不同传感器线性光谱分解反演不透水面的对比——以Landsat ETM+和EO-1 ALI为例

利用线性光谱分解模型,对同日过境的Landsat ETM+和EO-1ALI影像的不透水面信息反演结果进行对比研究,从提取精度、盖度精度两方面对两种传感器影像的不透水面反演能力进行对比。结果表明,ALI反演不透水面的能力优于ETM+,其提取总精度和Kappa系数均高于ETM+高;其均方根误差和系统误差的绝对值都小于ETM+。两者产生差异的原因在于ALI的光谱分辨率和辐射分辨率均高于ETM+。     

基于Sentinel-2A和Landsat8的城市不透水面的提取

城市不透水面相关研究对城市的发展至关重要。为了提取城市不透水面盖度,通常采用线性光谱混合分析方法,在亚像元尺度上计算混合像元内的不透水面面积比例。由于端元光谱曲线存在误差,导致不透水面盖度提取精度较低,因而提出端元优化方案,通过Sentinel-2A影像选择比较纯净的端元,利用其光谱信息优化从Landsat8影像中选择的端元的光谱曲线,提高纯净像元光谱曲线精度。此外,结合解混结果优化方案,利用归一化植被指数(normalized differential vegetation index,NDVI)和干旱裸土指数(dry bare-soil index,DBSI),对解混结果进行优化。采用World View-2遥感影像进行样本验证,结果显示,该方法所提取不透水面盖度的精度比传统方法提高了20%,为端元选取和不透水面提取提供可靠的理论支持。     

泰安市区不透水面覆盖度遥感估算研究

区域不透水面覆盖度是该区域城镇化程度、生态环境状况的重要指示因子。针对传统线性混合像元分解丰度图经常出现负值或者大于1的情况,采用完全约束最小二乘混合像元分解方法,利用泰安市市区Landsat8 OLI遥感影像提取了其不透水面分布状况,运用高分辨率遥感影像随机采样进行了精度检验,并对该区域不透水面空间特征进行了分析。结果表明:该文方法对泰安市市区不透水面分布提取的精度较高;植被、水体、高和低反照率不透水面4种光谱端元的线性组合,可以较好地模拟OLI影像的波谱特征;高、低反照率不透水面两种光谱端元可以很好地表达泰安市市区不透水面信息。     

全球地表覆盖数据辅助多源影像融合提取城市不透水面

本文提出了一种利用GlobeLand30数据辅助多源数据融合进行城市不透水面自动提取的方法。首先基于波段映射和小波变换的影像融合方法,融合哨兵二号和高分二号影像,获得同时具有较高空间分辨率和光谱分辨率的融合影像,其具有丰富的光谱特征和空间特征,有利于提升复杂城市区域的不透水面和非不透水面区分能力。然后利用GlobeLand30数据的类别信息自动获取初始分类样本,基于融合影像的丰富光谱信息构建多种植被指数、水体指数和建成区指数,对初始分类样本进行优化。最后利用优化后的训练样本,使用光谱、地物指数等特征训练分类器,实现城市不透水面的自动准确提取。本文以济南市2019年的高分二号和哨兵二号影像为试验数据,在时相、分辨率与影像均不同的GlobeLand30全球地表覆盖数据辅助下获得了总体精度优于92%的不透水面提取结果,验证了本文方法的有效性。     

城市不透水面遥感估算

由于人口快速增长和农村人口向城市迁移,城市不透水面积也在持续快速增长。加速的城市扩张和无监控的城市开发会导致诸多生态环境问题。本文利用Landsat影像,采用附有限制条件的线性光谱混合分解、植被覆盖度与不透水面负相关模型、监督分类三种方法对南京城区的不透水表面分布进行空间分析。通过评估这三种方法提取的不透水面的精度和分析和种方法受其主要人为因素的影响大小以及不透水面的提取过程,表明了线性光谱混合分解方法较优。     

基于多层次分割分类模型及其特征空间优化的建筑物提取方法

针对高空间分辨率遥感影像城市地物信息提取中的尺度效应、光谱多样性及分类特征优化等问题,基于面向对象影像分析方法,结合数据挖掘与机器学习技术,提出了一种多层次分割分类模型及其特征空间优化的建筑物提取方法。首先,根据遥感信息多尺度特性,针对地物特征差异设立层级关系,再结合光谱多样性特征定义地物包含的子类型,建立基于不透水面分割分类提取建筑物的层次化结构;然后,利用提出的Relief F-PSO组合特征选择方法,优化构建相应层次的影像特征空间;最后,在多尺度分割和特征优化的基础上,基于随机森林模型获取不透水面分布,进而采用J48决策树算法分类提取建筑物。实验结果表明,该方法能够利用较少数量的影像特征,获得高精度的建筑物提取成果。     

