陆面微波比辐射率的卫星观测研究进展

复杂多变的陆地表微波比辐射率,造成陆面上星载微波观测反演大气参数较为困难,也使得许多卫星微波资料不易同化应用到数值模式,因此迫切需要提供准确可靠的陆面微波地表比辐射率信息.随着卫星观测技术的迅速发展,利用丰富的星载被动微波观测直接反演陆面微波比辐射率成为一种主要手段.国外针对星载微波成像仪和微波垂直探测器开展较为系统的陆面微波比辐射率研究,建立不同类型的地表比辐射率反演方法,开发地表比辐射率参数化方法并应用于辐射资料同化.对于卫星观测反演陆面微波比辐射率存在的问题,开展了评估分析和方法订正.国内利用卫星观测也开展了一些陆面微波比辐射率研究工作,尚需要系统、综合的提炼.对于地表特征复杂的中国地区,还需要评估认识不同陆面微波比辐射率反演方法在我国适用情况,需要增强陆面微波比辐射率数据质量的认识以及业务应用.     

几种地表微波比辐射率变化特征的地面观测

基于地表微波比辐射率观测试验,我们探讨了不同下垫面的地表微波比辐射率的变化特征以及降雨前后地表比辐射率的昼夜变化特征.同时,通过比较红外扫描仪和温度计同步测量的地表温度,发现将温度计浅埋土里比半埋土里测量的更为合理,后者测量的地表温度在中午时不合理偏高15～20℃.对于四种地表,草地比辐射率最高(～0.94),其次是裸土地比辐射率(～0.86),然后是沙地比辐射率(～0.82),水面比辐射率最小(～0.4).在微波辐射计观测入射角 > 60°时,土地和沙地比辐射率都随入射角度增加而减小,尤其前者更为敏感;草地和水面比辐射率随入射角度变化较小.不同地表比辐射率都呈现出昼夜差异,尤其土地、沙地和水面比辐射率在降雨之后的昼夜差异较为显著,夜里普遍偏高白天0.02～0.04;草地比辐射率昼夜差异较小,基本是白天略微高于晚上.降水后,草地微波比辐射率变化较小,裸土地和沙地比辐射率则显著降低.沙地和草地比辐射率随频率变化较小,裸土地比辐射率在降雨之后随频率明显增加.     

超声实验中谱比法衰减的散射与本征吸收特性

实际地球介质的弹性波衰减,无论是对于地球内部结构反演、含油气储层描述,还是对于地震岩石物理本身的基础研究而言,都十分重要.通过岩石物理实验测量岩石的弹性波衰减是相关研究的基本手段,而谱比法是一种最常用的测量方法.利用谱比法测量的弹性波衰减,简称谱比法衰减,由介质的本征吸收特性和非均质散射特性共同决定.然而,在谱比法理论中,没有将这两种衰减特性的作用区分对待.因此,实验室测量的谱比法衰减中是否含有散射特性,其散射特性是否可以忽略,常不明确.本文基于对岩石物理实验中样品波形特征的基本认识,通过能流理论描述了弹性波的本征吸收和非均质散射过程,以及对应的尾波形成机理.文章还应用能流理论测量岩石的弹性波衰减,即能流法衰减.无论是通过理论推导,还是通过实验验证,谱比法衰减与能流法衰减都显示出良好的一致性.这两种直达波衰减的一致性暗示了谱比法衰减中存在着两种衰减特性.文中还对比分析了谱比法衰减与喷射流本征衰减的实验结果,该结果同样展示了谱比法衰减中可能存在着散射特性.因此,通过能流理论,可以利用样品波形的尾波特征定性判断谱比法衰减中可能存在的散射特性.即异常明显的尾波振幅可能意味着强烈的直达波非均质散射,谱比法衰减中的散射特性因而不可忽略.     

地震波品质因子Q研究进展综述

研究地震波的衰减可以了解岩石的微构造及变化,以及岩石在地下所遇到的环境条件.衰减主要由岩石的微观性质-诸如岩石内部裂纹的密度、分布、构造以及所含流体的相互作用决定的,所以测量地震波的衰减对于了解岩石的物理状态非常重要.本文主要从岩石物理方面阐述了各种衰减机制、品质因子Q的主要影响因素及测量方法;说明了Q作为各种参量(频率、孔隙度、流体含量等)的函数是很有意义的观测量,对Q的测量在实际探测油气中有着重要意义.     

