基于多模式2015年江西省汛期区域性暴雨的检验

利用24 h降水实况资料和高空实况形势场资料、ECMWF模式形势场预报资料及ECMWF、JMA、T639模式降水预报资料,对2015年江西省汛期(4月上旬至7月上旬)区域性暴雨的时空分布特征进行分析,并对2015年江西省汛期区域性暴雨的影响系统和降水预报结果进行了短期主观检验,对比分析了ECMWF、JMA和T639等3种数值模式对江西省区域性暴雨系统预报的效果。结果表明:ECMWF模式对江西省汛期暴雨天气系统的调整和演变具有一定的预报能力,如对副热带高压和西南急流的预报;但随着预报时效增加,预报误差增大。ECMWF模式预报的48 h和72 h副热带高压强度较实况明显偏弱,预报的副热带高压西脊点位置偏东,随着季节转变预报的副热带高压强度明显偏弱,其中24 h预报的准确率较高。ECMWF模式对高空槽的预报基本准确;ECMWF模式对切变线移动的总体预报效果较好,72 h预报的切变线移动偏慢;ECMWF模式对700 hPa西南急流强度的预报易偏弱,对850 hPa和925 hPa西南急流的预报易偏强;ECMWF模式预报的急流轴位置多数偏北;ECMWF模式对低层比湿的预报较实况偏强。随着预报时效临近,ECMWF、JMA和T639等3种数值模式对江西省汛期区域性暴雨的预报具有较强的调整能力;JMA模式预报的暴雨与实况最接近,表现出对雨带分布具有较强的预报性能,但对降水量级预报偏弱;ECMWF模式对降水强度的预报性能较好,预报的降水分布总体偏北;T639模式预报的主雨带范围较实况偏大,3个模式均存在对暴雨以上量级降水漏报的问题。     

基于多模式2015年江西省汛期区域性暴雨的检验

利用24 h降水实况资料和高空实况形势场资料、ECMWF模式形势场预报资料及ECMWF、JMA、T639模式降水预报资料,对2015年江西省汛期(4月上旬至7月上旬)区域性暴雨的时空分布特征进行分析,并对2015年江西省汛期区域性暴雨的影响系统和降水预报结果进行了短期主观检验,对比分析了ECMWF、JMA和T639等3种数值模式对江西省区域性暴雨系统预报的效果。结果表明:ECMWF模式对江西省汛期暴雨天气系统的调整和演变具有一定的预报能力,如对副热带高压和西南急流的预报;但随着预报时效增加,预报误差增大。ECMWF模式预报的48 h和72 h副热带高压强度较实况明显偏弱,预报的副热带高压西脊点位置偏东,随着季节转变预报的副热带高压强度明显偏弱,其中24 h预报的准确率较高。ECMWF模式对高空槽的预报基本准确;ECMWF模式对切变线移动的总体预报效果较好,72 h预报的切变线移动偏慢;ECMWF模式对700 hPa西南急流强度的预报易偏弱,对850 hPa和925 hPa西南急流的预报易偏强;ECMWF模式预报的急流轴位置多数偏北;ECMWF模式对低层比湿的预报较实况偏强。随着预报时效临近,ECMWF、JMA和T639等3种数值模式对江西省汛期区域性暴雨的预报具有较强的调整能力;JMA模式预报的暴雨与实况最接近,表现出对雨带分布具有较强的预报性能,但对降水量级预报偏弱;ECMWF模式对降水强度的预报性能较好,预报的降水分布总体偏北;T639模式预报的主雨带范围较实况偏大,3个模式均存在对暴雨以上量级降水漏报的问题。     

滁河流域汛期多模式集成面雨量预报检验评估

对2013—2016年汛期ECMWF、JMA及中尺度WRF模式的预报结果进行检验,基于合理的时间尺度,制作了动态权重集成面雨量预报(DWI)、分步集成面雨量预报(SI)和等权重集成面雨量预报(EWI)产品,并对2017—2020年汛期降水期间多种集成面雨量预报产品和ECMWF、JMA、WRF的单个模式面雨量预报产品进行对比评估.结果表明:3种集成面雨量预报效果整体上优于单一数值预报模式,尤其是预报致灾严重的暴雨等级降水优势明显;DWI和WRF对强降水的面雨量预报正确率最高,其他2种集成面雨量预报结果次之,ECMWF及JMA较差;模式集成预报弱降水过程的优势不明显.     

