2019年汛期大渡河流域面雨量多模式预报效果检验

基于站点观测资料、格点实况资料和智能网格、西南区域中心业务运行的中尺度模式系统(southwest center WRF ADAS real-time modeling system, SWCWARMS)及欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)模式资料,以面雨量为研究对象,采用平均绝对误差、模糊评分、正确率、TS评分、偏差分析等,对2019年6—10月大渡河流域面雨量预报效果进行检验评估。结果表明:预报平均绝对误差、预报正确率及模糊评分检验显示,智能网格的预报效果总体上优于其他模式。随着面雨量等级的增大,TS评分逐渐降低,空报率逐渐减小,漏报率逐渐增大,模式的预报能力逐渐降低。ECMWF模式在小雨和中雨面雨量预报中优势明显,智能网格在大雨和暴雨等级面雨量预报中表现较优。3个模式在小雨和中雨等级面雨量预报中预报的等级偏大,在大雨和暴雨等级面雨量预报中预报的等级偏小。各模式对典型降水过程面雨量预报结果表明,SWCWARMS模式对面雨量的预报等级均偏大,而智能网格和ECMWF模式对小雨和中雨的预报等级偏大,对大雨预报等级偏小。     

浙江省六大水库流域面雨量模式预报效果检验

利用OCF(Objective Consensus Forecasting)模式对2014年浙江省梅雨、8月连阴雨、午后雷阵雨和台风降水4种不同降水过程中六大水库流域面雨量进行预报,并采用综合评分法和TS评分法对预报效果进行检验。结果表明:OCF模式对2014年浙江地区锋面降水(梅雨、8月连阴雨)预报的综合模糊评分和TS评分均较好,空报率远高于漏报率,从192 h至24 h预报时效的预报效果缓慢调整,各水库之间预报效果差异较小;OCF模式对午后雷阵雨预报的综合模糊评分和TS评分较好,空报率较高的水库流域漏报率也偏高,从192 h至24 h预报时效预报效果不稳定,且存在显著的地域差异;OCF模式对台风降水预报的综合模糊评分和TS评分均偏低,空报率高于漏报率,从192 h至24 h预报时效为显著调好趋势,各水库之间预报效果差异较大。     

多种细网格模式对湖南水库流域面雨量的预报检验

选取2016年5—12月欧洲ECMWF、日本JMA、T639、德国GERMAN、湖南本地细网格HNGRIB的高分辨率降水预报产品,从预报时效、流域区域、面雨量量级、影响系统和预报偏差五个方面,检验分析了各模式对湖南水库流域面雨量的预报效果。结果表明:各细网格模式对流域面雨量的预报能力随预报时效的增加而下降,但ECMWF和JMA的预报效果相对较好且稳定,T639最差;各模式在非汛期10—12月的流域面雨量预报效果要优于汛期5—9月;随着面雨量量级增大,各模式的预报能力均下降,特别是对30mm以上的面雨量预报能力非常低;各模式对高空槽降水的预报能力最好,对西南低涡降水的预报能力最差;ECMWF、JMA、HNGRIB在各个时效上存在面雨量预报偏小的情况,而GERMAN、T639随着时效的增加,面雨量预报偏大的情况增多。     

淮河流域汛期面雨量多模式预报检验评估

基于站点观测资料和四个数值模式预报资料,以2011—2012年汛期(6—8月)为例,评估四个模式对淮河流域15个子单元客观面雨量预报效果。这四个模式为欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,简称ECMWF)全球模式、日本气象厅(Japan Meteorological Agency,简称JMA)全球模式、安徽省气象台业务中尺度模式MM5(Mesoscale Model Version 5)和WRF(Weather ResearchForecasting)。15个子单元面雨量预报值采用网格算术平均法计算,面雨量实况值采用泰森多边形法计算。检验评估采用平均绝对误差、模糊评分、正确率以及TS评分。检验评估结果表明:1)ECMWF预报效果整体上优于其他模式,尤其是在小雨到大雨等级优势明显;JMA、MM5以及WRF的预报效果依次降低。2)各模式预报效果均表现出随降水等级(小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨)增大而下降的趋势。3)随预报时效(24、48、72 h)延长,各模式预报效果逐渐下降。4)分析典型个例发现,ECMWF、JMA及WRF对于24 h预报时效的强、弱降水过程,预报效果存在较明显差异,对于强降水过程预报等级偏小;MM5对于强、弱过程预报等级均有所偏大。     

三种数值模式对四川省汛期降水预报性能的检验

应用国家基本观测站资料,基于MET系统的客观统计检验方法,针对24h降水分别评估SWCWARMS模式、GRAPES模式和ECMWF模式对2017～2019年5～10月四川地区汛期预报能力,得到如下几点结论:(1)SWCWARMS模式小到大暴雨降水范围大于实况,GRAPES模式小到暴雨降水范围大于实况、大暴雨多漏报,ECMWF模式小雨和中雨降水范围大于实况、大到大暴雨多漏报,三个模式无降水或微量降水均少于实况。(2)ECMWF模式对四川雨季小到大雨预报能力优于SWCWARMS和GRAPES模式,SWCWARMS模式在部分时次上暴雨和大暴雨预报优于ECMWF模式,GRAPES模式TS评分略偏低。(3)GRAPES模式在2018年秋季开始中雨及以上量级降水预报上改善大于SWCWARMS和ECMWF模式,SWCWARMS模式2019年空报较2017年和2018年显著降低;3个模式在小雨和中雨预报上不相上下,GRAPES模式优势在2019年大雨和暴雨预报上,ECMWF模式优势在2017年秋季和2018年初夏大雨预报上,SWCWARMS模式大雨和暴雨预报能力介于二者之间。(4)ECMWF和SWCWARMS模式川东预报优于川西,GRAPES模式川西预报优于川东;三个模式存在不同程度空报,川东地区空报略多于川西,其中ECMWF模式空报最多。      