基于Grabcut融合多源数据提取不透水面

快速城镇化是造成城市内涝加剧的重要原因之一。城市不透水面面积的显著增长是快速城镇化的直接表现。为了实时提供准确的城市不透水面区域情况,开展多源数据融合不透水面的提取研究,结合多光谱影像和高空间分辨率卫星影像丰富的光谱和空间信息、机载激光点云数据的高程和强度信息等优势,将基于图论的最优分割方法引入不透水面提取中,将不透水面的提取转换为不同数据源下的最优标记问题,通过多源特征融合获得更精确的提取结果。以广州市为例的研究结果表明,与传统遥感方法及单一数据提取法相比,这一方法的精度得到了明显提高,并且大大减少了提取过程中的人工干预,使算法具有更高的适应性和稳定性。     

基于光谱混合分解的流域不透水面提取及其动态分析——以于桥水库为例

不透水面不仅是城市非点源污染的主要来源,还是流域生态环境变化的主要因素之一。不透水面的数量、位置、几何形状、分布格局以及透水率与不透水率的比值,均影响着流域的水文环境,因此成为研究热点。本文以天津于桥水库流域为例,综合遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)技术,从流域尺度上研究1984~2013年间不透水面覆盖度的变化。在ENVI 5.1软件支持下,利用遥感影像获取1984,1994,2004和2013年4个时相的不透水面信息。采用修正后的归一化水体指数剔除水体信息,排除水体对不透水面提取精度的影响。运用线性光谱混合分析法(Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis,LSMA),提取流域不透水面覆盖度。结果表明:流域内不透水面覆盖度大多集中在1~5级,植被覆盖程度较高。近30年间不透水面比例逐年增加,2013年比1984年增加了2.802%,呈线性增长。中等分辨率的遥感影像适合流域尺度的不透水面提取的结果可作为流域水文及规划管理的重要基础性数据。     

空谱协同多尺度顶点成分分析的高光谱影像端元提取EI北大核心CSCD

针对顶点成分分析方法无法实现复杂地表环境下的高光谱影像端元精确提取问题,提出了一种基于空谱协同多尺度顶点成分分析的端元提取方法,通过影像空谱特征融合和聚类分割,对不同分辨率空间尺度下的分割影像进行端元协同提取,并考虑噪声对影像端元提取精度的影响,提升端元提取的精度。首先,对影像进行预处理,采用低秩矩阵分解去除噪声。其次,对高光谱影像进行空谱多特征提取,利用多特征融合和K-means算法进行聚类分割,获取地物分布的空间异质性信息,提升后续端元提取的精度。然后,对高分辨率影像空间降采样,利用顶点成分分析方法对降采样后的低分辨率分割图像进行端元提取,并利用坐标映射寻找高分辨率影像中的相应端元,利用光谱角来判定是否为纯端元。最后,遍历上述方法至所有分割影像以获取最终的端元集合。使用模拟数据和真实的高分五号高光谱数据对提出的方法进行实验验证。实验结果表明,空谱协同多尺度顶点成分分析方法可提取高精度的纯净端元,且计算效率较高。     

一种基于DELSMA模型的城市不透水面提取方法

针对线性光谱混合分解(LSMA)模型在端元个数不变的情况下易造成不透水面被高估或低估的问题,该文提出了基于影像分层的变端元线性光谱混合分解(DELSMA)模型。以城市不透水面为研究目标,采用Landsat 8陆地成像仪(OLI)影像为实验数据,对比分析DELSMA模型和LSMA模型提取的不透水面精度。与LSMA模型分解结果进行对比,DELSMA模型相关系数从0.898 2提高到0.947 3,拟合优度从0.804 7提高到0.896 3,均方根误差从0.089 5减少到0.079 1,从精度验证结果可以看出,基于影像分层的DELSMA模型对混合像元的分解效果优于LSMA模型。实验结果表明:影像分层降低了场景复杂度,有效减少了同物异谱和异物同谱的干扰;采用变端元进行混合像元分解,有效减少了计算量和地物类内差异对分解精度的影响,一定程度上提高了不透水面的提取精度。     