浙江省水库流域面雨量的多模式预报效果分析与检验

基于站点观测资料和欧洲细网格(ECMWF)、日本高分辨率(JMA)及多模式客观集成预报技术(OCF)模式预报资料,以2015年2-7月为例,评估这三种模式对浙江省6个水库流域客观面雨量预报效果。水库流域面雨量预报值采用网格算术平均法计算,面雨量观测值采用泰森多边形法计算。检验评分方法采用平均绝对误差、TS评分(Threat Score)和模糊评分法。初步检验结果表明:1)ECMWF对大雨暴雨的预报效果优于其他模式的,OCF对中雨的预报效果优于其他模式的,对小雨预报,三种模式效果相当。2)各模式预报效果均随着降水等级增大而下降。小雨时,空报率远高于漏报率,其中ECMWF和OCF漏报率不到10%;大雨暴雨时,漏报率远高于空报率,其中JMA漏报率达75%~90%。3)三种模式对浙江中部北部地区水库流域面雨量预报效果整体优于对浙江南部地区水库的,且随着降水等级升高,南北水库之间预报效果差异增大。4)ECMWF对大雨暴雨的预报效果随着时效临近表现为明显改善,OCF和JMA在72 h预报时效以外,预报效果随时效临近呈改善趋势,在72 h时效以内,预报效果不稳定。     

淮河流域汛期面雨量多模式预报检验评估

基于站点观测资料和四个数值模式预报资料,以2011—2012年汛期(6—8月)为例,评估四个模式对淮河流域15个子单元客观面雨量预报效果。这四个模式为欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,简称ECMWF)全球模式、日本气象厅(Japan Meteorological Agency,简称JMA)全球模式、安徽省气象台业务中尺度模式MM5(Mesoscale Model Version 5)和WRF(Weather ResearchForecasting)。15个子单元面雨量预报值采用网格算术平均法计算,面雨量实况值采用泰森多边形法计算。检验评估采用平均绝对误差、模糊评分、正确率以及TS评分。检验评估结果表明:1)ECMWF预报效果整体上优于其他模式,尤其是在小雨到大雨等级优势明显;JMA、MM5以及WRF的预报效果依次降低。2)各模式预报效果均表现出随降水等级(小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨)增大而下降的趋势。3)随预报时效(24、48、72 h)延长,各模式预报效果逐渐下降。4)分析典型个例发现,ECMWF、JMA及WRF对于24 h预报时效的强、弱降水过程,预报效果存在较明显差异,对于强降水过程预报等级偏小;MM5对于强、弱过程预报等级均有所偏大。     

基于ECMWF集合预报的淮河流域面雨量预报性能评估

对面雨量预报进行性能评估可以更好地发挥降水预报在流域防汛抗旱调度中的决策支持作用。分别利用CMORPH融合降水产品与地面降水观测资料估算2008—2017年淮河流域15个子单元逐日面雨量;利用2013—2017年ECMWF集合预报降水产品,采用正确率、TS评分、空报率、漏报率、CPRS、RCRPS、CRPSS等指标,对淮河流域面雨量预报性能进行评估。结果表明:CMORPH融合降水产品与地面降水观测资料的面雨量估算结果之间存在显著的线性相关,CMORPH融合降水产品可用于淮河流域面雨量估算; ECMWF确定性预报的晴雨预报正确率随着预报时效延长呈下降趋势,平原地区各等级面雨量TS评分高于山区,大暴雨以下量级降水预报量级有不同程度偏大现象;各累积时段集合预报性能基本上随着预报时效延长逐渐降低,0～96 h集合预报相对于气候均值预报的优势更为明显;汛期山区集合预报性能整体优于平原地区,非汛期反之。     

