福建气象综合业务平台融入“天擎”技术方案设计及实现

为加快推进福建省气象业务系统的集约化、云化转型，需要依托福建气象大数据云平台（“天擎·福建”）对业务系统进行融入改造。本文介绍了“天擎·福建”的概况、总体架构和功能，重点阐述了福建气象综合业务平台融入“天擎”的技术方案及实现方法，从平台融入“天擎”、数据源切换至“天擎”、算法纳入加工流水线、数据产品存入“天擎”、系统监控进“天镜”、前端页面改造等6个方面实现了应用融入并投入业务运行，融入后综合业务平台的数据汇聚、加工和服务全流程进一步优化和规范，系统运行效率和访问速度显著提高，为其他的业务系统融入天擎提供借鉴。     

省级多源融合实况产品融入“天擎”关键技术研究与实现

按照“云+端”技术架构对气象数据、算力、算法资源进行集约管理的思路,基于气象大数据云平台(“天擎”)提供的“数算一体”服务能力,研究省级多源融合实况分析系统的业务产品融入“天擎”的关键技术。梳理省级数据产品注册、发布和共享的基本流程,归纳并阐述了通信系统分发入库、算法改造写入、调用标准化接口写入等三种实时数据接入方案与实现方法。通过对比各方案的优缺点,给出不同应用场景下的最优接入策略,为其他各类本地化特色数据产品融入“天擎”提供借鉴。     

云南“天擎”应用融入示例研究

“天擎”是“数算一体”的气象大数据云平台,具备海量数据存储、全业务贯通、数据应用高效的能力,其支持各类气象应用的“云”化融入,全面支撑“云+端”的气象业务模式。该研究以云南省降水量告警系统为例,分析了应用系统融入“天擎”的全套流程。首先从系统技术架构的设计着手,对照融入要求,确定需要融入的切入点;然后从数据采集、数据存储、产品加工、业务监控、业务应用等5个方面对系统融入流程进行了具体研究;最后,针对开发过程中需要注意的关键问题作了技术总结,可为后续融入工作提供参考。研究结果表明,基于“天擎”的系统融入开发流程较为简洁快速,普通开发人员较易上手,整个融入过程能从系统技术架构的多个层面减少不必要的开发步骤,缩短开发周期。     

气象业务系统融入“天擎”“天镜”的技术要点分析

随着气象业务系统的集约化程度越来越高,“云”+“端”的业务构建模式将成为主流,省级气象部门新的业务系统构建直接基于“天擎”作为数据和算力支撑,“天镜”提供统一实时业务监控的模式开展。而原来研发的气象业务系统则要通过“云化”改造融入“天擎”“天镜”。本文通过分析融入“天擎”“天镜”技术要点,总结贵州前期系统融入过程中的经验,为今后各单位业务系统顺利融入提供借鉴和指导。     

基于大数据云平台的天山气象APP设计与应用

为提升大数据云平台与移动互联网的耦合气象服务质量,满足气象防灾减灾移动可视化需求,推进新疆气象信息化事业高质量发展,亟需开发一款专业气象服务APP。该APP在“云+端”业务模式下充分利用气象业务现有数字化成果,采取多源存储、接口调用、控制反转和数据交互技术,对全疆天气自动站的地面观测、格点实况融合、雷达回波、灾害预警等气象资料进行加工处理和移动展示。天山气象APP可按用户需求提供疆内基于实时位置的天气实况、精细化预报、预警详情、雷达拼图、实况要素产品和统计值要素产品,同时继承大数据云平台服务接口高额承载能力,实现毫秒级响应,在全疆天气自动站应急保障与气象防灾减灾服务中应用成效显著。     

基于“天擎”的沈阳智慧气象数据应用

基于气象大数据云平台（“天擎·辽宁”）的数据应用服务,结合JavaScripts、HTML,CSS、Echarts、Vue、高德API等Web技术和Meteoinfo、SpringBoot等后端框架技术,采用前后端分离开发模式,建立适用于沈阳市的智慧气象数据应用服务平台。平台通过数据可视化和数据产品叠加地理信息实现数据查询、天气监测和报警提醒,通过Meteoinfo库实现灾害性服务产品制作,通过Echartsjs和高德API技术实现不同气象要素图表信息分析和地理信息联动。平台投入业务应用以来,为沈阳市县两级气象业务应用和服务提供了数据支撑,提升了气象服务能力效率,具有应用推广价值。     

基于“天镜”的CIPAS3.0监控应用设计与实现

本文通过分析“云+端”模式气候监测预测分析系统（简称：CIPAS3.0）的监控需求,给出基于气象综合业务实时监控系统（简称：天镜）CIPAS3.0监控应用架构和流程设计,详细描述了产品监视流程和数据源异常追溯算法,为下一步建设融入气象大数据云平台（简称：天擎）的业务系统通用监控提供了技术思路。CIPAS3.0监控应用实现了数据源、产品和基础资源的实时监视与告警,并提供数据源异常追溯、产品一键补算等功能,解决了数据源下载传输情况不透明、产品手工补算不方便等问题,减轻了运维人员定位和解决故障的工作量,提高了运维效率。本应用于2021年12月通过专家评审并投入业务化运行,截止目前已实现87种数据源和125种定时产品实时监控,为CIPAS3.0的稳定运行提供了保障。     

数据湖技术在气象卫星资料业务共享中的应用

文章依托大数据云平台·天擎系统的共享NAS存储,通过省级气象通信系统的文件分发策略,将气象卫星广播数据迁移到共享NAS上进行统一存储。基于B/S系统构架搭建气象数据湖对大数据云平台·天擎系统的共享NAS存储上的数据进行统一管理。数据湖提供了前端图形界面对目录权限和账户权限统一管理,一方面规范了数据访问权限,保障了数据和账户的安全性。另一方面解决了因数据反复迁移、多处存储而造成的资源浪费,符合气象业务的发展需求。     

华云信息技术工程有限公司主营业务简介

正华云信息技术工程有限公司(以下简称"华信公司")主营业务以气象业务软件产品研发、系统集成与运维服务、气象信息增值服务为三大线。ü气象业务软件产品研发华信公司的软件业务为3+2模式,以气象大数据平台、气象通信平台和监控平台为依托,在这三个基础平台之上构建两类业务系统,预报类(包括人工影响天气业务系统、精细化预报业务系统)业务系统和数据可视化共享业务系统(包括气象业务内网系统和气象一体化业务系统)。     

气象大数据云平台归档系统设计及实现

本文针对"天擎"归档系统的建设需求、总体架构,提出系统实现的若干关键技术问题并进行深入分析,气象大数据云平台(以下简称"天擎")归档系统设计为面向海量数据归档存储的支撑系统,保障数据的安全完整。系统基于在线存储、离线存储以及磁带库管理软件,通过层次性结构体系、消息队列和微服务技术框架,实现多协议数据归档、敏感数据归档及转储数据归档等功能,满足各种新增数据归档业务场景,同时具备丰富的数据回取服务、数据全流程的追溯和规范化的磁带管理保障等功能。2020年8月"天擎"归档系统投入业务运行,每日归档的实时数据量约为10TB,后续最高可承载约240TB日数据量的归档业务。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on