热带气旋结构和强度的预报方法提供有意义的理论依据。     

Interannual to decadal variability of the winter Aleutian Low intensity during 1900–2004

A new winter Aleutian Low (AL) intensity index was defined in this paper. A centurial-long time series of this index was constructed using the sea level pressure (SLP) data of nearly 100 years. The features of interannual and decadal variability of the winter AL intensity since 1900 were analyzed by applying the wavelet analysis. The relationship between the winter AL intensity and atmospheric circulation was examined. The cross-wavelet analysis technique was used to further reveal the relationship between the AL intensity and sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial eastern Pacific (EEP) and tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) in winter. The results indicate that: 1) On the interannual timescale, the winter AL intensity displays 3–7-yr oscillations, while on the decadal timescale, 8–10-yr and 16–22-yr oscillations are more obvious. 2) Of the linkage to atmospheric circulation, both AO (Arctic Oscillation) and PNA (Pacific North America pattern) are closely associated with winter AL intensity on the interannual timescale, but only PNA contributes to the variation of winter AL intensity on the decadal timescale. 3) As to the ocean impact, winter EEP SST is a major factor affecting the winter AL intensity on the interannual timescale, especially on the 3–7-yr periods. However, on the decadal timescale, though both the TIO and EEP SSTs are associated with the AL intensity in winter, the TIO SST impact is more significant.     

Numerical modeling of ice drift in the Sea of Azov

Considered is the dependence of the evolution of the ice drift velocity field in the Sea of Azov on the direction and duration of the impact of wind of constant intensity based on the constructed two-dimensional mathematical model.     

Numerical Study on the Impact of Ground Heating and Ambient Wind Speed on Flow Fields in Street Canyons

The impact of ground heating on flow fields in street canyons under different ambient wind speed conditions was studied based on numerical methods.A series of numerical tests were performed,and three factors including height-to-width(H/W) ratio,ambient wind speed and ground heating intensity were taken into account.Three types of street canyon with H/W ratios of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0,respectively,were used in the simulation and seven speed values ranging from 0.0 to 3.0 m s 1 were set for the ambient wind speed.The ground heating intensity,which was defined as the difference between the ground temperature and air temperature,ranged from 10 to 40 K with an increase of 10 K in the tests.The results showed that under calm conditions,ground heating could induce circulation with a wind speed of around 1.0 m s 1,which is enough to disperse pollutants in a street canyon.It was also found that an ambient wind speed threshold may exist for street canyons with a fixed H/W ratio.When ambient wind speed was lower than the threshold identified in this study,the impact of the thermal effect on the flow field was obvious,and there existed a multi-vortex flow pattern in the street canyon.When the ambient wind speed was higher than the threshold,the circulation pattern was basically determined by dynamic effects.The tests on the impact of heating intensity showed that a higher ground heating intensity could strengthen the vortical flow within the street canyon,which would help improve pollutant diffusion capability in street canyons.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY—PART Ⅱ:COUPLING MODEL AND EXPERIMENT

A tropical cyclone-marine mixed layer model including air-sea interaction is established to conductnumerical experiment with the effects of SST on the cyclone's intensity,Evidence suggests that withair-sea interaction involved,SST rise causes a drop of central pressure of the storm and SST impact onthe intensity is weaker in the coupling case.Moreover,study is undertaken of the intensity variationof another tropical cyclone moving in the cyclone's cold-tail sector,with the results in good agreementwith the observational fact.     

0801号台风“浣熊”的路径和强度特征分析

利用一天四次的NECP格点再分析资料对台风的移动路径、强度突变进行分析。结果表明:台风"浣熊"的移动路径与副高位置的演变有关,而西风槽、脊的进退直接影响副高的演变。因此,副热带高压与西风槽、脊的相互作用是台风"浣熊"路径在北纬20度从西北偏北转向东北的原因;弱冷空气、东亚大槽槽前正涡度平流所产生的强辐散场是强度突变的重要原因;除此之外,越赤道气流与副热带高压的共同作用,不仅对台风"浣熊"强度突变有作用,同时也是其路径在南海从西北偏西转向西北偏北的原因。