线翼截断方式对大气辐射计算的影响

在大气辐射传输计算方法中,有3种基本方法,即,逐线积分方法,k-分布方法和带模式方法。其中,逐线积分方法是最精确的计算大气透过率的方法,本文根据透过率计算方式的不同,将逐线积分方法分为追线积分法和追点积分法。由于逐线积分计算需要耗费大量的计算时间,在大气遥感和大气探测业务中使用时,必须减少计算成本,提高计算速度。本文在追线积分法的基础上,给出了简化的逐线积分的基本方法,在保证同样计算精度的同时,大大提高了计算速度。对在精确的和简化的逐线积分下,不同线翼截断方式(CUTOFF)对吸收系数、大气透过率和冷却率的影响进行了更详细的探讨。通过数值试验发现,对谱线线翼的截断方式是影响辐射计算精度和计算速度的重要因子。在不同压力下,用CUTOFF=2计算的吸收系数误差最大;对CUTOFF=1,在大多数取样点上误差都小于2%;对CUTOFF=3或4,对绝大多数取样点上计算的吸收系数误差都在5%以内,但所用的计算时间却明显减少。大气低层的透过率对不同的计算方法和不同的线翼截断方式不敏感;对大气高层,无论是对精确的还是简化的逐线积分方法,当CUTOFF=2时的透过率结果与其他线翼截断方式的结果差别较大。通过比较,本文给出线翼截断的优选方案。     

辐射模式对红外冷却率计算的影响

本文以一种精度可与逐线积分相比拟的新的红外透过率模式为基准,系统地研究了不同辐射模式以及不同光谱资料对大气红外冷却率计算的影响.结果发现:光谱资料的不同对大气平流层红外冷却率的影响大于对对流层和地面的影响.同时,我们还发现:比辐射率模式在CO_2和O_3长波冷却率的计算中带来较大的误差;使用CG近似的各种带模式方法都程度不同地带来误差;当用压力换算因子来处理大气非均匀路径时,不但应当对不同气体采用不同的n值,而且在不同的高度范围,同一气体的n值亦应不同.最后,我们表明了当用透过率相乘定律来处理重迭吸收带时,只有那些宽度小于15cm~(-1)的窄带模式才能得到比较满意的结果.     

两种逐线积分辐射模式大气吸收的比较研究

由于缺乏完整的和精确的实验室测量结果, 目前无法判断各种逐线积分方案的最终精度.因此, 逐线积分模式精度的比较基本上只能在模式之间进行.比较了作者研制的快速高效逐线积分大气吸收计算方法(简记为ZS2000), 与国际上用得较多的LBLRTM (Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model) .得出: 二者在长波区间向上和向下辐射通量的相对差别对整层大气均小于3.1%, 大气冷却率的绝对差别对整层大气均小于0.13 K·d-1, 处于ICRCCM (Intercompariso     

水汽红外冷却率的精确计算

本文用一种新的红外透过率模式计算了对流层和平流层水汽的长波(0—2380cm~(-1))冷却率分布.在计算中,我们精确处理了频率积分以及非均匀大气路径效应.结果表明:在近地面层,大气窗区(730—1200cm~(-1))(主要是水汽连续吸收)对总的冷却率贡献很大,在1公里处大约占72％;通常所用的处理非均匀大气路径及漫射辐射的CG近似和1.66漫射因子近似,基本上适用于水汽冷却率的计算.在整个对流层和平流层,它们所带来的最大误差不超过0.16K/日和0.19K/日.同时,我们还考查了水汽吸收系数的温度效应     

温室气体吸收带重叠对CO2红外辐射效应的影响

利用精确的逐线积分模式,研究了大气主要温室气体H2O、CO2、O3、N2O和CH4吸收带重叠对红外冷却率的影响。同时,通过CO2浓度加倍的敏感性试验,详细讨论了重叠效应对CO2辐射效应的影响。结果表明：气体吸收带重叠对大气红外辐射计算具有重要的影响。在这5种大气主要的吸收气体中,N2O和CH4的重叠效应对总冷却率影响很小,在实际应用中可以忽略两者的重叠作用,采用近似方法处理其贡献。重叠效应对CO2辐射效应影响的总趋势是减弱由于其浓度增加而导致的温室效应的增强,主要贡献来自于CO2 15 μm带的两翼,以及以960 cm-1和1064 cm-1为中心的次级弱吸收区。在垂直方向上,重叠效应主要表现在减弱了地表大气的增温强度,并使对流层大气由原来的冷却作用转变为增暖作用,而对平流层大气的影响很小。此外,由于大气H2O含量的变化,重叠效应还表现出明显的季节性和纬度变率。     

计算HIRS/2通道透过率的指数和模式

气象卫星HIRS/2各通道的吸收系数，透过率及权重函数与温度廓线一样随地点与时间而变化。把石广玉提出的指数和模式加上各通道仪器响应函数的修正，得出适合气象卫星HIRS/2各通道不同气体吸收系数的指数和模式，可以较快地计算HIRS/2各通道不同温度廓线下的透过率与权重函数。用修正的指数和模式计算CO2一些通道的透过率，与精确的逐线积分法的计算结果相比，CO2通道绝对差值小于0.0036；水汽1364 cm-1通道绝对差值小于0.0035。     

