The remote sensing observation in experiments of rock failure and the beginning of remote sensing rock mechanics

The remote sensing observational study for infrared radiation of rocks was proceeded during the loading on rocks until failure. The major instruments used in experiments were transient spectrum apparatus, intelligent spectrum apparatus, infrared radiation thermometer, infrared spectrum radiometer, and infrared thermal imaging system. The experiments for 26 kinds of rocks were made. The studies show that infrared radiation temperature of rocks increases along with increasing of stress. The amplitude of infrared radiation spectrum of rocks also increases along with increasing of stress. The observational results of infrared thermal imaging of rocks are consistent with infrared radiation temperature. Before formation of major faults for some rocks, the belt-shape thermal imaging of temperature anomaly displaies in position of future major faults. This study has led the new technology of remote sensing into rock mechanics and tend to establish a new field in rock mechanics — remote sensing rock mechanics (or remote sensing rock physics). The application of remote sensing rock mechanics in prediction of earthquake and rock burst, and in measurement of stress field in rock mass is expected. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, Supp., 645–652, 1992. Jin-Shen HAO, Ji-Han LI, Xiao-Hong LIU, Yi-Qiao ZHI, Jin-Kai ZHANG, Yong-Hong Lü, Yi LIU, Yun-Shen YU, He ZHANG, Quan-Quan JI, Xiao-Fan ZHU and Ning CHEN took part in this work. This subject is supported by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation (91006). Work of Institute of Geophysics, SSB (93A0009).     

无源微波遥感用于地震预测及物理机理研究

对不同岩性的岩石进行了无源微波遥感用于地震预测的实验研究,实验在等温过程加载条件下进行．实验得出岩石的微波辐射能量随岩石的应力状态变化而显著变化,这个变化完全由应力引起,与温度无关．将介质所处的应力状态同介质的微波辐射能量变化与物理机理直接地联系了起来,为无源微波遥感观测地球表层应力场分布和预测地震奠定了物理基础,并提供了实验依据．本文提出了无源微波遥感预测地震的两种物理机理,即热能激发机理和机械能激发机理;提出了由无源微波遥感探测结果,反演介质应力状态和温度状态的方法．     

受载煤体变形破裂微波辐射前兆规律的实验研究

对煤体在单轴压缩条件下的微波辐射效应和规律进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,受载煤体具有微波辐射效应,在煤体的变形破裂过程中伴随有6.6 GHz微波辐射信号产生,其前兆规律具有3种类型.基于电介质物理学对实验现象进行了解释.在单轴压缩实验中,煤体的亮温最大变化值为1.9～2.7K,这表明煤体的微波辐射特性明显优于红外辐射特...     

红外遥感用于地震预测及其物理机理研究

在等温过程加载的条件下,实验得出岩石的红外辐射能量随压力变化显著变化的结果。这个变化与温度无关,完全由压力引起,这就证明了机械能能直接激发岩石分子振动态能级之间的跃迁,不需要经夺石生预测地震奠定了理论基础,这一物理现象的发现,为用红外遥感观测地球表层应力场分布和预测地震奠定了理论基础,提供了实验依据。提出了由温度异常引起的红外辐射能量变化和由应力起的红外辐射能量变化以及将两者分离出发的理论与方法,     

热红外震兆成因的模拟实验研究

对完整岩石破裂前和既存断层粘滑失稳前的红外辐射温度场进行了遥感观测研究,发现岩石破裂前出未来断层处出现条带状的红外热像,粘滑失稳前断层闭锁点出现升温现象,声发射测量表明,岩石破裂前已有大量微破裂产生,地壳中的既存断层和大震前的微小破裂均可能为震前地壳中的热能转移提供通道,从而导致地面热外震兆的出现。     

岩石破裂电磁辐射（EMR）现象实验研究

岩石破裂电磁辐射现象是客观存在的物理现象.随着电磁辐射观测技术在地震研究、冲击矿压预测等领域的应用，极大地推动了岩石破裂电磁辐射的实验研究.本文对岩石破裂电磁辐射的影响因素以及相伴生的现象，以及有关的物理解释进行了概括介绍.由于不同研究者使用实验设计、实验参数、实验条件的不同，使得观测和研究结果同样难以统一认识.不同的研究者根据各自的试验提出了不同的物理机制.同时对已发现现象的重复性、证实性研究岩石试验缺乏.严重匮乏利用数值模拟以及建立模型定量研究岩石破裂的电磁辐射.此外，岩样实验系统不同于实际的地震系统，进行模拟震源环境的实验研究，发展大尺度的标本和原岩现场实验的基础上，如何建立室内室外岩石实验与地震观测事实之间的联系是问题的关键.     