归一化光谱分解模型在城市化信息提取中的应用

以2001年7月11日LandsatETM7影像和2009年7月16日TM影像为数据源,基于V-I-S理论模型,采用归一化光谱分解模型提取了乌鲁木齐市区范围内2个时段的植被、土壤、不透水层3个连续地表参数分量。通过对不透水层不同阈值的划分,提取了2时段的乌鲁木齐市城市发展的空间信息,结果较为满意;通过空间叠加计算方式获取了8年来乌鲁木齐市城市化发展的空间信息和主要拓展方向。结果表明,乌鲁木齐城市化发展速度较快,特别是北扩趋势显著。     

城市不透水表面遥感估算研究

作为城市化水平的关键指示因子，不透水表面已经被广泛应用在城市生态环境评估中。利用TM影像，采用附有限制条件的线性光谱混合模型对北京城区的不透水表面分布进行空间分析。通过高反照率、低反照率、植被及土壤4类光谱端元的线性组合表征城市土地覆盖类型，综合剔除噪声影响后的高、低反照率分量，估算北京城区不透水表面分布。研究结果表明：利用附有限制条件的线性光谱分解得到的RMS平均值为0．003428。其不透水表面分布结果与同期spot-5对比验证，R2为0．932，均方根误差为0．086，结果令人满意。     

北京城市不透水层覆盖度遥感估算

 应用线性光谱混合模型研究城市环境生物物理组成，端元的确定是其关键。城市地表同物异谱现象显著，光谱变异强烈，对于高反照率地物尤其突出。端元的光谱变异对线性光谱混合模型拟合结果产生重要影响。以同种纯净地物光谱曲线形状具有相似性为出发点，提出了一种端元优化选取方法，在此基础上计算了北京城市地表不透水层覆盖度。研究结果表明，该方法能够在一定程度上减小端元光谱变异性对线性光谱混合模型拟合结果的影响，进而提高城市不透水层覆盖度的估算精度。     

Prior-knowledge-based spectral mixture analysis for impervious surface mapping

In this study, we developed a prior-knowledge-based spectral mixture analysis (PKSMA) to map impervious surfaces by using endmembers derived separately for high- and low-density urban regions. First, an urban area was categorized into high- and low-density urban areas, using a multi-step classification method. Next, in high-density urban areas that were assumed to have only vegetation and impervious surfaces (ISs), the vegetation–impervious model (V–I) was used in a spectral mixture analysis (SMA) with three endmembers: vegetation, high albedo, and low albedo. In low-density urban areas, the vegetation–impervious–soil model (V–I–S) was used in an SMA analysis with four endmembers: high albedo, low albedo, soil, and vegetation. The fraction of IS with high and low albedo in each pixel was combined to produce the final IS map. The root mean-square error (RMSE) of the IS map produced using PKSMA was about 11.0%, compared to 14.52% only using four-endmember SMA. Particularly in high-density urban areas, PKSMA (RMSE = 6.47%) showed better performance than four-endmember (15.91%). The results indicate that PKSMA can improve IS mapping compared to traditional SMA by using appropriately selected endmembers and is particularly strong in high-density urban areas.     

A sub-pixel analysis of urbanization effect on land surface temperature and its interplay with impervious surface and vegetation coverage in Indianapolis,United States

This study developed an analytical procedure based upon a spectral unmixing model for characterizing and quantifying urban landscape changes in Indianapolis, Indiana, the United States, and for examining the environmental impact of such changes on land surface temperatures (LST). Three dates of Landsat TM/ETM+ images, acquired in 1991, 1995, and 2000, respectively, were utilized to document the historical morphological changes in impervious surface and vegetation coverage and to analyze the relationship between these changes and those occurred in LST. Three fraction endmembers, i.e., impervious surface, green vegetation, and shade, were derived with an unconstrained least-squares solution. A hybrid classification procedure, which combined maximum-likelihood and decision-tree algorithms, was developed to classify the fraction images into land use and land cover classes. Correlation analyses were conducted to investigate the changing relationships of LST with impervious surface and vegetation coverage. Results indicate that multi-temporal fraction images were effective for quantifying the dynamics of urban morphology and for deriving a reliable measurement of environmental variables such as vegetation abundance and impervious surface coverage. Urbanization created an evolved inverse relationship between impervious and vegetation coverage, and brought about new LST patterns because of LST's correlations with both impervious and vegetation coverage. Further researches should be directed to refine spectral mixture modeling by stratification, and by the use of multiple endmembers and hyperspectral imagery.     