应用MODIS遥感数据监测巢湖水质

以巢湖为研究对象,对MODIS的各个波段辐射率与水质参数叶绿素a浓度、悬浮物浓度和透明度进行拟合,分析了MODIS各个波段辐射率的拟合在监测大型内陆湖泊水质中的可行性.结果表明:MODIS波段辐射率的组合能与巢湖水质参数进行较好的匹配,MODIS波段1—4和10—11对于监测巢湖中叶绿素a浓度、悬浮物浓度和透明度有重要意义.     

岩石破裂实验中的遥感观测与遥感岩石力学的开端

在岩石加载直到破裂的过程中,对岩石的红外辐射进行了遥感观测研究.使用的主要仪器有瞬态光谱仪、智能光谱仪、红外辐射温度计、红外光谱辐射计和红外热象仪.对26种岩石进行了实验.研究表明,岩石的红外辐射温度随应力的增加而增加;岩石的红外辐射波谱的幅值也随应力的增加而增加.岩石的红外热象的观测结果与岩石的红外辐射温度相一致.某些岩石样品破裂主断层形成前,在未来主断层的位置显示出条带状温度异常热象.本实验将遥感学中的最新技术引入岩石力学,以期在岩石力学中建立一个新的研究领域遥感岩石力学(或遥感岩石物理学).遥感岩石力学可望在地震预报,岩爆预报和岩体应力场的测量中得到应用.      

高压下岩石弹性波速度几种测量方法的比较实验研究

在高压高温条件下测量岩石弹性波速是获得岩石在地球内部的各种力学和热力学数据的主要途径, 也是研究地球内部物质结构和组成的重要手段. 近年来, 用固体作为传压介质的高压高温岩石弹性波速测量方法发展较快, 然而目前各个实验室在高温高压条件下所测量出的岩石弹性波数据, 还没有进行过严格的对比. 为了对比各实验室的实验测量结果, 对3种测量方法进行了比较实验研究, 并与流体传压介质透射法的测量结果进行了对比. 实验表明, 3种测量方法在其适用压力范围内的测量结果都能相互对比. 其中Kern所使用的六面体样品脉冲透射法适用于压力温度较低的地壳类岩石样品的测量. 柱状样品脉冲反射-透射法在适用压力范围、加热温度和测量精度方面均有一定优势. 柱状样品脉冲透射法虽然在压力较低时测量精度较低, 但样品长度大, 组装简便, 适用于样品量大, 要求压力较高的实验. 因此在实际应用中, 后两种方法可进行相互校正和相互补充.     

GMS 5资料反演地表温度的一个修正算法

本文研究发展利用GMS 5/VISSR每小时卫星观测资料反演地表温度的方法,首先利用时空判断法进行云检测寻找晴空像元,然后从辐射传输方程出发,由实时探空资料求取大气上行、下行辐射率及大气透过率,根据由AVHRR NDVI导出的地表比辐射率,用单时相双光谱分裂窗法反演得到地表温度.比较反演结果与54511站及其他中国基准站2000年地面0cm地表温度实测值,相对于国际上其他经验公式而言,本文算法在精度上有所提高.敏感性分析试验着重于大气衰减的影响.基于本文算法,给出了内蒙中东部地区地表温度连续4天的变化实例以及东亚部分陆地“纯晴天”地表温度图.     

电离层氧离子83.4 nm辐射计算方法

氧离子83.4 nm辐射是由氧离子辐射跃迁产生的,是电离层极紫外日辉辐射中辐射强度较高的信号之一.从空间对其进行成像为高层大气状态的监测提供了一种强有力的方法.为了准确的描述辐射强度的分布情况,本文在MSISE-00大气模型下,用AURIC计算氧离子83.4 nm辐射的初始体辐射率、电离层氮气分子、氧气分子以及氧原子的密度分布,接着,用Chapman函数生成氧离子密度分布,计算共振散射作用下的体辐射率.然后,给出在不同的初始辐射率情况下,沿天底方向观测的辐射强度对比.最后,与Anderson的计算结果作了两组对比,指出由电子碰撞产生的初始体辐射率占比提高16%,总的辐射强度会提高30%.本文的工作为低热层大气氧离子密度和光电子通量的探测提供支持,这对电离层电子密度反演具有理论意义.     