Physical statistical algorithm for precipitable water vapor inversion on land surface based on multi-source remotely sensed data

Water vapor plays a crucial role in atmospheric processes that act over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales, from global climate to micrometeorology. The determination of water vapor distribution in the atmosphere and its changing pattern is very important. Although atmospheric scientists have developed a variety of means to measure precipitable water vapor(PWV) using remote sensing data that have been widely used, there are some limitations in using one kind satellite measurements for PWV retrieval over land. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed for retrieving PWV over land by combining different kinds of remote sensing data and it would work well under the cloud weather conditions. The PWV retrieval algorithm based on near infrared data is more suitable to clear sky conditions with high precision. The 23.5 GHz microwave remote sensing data is sensitive to water vapor and powerful in cloud-covered areas because of its longer wavelengths that permit viewing into and through the atmosphere. Therefore, the PWV retrieval results from near infrared data and the indices combined by microwave bands remote sensing data which are sensitive to water vapor will be regressed to generate the equation for PWV retrieval under cloud covered areas. The algorithm developed in this paper has the potential to detect PWV under all weather conditions and makes an excellent complement to PWV retrieved by near infrared data. Different types of surface exert different depolarization effects on surface emissions, which would increase the complexity of the algorithm. In this paper, MODIS surface classification data was used to consider this influence. Compared with the GPS results, the root mean square error of our algorithm is 8 mm for cloud covered area. Regional consistency was found between the results from MODIS and our algorithm. Our algorithm can yield reasonable results on the surfaces covered by cloud where MODIS cannot be used to retrieve PWV.     

Features of infrared thermal image and radiation

Experimental study discovered that:(i) coal rocks and sandstone in the course of loading have three types of infrared thermal image features and three types of infrared radiation temperature features; (ii) infrared detection is comparable with acoustic emission detection and electrical resistance detection. Generally, the infrared forewarning of coal rocks' failure comes later than that of acoustic and electrical resistance, but the infrared radiation temperature forewarning of coal burst comes earlier. On the basis of comprehensive study and analysis, it was suggested that stress nearby 0.79 σ_c should be taken as the stress-caution-zone for rock mass failure, ground pressure and its disasters monitoring.     

OLR方法在黑龙江地区中强地震前异常现象的探讨

利用卫星遥感长波辐射(OLR)资料,分析黑龙江省2004年-2008年发生的几次ML 4.0以上中强地震前的OLR资料,发现地震发生前,在震中附近地区有长波辐射增强的特征,可能与强震孕育过程中的热状态有关,识别和提取卫星对地遥感红外波段的热兆信息,可望在中强地震监测预报的层面上有新的突破.     

Nucleation of earthquakes and its implication to precursors

IntroductionIn the middle of 1990s, the argument about nucleation phase occurred. Ellsworth and Beroza(1 995) studied the wave records of 30 earthquake events, which initiated slowly. Ellsworth, et al calledthem as nucleation phase. They discussed the relationship between their moment, duration time andthe relationship with the main shock behind. Scherbaum (1997a, b) proposed his different view andsuggested that some of the recording of the long period initial of seismic wave was misinterpret…     

Progress and development on multi-parameters remote sensing application in earthquake monitoring in China

In this paper, the progress and development on remote sensing technology applied in earthquake monitoring research are summarized, such as differential interference synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR), infrared remote sensing, and seismo-ionospheric detecting. Many new monitoring data in this domain have been used, and new data processing methods have been developed to obtain high-precision images about crustal deformation, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), surface latent heat flux (SLHF), and ionospheric parameters. The development in monitoring technology and data processing technique largely enriches earthquake research information and provides new tools for earthquake stereoscope monitoring system, especially on the space part. Finally, new developing trend in this area was introduced, and some key problems in future work were pointed out.     

Experimental study of the features of VLF, MF, HF and VHF electromagnetic radiation accompanying rock fracture