多模式多分辨率面雨量预报在淮河流域的性能评估

利用2015～2017年淮河流域汛期ECMWF(空间分辨率0.125~ox0.125~o)、JMA(空间分辨率0.5~ox0.5~o)、WRF(空间分辨率0.1~ox0.1~o)6h、12h、24h时间分辨率的降水预报产品计算淮河流域面雨量预报,对比评估各预报时效的绝对误差、相对误差、晴雨正确率及各量级面雨量预报的TS评分。结论如下:(1)0～72h预报时效,EC的绝对误差最小、WRF居中,JMA最大。(2)三个模式的晴雨正确率随着时效的增加缓慢下降,但都维持较高水平。(3)EC和JMA的面雨量预报存在系统性高估。(4)WRF在对短历时强降水的预报性能优于其他两个模式。(5)各模式的面雨量预报性能存在日变化,且随着降水强度的增大,日变化特征更加显著,对午后到傍晚的暴雨预报准确率明显低于其他时间段。     

六种数值模式对芜湖市地面气温和降水预报的对比检验分析

对2008年7月至2009年6月JMA、T213、GRAPES、MM5、T639和GERMANY 6种数值模式产品对芜湖市的地面气温和降水预报结果进行了对比检验分析,结果表明:各模式对最高气温的预报能力一般,其中JMA、GRAPES、T639相对较好;对最低气温的预报JMA表现突出,而GRAPES在冬季预报能力较好.各模式对于芜湖站降水的预报均无绝对优势,对各等级的降水预报效果各有千秋.对于≥0.1 mm降水,JMA和GERMANY在24 h时效内TS评分较高,且JMA漏报率很低,GERMANY空报率较低,T639则从48 h时效起TS评分最高,且漏报率较低;对于≥10 mm降水,T639的TS评分较高且漏报率较低,GERMANY和GRAPES在48 h时效内评分也较高且空报率低,JMA在48 h时效后空报率较高,成绩较差;JMA、T639和GERMANY对强降水预报能力相对较强,特别是T639对暴雨比较敏感,而各模式在72 h之后对强降水的预报能力较差.另外,各模式对降水预报的TS评分均为夏季低、冬季高,空报率均为夏季高、冬季低.     

数值模式对2016年1月世纪寒潮过程的预报能力检验

对比检验了ECMWF和T639对2016年1月23—24日强寒潮天气过程的中期预报能力,表明ECMWF和T639 216h时效500hPa高度场的预报能刻画出西高东低的环流形势,ECMWF预报比实况偏晚,高低压中心比实况偏弱,T639预报比实况偏快,低压中心值比实况偏强,96h时效的高度场预报均基本接近实况。ECMWF 168h时效850hPa冷中心强度、气温梯度与实况相等,冷中心比实况偏东5个经度,T639 144h时效气温梯度比实况偏小,冷中心比实况偏东5个经度,48h时效的预报均与实况非常接近,等温线重合度很高。ECMWF 192h时效的海平面气压场冷高压中心位置及中心强度与实况一致,只是1060hPa及以上的区域比实况偏小。T639 192h时效的海平面气压场冷高压中心比实况偏南7个纬度,中心强度比实况偏强2.5 hPa,等压线走向及梯度与实况类似。24h内短期时效对比检验T639、ECMWF、山东WRF确定性预报（EnWRF）、WRF集合不同分位数的最低气温、最大风力和降水预报可知,WRF集合最小值预报最低气温评分最高,WRF集合较大值对大风力的预报准确率最高,Japan模式对降水落区预报较好,EnWRF很好地预报了较强降水区域,T639和ECMWF细网格对2mm降雪量预报效果较好。     

T639、ECMWF细网格模式对2012年5～8月四川盆地降水预报的天气学检验

为了对比T639和ECMWF模式预报产品性能的优劣,提高预报员使用其产品的能力,针对2012年5~8月四川盆地降水天气过程,根据不同的影响天气系统,分别对T639和ECMWF细网格模式96h降水预报进行检验对比。结果表明:(1) EC模式对不同系统降水的预报效果都优于T639,预报指示意义大,且两家模式对高原涡和西南涡降水预报效果均优于模式对其它系统降水预报。(2) T639模式对主雨带强度和降水中心强度预报易偏弱,主雨带范围预报易偏小,漏报可能性大;EC模式对主雨带强度、降水中心强度预报也易偏弱,但主雨带范围预报易偏大。(3) T639和EC模式在预报主雨带落区、降水中心位置和实况不一致时,预报易偏西、偏南,雨带的移速偏慢。      

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on