沙漠陆面过程参数化与模拟

沙漠地区植被稀疏、干旱少雨,其陆面物理过程具有与全球其它地区显著不同的特点.本文利用巴丹吉林沙漠观测资料,分析和计算了地表反照率、比辐射率、粗糙度和土壤热容量、热传导系数等关键陆面过程参数,建立了适合于沙漠地区的陆面过程模式DLSM (Desert Land Surface Model),并与NOAH陆面过程模式的模拟结果和观测资料进行了比较.结果表明:巴丹吉林沙漠地表反照率为0.273,比辐射率为0.950,地表粗糙度为1.55×10^-3 m,土壤热容量和热扩散系数分别为1.08×10⁶ J·m^-3·K^-1和3.34×10^-7 m²·s.辐射传输、感热输送和土壤热传导过程是影响沙漠地区地表能量平衡的主要物理过程.通过对这三种过程的准确模拟检验,DLSM能够较准确地模拟巴丹吉林沙漠地气能量交换特征;短波辐射、长波辐射和感热通量的模拟结果与观测值间的标准差分别为7.98,6.14,33.9 W·m^-2,与NOAH陆面过程模式的7.98,7.72,46.6 W·m^-2的结果接近.地表反照率是沙漠地区最重要的陆面过程参数,地表反照率增大5%,向上短波辐射通量随之增加5%,感热通量则减小2.8%.本文研究结果对丰富陆面过程参数化方案,改进全球陆面过程模式、气候模式具有参考意义.     

The remote sensing observation in experiments of rock failure and the beginning of remote sensing rock mechanics

The remote sensing observational study for infrared radiation of rocks was proceeded during the loading on rocks until failure. The major instruments used in experiments were transient spectrum apparatus, intelligent spectrum apparatus, infrared radiation thermometer, infrared spectrum radiometer, and infrared thermal imaging system. The experiments for 26 kinds of rocks were made. The studies show that infrared radiation temperature of rocks increases along with increasing of stress. The amplitude of infrared radiation spectrum of rocks also increases along with increasing of stress. The observational results of infrared thermal imaging of rocks are consistent with infrared radiation temperature. Before formation of major faults for some rocks, the belt-shape thermal imaging of temperature anomaly displaies in position of future major faults. This study has led the new technology of remote sensing into rock mechanics and tend to establish a new field in rock mechanics — remote sensing rock mechanics (or remote sensing rock physics). The application of remote sensing rock mechanics in prediction of earthquake and rock burst, and in measurement of stress field in rock mass is expected. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, Supp., 645–652, 1992. Jin-Shen HAO, Ji-Han LI, Xiao-Hong LIU, Yi-Qiao ZHI, Jin-Kai ZHANG, Yong-Hong Lü, Yi LIU, Yun-Shen YU, He ZHANG, Quan-Quan JI, Xiao-Fan ZHU and Ning CHEN took part in this work. This subject is supported by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation (91006). Work of Institute of Geophysics, SSB (93A0009).     

致密气藏烃源岩地化参数测井综合评价方法研究

针对塔里木盆地库车坳陷北部侏罗系烃源岩受泥浆污染、分析数据少、样品分布不连续及类型多样等问题突出,利用测井资料来对有机地球化学参数进行评价难度大,无法满足勘探需求.本文阐述了不同类型烃源岩的有机质级别、测井响应特征、有机地球化学参数定量计算及品质评价等多种方法,来研究富集区烃源岩对致密气储层的持续供气能力.文中介绍了煤层、碳质泥岩、暗色泥岩等3种类型烃源岩的有机质级别和测井响应特征.首先,提出分不同岩性烃源岩的ΔlogR法,其计算结果与铀曲线相关法、多元回归法对比,效果最好;再次建立了生烃潜率、氯仿沥青“A”及镜质体发射率等多个有机质地球化学参数的测井评价模型;最终,考虑能够反映烃源岩性质的参数来综合定义烃源岩品质指数,形成了完善的烃源岩测井综合评价方法研究技术.研究表明,利用这套地球物理技术提供了烃源岩定量评价和品质分类研究方法及实际应用案例.     