In order to investigate the physical mechanism of seismo-electromagnetic signals, many scholars from China and other countries have carried out laboratory and field experiments of rock samples by loading them up to fracture in recent ten-odd years. In each of these experiments, the phenomenon of electromagnetic radiation was observed during the process of rock sample fracture. However, the experimental results can not explain the non-synchronous electromagnetic radiation in actual observation records. In these records, some stations displayed anomalies but some others did not, and the signals of different frequency bands observed by the same station did not occur simultaneously. This has brought about many difficulties to the application of electromagnetic radiation in earthquake prediction. The experimental result of this paper can explain the phenomenon of non-synchronous electromagnetic radiation. In the experiment of this paper, rock samples are uniaxially compressed up to fracture. The antennas of different frequency bands are installed two meters away from the rock sample in different directions. The electromagnetic signals during the whole process of rock sample fracture are recorded synchronously by a 14-channel tape recorder. The experimental results are as follows: (1) signals of the four frequency bands: VLF, MF, HF and VHF, are all recorded during the main fracturing process of rock samples, but signals of different frequencies may somtimes occur non-synchronously; (2) the intensity of electromagnetic radiation is the highest at the moment when the main fracture occurs, but signals in different directions are of different intensities. The above results are consistent with the non-synchronous electromagnetic radiation observed in real earthquakes. It seems possible to predict the orientation of future seismic source by the electromagnetic method of the LF or VLF frequency bands. Contribution No. 95A0075, Institute of Geophysics, SSB, China. The paper is translated by Prof.Jie-Fan HUANG, Peking University from the Chinese into English version.     

青海门源MS6.9地震震前OLR异常与InSAR同震形变关联性分析

对比分析利用涡度距平法提出的2022年1月8日青海门源 M_S6.9 地震震前射出长波辐射(OLR)短期异常分布和震后InSAR技术提取的门源地震同震形变空间分布,结果显示,震前红外辐射增强区与InSAR同震破裂形变区的空间位置基本吻合,扩展形式基本相似(同震破裂形变区分布在红外辐射异常区内部)。在震前的全国范围OLR空间分布上,仅青海德令哈—西宁—甘肃武威一带出现了呈“哑铃”状近WE向展布的OLR热辐射增强区,空间可辨识度高,OLR异常时空演化过程遵循了岩石应力加载破裂过程中的热异常规律,显示热异常变化与应力变化存在关联; InSAR技术提取的同震形变同样位于肃南—祁连断裂(俄堡段)、托莱山断裂和冷龙岭断裂的交汇区。InSAR同震形变结果揭示了地表形变以水平方向为主,断层运动具有典型的走滑变形特征。InSAR同震形变结果为红外遥感反映地震形变提供可检验的地质实体监测证据,验证了门源地震前辐射增强异常是地震构造地应力强度变化的遥感物理参量反映。     

岩石红外比辐射率简易测定方法及意义

利用地表辐射 (亮温 )求取地面温度需要通过岩石比辐射率进行换算。地球上的岩石千差万别 ,即使岩石学上分类一致的岩石 ,比辐射率也可以显著不同 ,需要大量的比辐射率时 ,现有测量方法显得过于复杂或环境要求过高 ,发展简便的比辐射率测量方法十分必要。实际上 ,在室温情况下 ,比辐射率为常数 ,可以通过测量一系列的温度和相应的辐射值 ,仪器本身的辐射和环境辐射可直接当作未知量参加反演 ,最终利用最小二乘法拟合获得比辐射率 ,大大降低了测量的难度。文中测量了1 6种岩石标本的比辐射率 ,方差一般保持在 0 .0 1左右 ,大多数 <0 .0 1 ;线性拟合的相关系数均 >0 99     

Influence of confining pressure and impact loading on mechanical properties of amphibolite and sericite-quartz schist

In order to investigate the dynamic mechanical properties of amphibolite and sericite-quartz schist under confi ning pressure, two rocks are subjected to impact loadings with different strain rates and confi ning pressures by using split Hopkinson pressure bar equipment with a confi ning pressure device. Based on the experimental results, the stress-strain curves are analyzed and the effects of confi ning pressure and strain rates on the dynamic compressive strength, peak strain and failure mode are summarized. The results show that:(1) The characteristics of two rocks in the ascent stage of the stressstrain curve are basically the same, but in the descent stage, the rocks gradually show plastic deformation characteristics as the confi ning pressure increases.(2) The dynamic compressive strength and peak strain of two rocks increase as the strain rate increases and the confi ning pressure effects are obvious.(3) Due to the effect of confi ning pressure, the normal stress on the damage surface of the rock increases correspondingly, the bearing capacity of the crack friction exceeds the material cohesion and the slippage of the fractured rock is controlled, which all lead to the compression and shear failure mode of rock. The theoretical analysis and experimental methods to study the dynamic failure mode and other related characteristics of rock are useful in developing standards for engineering practice.     