CBERS-02B多光谱数据在城市不透水面 估算中的可用性研究

以厦门岛为研究区,以CBERS-02B的CCD影像为数据源,采用基于可变端元的线性光谱混合模型估算了城市不 透水面组分含量,并探讨了该方法的实现过程与优势。通过端元评估确定了研究区的４个典型端元,即高反射不透水 面、低反射不透水面、高反射土壤和植被。在此基础上,以高、低反射不透水面端元的组分含量对城市不透水面含量 进行估算。精度评价结果显示：基于可变端元的方法要优于一般带全约束法;而在混合像元分解过程中加入全色波段 （band5）有助于提高模型估算精度,使得在像元尺度的精度与采用Landsat的已有报道相近,而在土地利用单元尺度实 现了对城市不透水面的无偏估计。研究实例也表明,尽管目前CBERS-02B数据在辐射定标和地理定位等方面还有待改 进,通过采用适当的处理过程和技术手段,依然能利用该数据对城市不透水面进行有效估算。     

Estimating the starting time and identifying the type of urbanization based on dense time series of landsat-derived Vegetation-Impervious-Soil (V-I-S) maps – A case study of North Taiwan from 1990 to 2015

Land cover and land use change (LCLUC) is a global phenomenon, and LCLUC in urbanizing regions has substantial impacts on humans and their environments. In this paper, a semi-automatic approach to identifying the type and starting time of urbanization was developed and tested based on dense time series of Vegetation-Impervious-Soil (V-I-S) maps derived from Landsat surface reflectance imagery. The accuracy of modeled V-I-S fractions and the estimated time of initial change in impervious cover were assessed. North Taiwan, one of the regions of the island of Taiwan that experienced the greatest urban LCLUC, was chosen as a test area, and the study period is 1990 to 2015, a period of substantial urbanization. In total, 295 dates of Landsat imagery were used to create 295 V-I-S fraction maps that were used to construct fractional cover time series for each pixel. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)s for the modeled Vegetation, Impervious, and Soil were 25 %, 22 %, 24 % respectively. The time of Urban Expansion is estimated by logistic regression applied to Impervious cover time series, while the time of change for Urban Renewal is determined by the period of brief Soil exposure. The identified location and estimated time for newly urbanized lands were generally accurate, with 80% of Urban Expansion estimated within ±2.4 years. However, the accuracy of identified Urban Renewal was relatively low. Our approach to identifying Urban Expansion with dense time series of Landsat imagery is shown to be reliable, while Urban Renewal identification is not.     

流域尺度的不透水面遥感提取

一个地区的不透水面覆盖度不仅是该地区城镇化程度重要指示因子,也是该地区生态环境状况的重要指示因子.现有的不透水面遥感提取方法,多集中在城区尺度上.而流域尺度上快速、准确的不透水面遥感提取方法在国内外还鲜有研究.本研究以覆盖海河流域同一季节的Landsat影像为数据源,利用已有土地利用数据集中的道路、城市、农村和工业用地...     

Enhancing endmember selection in multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) for urban impervious surface area mapping using spectral angle and spectral distance parameters

Successful retrieval of urban impervious surface area is achieved with remote sensing data using the multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA). MESMA is well suited for studying the urban impervious surface area because it allows the number and types of the endmembers to vary on a per-pixel basis, thereby, allowing the control of the large spectral variability. However, MESMA must calculate all potential endmember combinations of each pixel to determine the best-fit one. Therefore, it is a time-consuming and inefficient unmixing technology, especially for hyperspectral images because these images have more complicated endmember categories. Hence, in this paper, we design an improved MESMA (SASD-MESMA: spectral angle and spectral distance MESMA) to enhance the computational efficiency of conventional MESMA, and we validate this new method by analyzing the Hyperion image (Jan-2011) and the field-spectra data of Guangzhou (China). In SASD-MESMA, the parameters of spectral angle (SA) and spectral distance (SD) are used to evaluate the similarity degree between library spectra and image spectra in order to identify the most representative endmember combination for each pixel. Results demonstrate that the SA and SD parameters are useful to reduce misjudgment in selecting candidate endmembers and effective for determining the appropriate endmembers in one pixel. Meanwhile, this research indicates that the proposed SASD-MESMA performs very well in retrieving impervious surface area, forest, grass and soil distributions on the sub-pixel level (the overall root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.15 and the correlation coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.68).