视电阻率法测矿井岩石应变实验的初步总结

本实验目的是揭示受力岩石中应力与电阻率的关系,以验证形变电阻率法能否用于地震预报工作。 实验在一离地面深100多米、正在开采的矿坑中进行。视电阻率的测量用四极对称装置,干电池供电,最高电压13.5伏,最大观测均方误差为1-2％。五个测点上贴了电阻丝应变片,以测定岩石主应变的大小、方向以与视电阻率极大值进行对比。应变计的读数值最大误差不超过3-4με。实验中考虑了岩石有严重极化现象的影响。 实验的初步结果表明:岩石的视电阻率和应变值的变化,总趋势相当一致,所以用形变电阻率法来测量应变是极有希望的。对1973年在四川省南坪发生的几次地震进行震例分析的结果,得到同样的结论。 文中对实验中存在的问题,也作了一些讨论。     

The application of microwave remote sensing technology in rock mechanics

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An improved TES algorithm based on the corrected ALPHA difference spectrum

Different from visible signals, thermal infrared radiances depend on both temperature and emissivity. It is a key problem for us to separate temperature and emissivity in thermal infrared remote sensing re- search. Another difficulty encountered in the retrieval of surface temperature is the correction of downwelling sky irradiance, because it is closely related to surface emissivity. When emissivity is un- known, the downwelling sky irradiance is difficult to be removed. In this paper, we introduce a correc- tion term of downwelling sky irradiance developed by Li and Becker into Wien’s approximation, to de- rive an improved ALPHA difference spectrum which is independent of temperature, and furthermore develop a correction term to remove the error of Wien’s approximation. Under the support of the above work, attractive features of Alpha derived emissivity method and ASTER TES algorithm are combined together to acquire a new Improved TES algorithm based on Corrected ALPHA Difference Spectrum (ICADS TES). Because a multi-band inversion technique is applied, and the operations of band ratios and differences are included in the algorithm, it can partly remove the influence of atmosphere and noises. Numerical simulation experiments show that for various combinations of atmosphere, land covers and surface temperatures, the algorithm is applicable and stable. Its accuracy for temperature is 0―1.5 K, and that for emissivity is 0―0.015. Compared with current TES algorithms, our method has clear physical meaning, is easy to be implemented, and is applicable for a wide temperature range and surface types. The results are not influenced by the directional characteristic of emissivity. Because ICADS TES does not need the support of a priori information of surface types, it is also not influenced by the accuracy of classification and the problem of mixture pixels. Compared with our former TES algorithm based on corrected Alpha difference spectra (CADS TES), the new algorithm takes the effect of downwelling atmospheric radiation into account. When the quantity of atmosphere radiation can be estimated precisely, the performance of ICADS TES is much better.     

岩石软化温度及其在地球深部岩石力学性质研究中的意义

从高温高压岩石力学实验的角度阐述了岩石软化的现象,提出岩石软化温度的概念和定义以及测量方法.根据对大量经过高温变形试件的显微结构观察,从岩石中各矿物组分对不同温度下的变形反应和机制出发,认为岩石软化现象的本质是岩石中的各矿物组分在高温下逐步由脆性变形向韧性变形和塑性变形转化过程中在岩石力学性质上的综合反映.提出岩石中矿物变形序次及不同组分矿物在岩石中的结构位置和含量是决定岩石软化温度的主要因素.由此进一步讨论了岩石中矿物的变形序次对地壳内岩石脆-韧性变形转化条件的影响及其在地球深部岩石力学性质和地震孕育理论研究中的重要意义.     