基于二维图像的数字岩心电导率计算方法研究

电导率是表征岩石电学性质的重要物理参数,在地质资源勘查和测井解释等领域发挥着巨大作用.快速、准确地确定岩石电导率具有重要的理论和实践意义.作为近年来发展的一种岩石物理数值模拟工具,数字岩心技术在定量计算电导率等物性参数方面应用广泛.三维微观结构的准确获取是数字岩心技术计算岩石电导率的关键,但传统获取岩石三维微观结构的方法较为复杂费时.为了方便快速地通过数字岩心技术计算岩石的电导率,本文研究了岩石二维与三维数字岩心的电导率联系.我们基于微米级X射线CT扫描得到的三个砂岩样品的微观结构信息建立了三维数字岩心,并通过有限元法计算的三维数字岩心电导率与实验数据的对比验证数值计算方法的有效性.随后我们数字地扩展了岩石的孔隙,产生了较大孔隙度的三维数字岩心样本,在此基础上,计算了三维数字岩心和相应二维数字岩心的电导率,并通过Archie公式分别拟合了电导率与孔隙度之间的关系,得到了相应的胶结系数.结果表明,三维数字岩心的胶结系数小于二维数字岩心的胶结系数,且二者的比值与岩石实测孔隙度呈线性负相关关系.以该联系为纽带,通过二维图像快速计算得到的电导率与孔隙度关系,确定了三维数字岩心的电导率与孔隙度关系,并进一步通过三维数字岩心的孔隙度计算其电导率.该方法计算得到的人工砂岩样品的电导率与其三维数字岩心电导率相关系数高于96%,验证了基于二维图像的数字岩心电导率计算方法的有效性.本文的研究结果为快速、准确地计算岩石电导率提供了新的思路,在油气勘探开发中有广阔的应用前景.     

卫星热红外遥感在火山活动性监测中的应用

介绍了卫星热红外遥感在国内外火山监测研究中的应用现状,结合热红外遥感在地震中的应用成果,对利用卫星热红外遥感监测火山活动的可行性及方法进行了探讨,提出通过火山区热红外亮温旬变、月变和年变模型扣除地形地貌、岩性、植被等地表环境因素的影响,通过火山区和邻近参照区红外亮温差值运算扣除气象因素影响的火山活动性热红外异常提取方法。并以长白山火山为例,利用1999、2003和2004年的NOAA卫星影像资料,对长白山火山及周围地区的热红外影像特征进行了分析解译,对长白山火山区与外围参照区的红外亮温年变差异进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)长白山火山区的红外亮温分布特征在空间上主要受地形控制,总体表现为以天池为中心,向外围逐渐升高的漏斗状,天池则是低温背景上的明显高温标记。在时间上,长白山火山区红外亮温的演变过程主要受季节变化的影响,具有明显的夏高冬低年变特征。2)相对于1999年,2003和2004年长白山火山区均显示出明显的升温趋势,升温幅度可达2K左右。我们认为这可能是近年来天池火山活动性逐年增强的反映。这也意味着利用卫星热红外遥感监测火山活动性将是行之有效的新途径,也是值得深入研究的课题     

数字岩石物理中弹性参数的有限差分计算方法

数字岩石物理利用三维成像技术和数学方法,建立数字岩心,开展多场物理响应模拟,计算岩石的等效弹性参数,为岩石物理学研究开拓了新的领域.本文发展了一种基于高阶有限差分的岩石模量数值计算的新方法,该方法便于理解,容易实现,占用内存相对较少,计算效率高,结果合理,弥补了常规岩石物理实验周期长,成本高,误差大等不足.该方法将三维数字岩心样本嵌入一个具有与岩心样本骨架颗粒相同弹性性质的区域中扩充成一个新模型,测量由数字岩石样本非均匀结构带来的纵波或横波峰值振幅的时间差,利用该时间差(相对参考模型)估算纵横波的等效速度,进而求取等效弹性模量.理论模型和实际岩心的计算结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验结果有较高的吻合度,验证了该方法的合理性.     

Thermal properties as controls on rock surface temperature maxima,and possible implications for rock weathering

Four rock types (basalt, sandstone, granite, and chalk) are examined with respect to the maximum surface temperatures which they experience when subjected to similar conditions of exposure. Rock temperature measurements are reported for an urban environment and for two experimental situations in which an infrared lamp is used to simulate heating under cold and hot conditions. Differences in rock temperatures are discussed with reference to thermal rock properties (albedo, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity). Some natural situations are suggested in which thermal rock properties could conceivably play a role in determining the extent to which rocks would be affected by particular weathering processes.     

疏勒河断裂中段构造及地震活动对北山岩体稳定性的影响

以疏勒河断裂带中段及北山地区遥感图像解译资料为基础，通过对该地区重力场深部构造特征、地震活动特征以及活动性构造的应力状态、发震力学条件的分析，对北山岩体进行了地质稳定性评价，认为疏勒河断裂及其北山岩体是地壳稳定性较好的地区。