大渡河上游面雨量预报质量检验与释用

基于2019年6-10月中央气象台智能网格预报模式（NWGD）降水产品和CMPAS-V2.1融合降水分析实时数据产品,采用平均绝对误差、晴雨预报正确率、TS评分等方法评估该预报产品对大渡河上游面雨量的预报效果。评估结果表明：NWGD预报产品在大渡河上游面雨量的预报效果整体较好,平均绝对误差范围控制在5.6 mm以内,晴雨预报可信度较高。小雨的预报效果好于中雨,小雨的TS评分大于中雨,空报率和漏报率均低于中雨。将小雨和中雨分别做消空处理,小雨各预报时效消空处理后晴雨预报正确率提升不明显,而中雨预报效果有明显提升。     

智能网格产品在西江流域面雨量预报中的应用检验

为了解基于智能网格降水产品的西江流域面雨量短期预报效果,采用TS评分、漏报率、空报率指标对2019年前汛期(4-6月)和后汛期(7-9月)西江流域20-20时的日面雨量预报进行检验评估。结果表明,汛期各流域TS评分随着面雨量等级增大呈现下降趋势,然而72h内随着预报时效延长,预报效果较为稳定;前汛期东部流域TS评分较西部流域普遍高,而后汛期西部流域的TS评分有所上升;前汛期各级面雨量空报率大于漏报率,而后汛期各级面雨量漏报率较前汛期普遍上升,空报率普遍下降。72h内预报效果受到降水量级因素影响较大,而受到时效延长影响较小;流域预报效果变化可能与西江流域汛期雨带逐渐推进变化有关。     

基于误差权重的站点降水订正预报方法研究

基于2018—2020年逐日修水国家基本气象站降水实况和模式降水预报数据,对ECWMF、NCEP、JMA、CMA-GFS、CMA-SH9等5种模式24 h及48 h降水预报进行了误差分析及检验。结果表明,总体上各模式24 h、48 h降水预报误差均以一个量级的正误差为主;各模式24 h降水预报误差小于48 h;CMA-SH9、JMA模式24 h、48 h预报误差均较小;总体上各模式24 h预报评分优于48 h;华东模式、日本模式24 h、48 h晴雨准确率均较高;CMA-SH9、ECMWF、NCEP模式24 h、48 h降水预报各量级风险评分均较高;JMA模式对24 h暴雨及以上量级降水可能具有一定的预报指示意义;总体上各模式24 h、48 h降水预报风险评分随量级增大而降低,空报率、漏报率随量级增大而增大;总体上各模式24 h、48 h小雨预报性能较优,中雨均易空报,大雨均易漏报,暴雨及以上降水均易空报与漏报。进一步通过引入滑动训练期,并基于平均绝对误差权重的多模式集成订正方案对降水预报进行订正,且对订正预报结果进行了整体及分季节评估检验。结果表明,相对多数模式,经订正后24 h、48 h降水预报性能总体上均有所提升,即提高了预报准确率,减小了预报误差,改进了晴雨准确率,提升了小雨—中雨的预报评分,提高了夏季48 h暴雨及以上降水的风险评分,并降低了其空报率;48 h降水订正预报效果总体优于24 h,春季及秋季降水订正预报效果总体优于夏季及冬季。     

2023年广东龙舟水特征及模式降水预报检验

为进一步了解各家模式在龙舟水期间的预报效果，对全球模式ECMWF、NCEP以及区域模式CMA-GD、CMA-TRAMS在龙舟水期间的降水要素预报进行了检验，结果表明：(1)对于小雨以上量级降水，全球和区域模式TS评分接近，但全球模式的空报率偏高；对于中雨以上量级降水，全球模式TS评分高于区域模式(ECMWF最优);对于大雨以上和暴雨以上量级降水，区域模式TS评分明显高于全球模式(CMA-GD最优),而全球模式的漏报率明显偏高。(2)各家模式对于不同区域的降水(以大雨以上降水为例)预报表现不尽相同：NCEP对粤东(潮州除外)市县的预报明显优于其他模式；区域模式对西北部和粤西市县的预报整体优于全球模式；对珠江三角洲和东北部市县的预报，CMA-GD表现最优。     

六种数值模式对芜湖市地面气温和降水预报的对比检验分析

对2008年7月至2009年6月JMA、T213、GRAPES、MM5、T639和GERMANY 6种数值模式产品对芜湖市的地面气温和降水预报结果进行了对比检验分析,结果表明:各模式对最高气温的预报能力一般,其中JMA、GRAPES、T639相对较好;对最低气温的预报JMA表现突出,而GRAPES在冬季预报能力较好.各模式对于芜湖站降水的预报均无绝对优势,对各等级的降水预报效果各有千秋.对于≥0.1 mm降水,JMA和GERMANY在24 h时效内TS评分较高,且JMA漏报率很低,GERMANY空报率较低,T639则从48 h时效起TS评分最高,且漏报率较低;对于≥10 mm降水,T639的TS评分较高且漏报率较低,GERMANY和GRAPES在48 h时效内评分也较高且空报率低,JMA在48 h时效后空报率较高,成绩较差;JMA、T639和GERMANY对强降水预报能力相对较强,特别是T639对暴雨比较敏感,而各模式在72 h之后对强降水的预报能力较差.另外,各模式对降水预报的TS评分均为夏季低、冬季高,空报率均为夏季高、冬季低.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on