基于二维图像的数字岩心电导率计算方法研究

电导率是表征岩石电学性质的重要物理参数,在地质资源勘查和测井解释等领域发挥着巨大作用.快速、准确地确定岩石电导率具有重要的理论和实践意义.作为近年来发展的一种岩石物理数值模拟工具,数字岩心技术在定量计算电导率等物性参数方面应用广泛.三维微观结构的准确获取是数字岩心技术计算岩石电导率的关键,但传统获取岩石三维微观结构的方法较为复杂费时.为了方便快速地通过数字岩心技术计算岩石的电导率,本文研究了岩石二维与三维数字岩心的电导率联系.我们基于微米级X射线CT扫描得到的三个砂岩样品的微观结构信息建立了三维数字岩心,并通过有限元法计算的三维数字岩心电导率与实验数据的对比验证数值计算方法的有效性.随后我们数字地扩展了岩石的孔隙,产生了较大孔隙度的三维数字岩心样本,在此基础上,计算了三维数字岩心和相应二维数字岩心的电导率,并通过Archie公式分别拟合了电导率与孔隙度之间的关系,得到了相应的胶结系数.结果表明,三维数字岩心的胶结系数小于二维数字岩心的胶结系数,且二者的比值与岩石实测孔隙度呈线性负相关关系.以该联系为纽带,通过二维图像快速计算得到的电导率与孔隙度关系,确定了三维数字岩心的电导率与孔隙度关系,并进一步通过三维数字岩心的孔隙度计算其电导率.该方法计算得到的人工砂岩样品的电导率与其三维数字岩心电导率相关系数高于96%,验证了基于二维图像的数字岩心电导率计算方法的有效性.本文的研究结果为快速、准确地计算岩石电导率提供了新的思路,在油气勘探开发中有广阔的应用前景.     

The effect of cracks on the thermal expansion of rocks

Thermal expansion during the first heating cycle at atmospheric pressure was measured in several directions in seven igneous rocks between 25° and 400°C at slow heating rates. The coefficient of thermal expansion measured under these conditions increases more rapidly as temperature is increased than the average thermal expansion coefficient of the constituent minerals. The “extra” expansion is attributed to the formation of cracks by differential expansion of mineral grains. The presence of such cracks in the rocks during the cooling part of the cycle and during any subsequent heating and cooling cycles will result in a substantial decrease in the coefficient of thermal expansion as compared to that measured during the first heating cycles. The effect of cracks initially present in a rock was studied by measuring the full tensor of the coefficient of thermal expansion on two rocks with anisotropic crack distributions. In these two rocks the coefficient of thermal expansion is least in the direction perpendicular to the plane of greatest crack concentration. The implication of our data is that thermal expansion depends greatly on the fracture state of the rock. Both the fractures in the rock and the boundary conditions on the rock are significant for the interpretation of thermal expansion measurements and for their application to other problems.     

煤矿采掘过程中煤岩体电磁辐射特征及应用

运用研制的KBD5矿用本安型电磁辐射监测仪测试了煤矿采掘过程中工作面煤岩体的电磁辐射，分析了电磁信号与采掘工艺及煤岩动力灾害危险性等的关系。研究表明，煤矿采掘过程伴随产生电磁辐射，电磁辐射是煤岩体受到采动影响后应力重新分布或变形破裂趋向新平衡的结果；有煤与瓦斯突出和冲击地压危险时，有明显的电磁异常前兆；采取防治措施后，电磁辐射显著下降。电磁辐射技术在煤矿可以用于预测煤与瓦斯突出、冲击地压等煤岩动力灾害。     

Comparative experimental study on several methods for measuring elastic wave velocities in rocks at high pressure

To measure elastic wave velocities in rocks at high temperature and high pressure is an important way to acquire the mechanics and thermodynamics data of rocks in the earth's interior and also a substantial approach to studying the structure and composition of materials there. In recent years, a rapid progress has been made in methodology pertaining to the measurements of elastic wave velocities in rocks at high temperature and high pressure with solids as the pressure-transfer media. However, no strict comparisons have been made of the elastic wave velocity data of rocks measured at high temperature and high pressure by various laboratories. In order to compare the experimental results from various laboratories, we have conducted a comparative experimental study on three measuring methods and made a strict comparison with the results obtained by using the transmission method with fluid as the pressure-transfer medium. Our experimental results have shown that the measurements obtained by the three methods are comparable in the pressure ranges of their application. The cubic sample pulse transmission method used by Kern is applicable to measuring elastic wave velocities in crustal rocks at lower temperature and lower pressure. The prism sample pulse reflection-transmission method has some advantages in pressure range, heating temperature and measuring precision. Although the measurements obtained under relatively low pressure conditions by the prism sample pulse transmission method are relatively low in precision, the samples are large in length and their assemblage is simple. So this method is suitable to the experiments that require large quantities of samples and higher pressures. Therefore, in practical application the latter two methods are usually recommended because their measurements can be mutually corrected and supplemented.