大气CO215 μm吸收带对温度依赖关系的研究

利用最新版本的大气分子吸收光谱资料HITRAN 2004,以CO215 μm吸收带为例,通过精确的逐线积分模式,详细讨论了温度对谱线半宽度、线强以及吸收系数的影响。结果发现：吸收系数对温度的依赖关系主要受线强对温度依赖关系的影响,受半宽度对温度依赖关系的影响较小;在吸收带的中心区域,温度对线强和吸收系数的影响较弱,而在带翼影响较强。     

提高“К分布法”计算遥感通道透过率精度的方法

卫星测量地面或云面反射的氧气0.76μm吸收带一些通道的太阳辐亮度，可遥测洋面或地面气压场及云顶气压。由于洋面或地面气压相对变化约10-3量级，用“К分布法”计算氧气通道透过率要求较高的精度和速度。提高“К分布法”计算精度的途径是:①减少产生误差的简化计算；②增加截点数，特别是波段内吸收线较多、吸收系数变化较复杂的通道。假设在卫星上用干涉光谱仪测量氧气0.76μm吸收带一些通道的带宽均为1cm-1，在12930~13220cm-1范围内，选190个波段，计算不同温度廓线下通道的平均透过率。大部分通道“К分布法”的截点数N≤20，个别通道氧气吸收线较多，吸收系数变化较复杂，为了使“К分布法”通道平均透过率的计算误差小于10-4，需增加通道内截点数N，N最多为136，与逐线计算结果相比，通道垂直透过率的最大均方差小于3×10-5。计算透过率的速度和精度都满足反演计算的要求。     

边界层温度廓线遥感反演的本地化改进研究

采用MODIS资料和美国发展的MODIS大气温、湿度廓线统计反演算法,估算大气温度、湿度廓线作为初始场,应用101层快速透过率模式(PFAAST)估算了大气透过率,并采用Newton非线性迭代算法反演中国西北荒漠戈壁地区大气温度廓线。结果表明:该方法对边界层高度及以上部分的大气温度反演得比较好,误差基本都在2 K范围内,边界层范围内的温度反演误差较大,反演误差与气溶胶光学厚度增量和地表温度估算误差呈显著正相关关系,与大气水汽混合比的关系较差。文中从敏感性试验和理论分析角度阐述了地表温度和气溶胶光学厚度估算误差对大气温度反演误差的影响,发现不同光谱波段的地表温度权重均随地表温度的增加有不同程度增加,地表温度反演误差增加将增加地表温度权重,提高地表温度估算误差有助于提高地表温度权重的精度;荒漠戈壁地区大气边界层中气溶胶浓度较高,光学厚度较大,使边界层大气透过率降低,进而降低卫星红外遥感波段的地表温度权重和空气温度权重。由于该模式没有很好地考虑边界层中沙尘气溶胶的影响,使卫星反演的大气透过率偏高,以至于高估地表温度权重和大气温度权重,使得反演的表面温度和空气温度偏低。该研究结合太阳光度计获得的光学厚度资料,采用统计方法对气溶胶效应引起的大气透过率误差和表面温度估算误差进行校正,并对物理算法进行本地化改进,实现了边界层温度廓线的反演。     

不同季节天气条件下风廓线雷达测风精度分析

采用建瓯风廓线雷达(CFL-06)观测资料,分析不同季节天气条件下风廓线雷达的测风精度,同时还选取了永安风廓线雷达(CFL-03)数据进行了对比分析。结果表明,四个季节在探测高度低于4 km时,获得的对称波束水平风分量差值的平均值很小,且小于0.5m·s~(-1),标准差值也比较一致,且小于10 m·s~(-1),探测精度均较好。当探测高度超过4 km后,春、冬两季对称波束水平风分量差值的平均值和标准差值开始增大,在7.1 km高度平均值和标准差值达到最大,分别为9 m·s~(-1)和28 m·s~(-1),夏、秋两季探测精度高于春、冬两季的。在探测高度低于4 km时,不同季节4种方法计算的垂直速度基本一致,以春季大气最为均匀,其次是冬季的,夏、秋两季的最差。在探测高度超过5 km后,春、冬两季4种方法计算的垂直速度偏差增加较快,最大分别为0.9 m·s~(-1)和1.0 m·s~(-1),夏季4种方法计算的垂直速度偏差较小。夏、冬季水平风向和风速测量精度优于春、秋两季的,秋季测量精度最低,水平风速标准差值在0.0～1.5 m·s~(-1)和水平风向标准差值在0～15°范围内所占比例分别只有51.6%和54.0%。总的来说,风向和风速测量精度普遍不高,需要进一步改进算法,减少计算误差,提高探测性能。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on