一种快速高效的逐线积分大气吸收计算方法

本文发展了一种新的计算大气气体吸收系数以及冷却率的快速数值方法, 并对影响逐线 积分精度和计算时间的各种因子进行了详细研究。以大气主要吸收气体CO-215 μm带的 500～800 cm-1波段为例,将新方法计算的吸收系数、大气透过率和冷却率结果与经 典的逐线积分方法进行了比较。对从地面到100 km范围的整层大气,大气透过率的 误差不超过0.0004;对70 km以下的大气,大气冷却率的误差不超过0.004 K/d,而计算时 间却节省1～2个数量级左右。     

两种逐线积分辐射模式大气吸收的比较研究

由于缺乏完整的和精确的实验室测量结果, 目前无法判断各种逐线积分方案的最终精度.因此, 逐线积分模式精度的比较基本上只能在模式之间进行.比较了作者研制的快速高效逐线积分大气吸收计算方法(简记为ZS2000), 与国际上用得较多的LBLRTM (Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model) .得出: 二者在长波区间向上和向下辐射通量的相对差别对整层大气均小于3.1%, 大气冷却率的绝对差别对整层大气均小于0.13 K·d-1, 处于ICRCCM (Intercompariso     

计算HIRS/2通道透过率的指数和模式

气象卫星HIRS/2各通道的吸收系数，透过率及权重函数与温度廓线一样随地点与时间而变化。把石广玉提出的指数和模式加上各通道仪器响应函数的修正，得出适合气象卫星HIRS/2各通道不同气体吸收系数的指数和模式，可以较快地计算HIRS/2各通道不同温度廓线下的透过率与权重函数。用修正的指数和模式计算CO2一些通道的透过率，与精确的逐线积分法的计算结果相比，CO2通道绝对差值小于0.0036；水汽1364 cm-1通道绝对差值小于0.0035。     

大气CO215 μm吸收带对温度依赖关系的研究

利用最新版本的大气分子吸收光谱资料HITRAN 2004,以CO215 μm吸收带为例,通过精确的逐线积分模式,详细讨论了温度对谱线半宽度、线强以及吸收系数的影响。结果发现：吸收系数对温度的依赖关系主要受线强对温度依赖关系的影响,受半宽度对温度依赖关系的影响较小;在吸收带的中心区域,温度对线强和吸收系数的影响较弱,而在带翼影响较强。     

提高“К分布法”计算遥感通道透过率精度的方法

卫星测量地面或云面反射的氧气0.76μm吸收带一些通道的太阳辐亮度，可遥测洋面或地面气压场及云顶气压。由于洋面或地面气压相对变化约10-3量级，用“К分布法”计算氧气通道透过率要求较高的精度和速度。提高“К分布法”计算精度的途径是:①减少产生误差的简化计算；②增加截点数，特别是波段内吸收线较多、吸收系数变化较复杂的通道。假设在卫星上用干涉光谱仪测量氧气0.76μm吸收带一些通道的带宽均为1cm-1，在12930~13220cm-1范围内，选190个波段，计算不同温度廓线下通道的平均透过率。大部分通道“К分布法”的截点数N≤20，个别通道氧气吸收线较多，吸收系数变化较复杂，为了使“К分布法”通道平均透过率的计算误差小于10-4，需增加通道内截点数N，N最多为136，与逐线计算结果相比，通道垂直透过率的最大均方差小于3×10-5。计算透过率的速度和精度都满足反演计算的要求。     

大气对NOAA通道辐射透过率的影响研究

本文利用LOWTRAN7大气辐射计算模式，对NOAA三个通道分别选取不同的模式大气进行计算，得到了各种模式大气的大气透过率。详细计算了探测路径上卷云、不同气溶胶模式、大气温度、水汽含量变化等气象要素及大气成分的变化对大气透过率的影响，得出一些有意义的结论。     

边界层温度廓线遥感反演的本地化改进研究

采用MODIS资料和美国发展的MODIS大气温、湿度廓线统计反演算法,估算大气温度、湿度廓线作为初始场,应用101层快速透过率模式(PFAAST)估算了大气透过率,并采用Newton非线性迭代算法反演中国西北荒漠戈壁地区大气温度廓线。结果表明:该方法对边界层高度及以上部分的大气温度反演得比较好,误差基本都在2 K范围内,边界层范围内的温度反演误差较大,反演误差与气溶胶光学厚度增量和地表温度估算误差呈显著正相关关系,与大气水汽混合比的关系较差。文中从敏感性试验和理论分析角度阐述了地表温度和气溶胶光学厚度估算误差对大气温度反演误差的影响,发现不同光谱波段的地表温度权重均随地表温度的增加有不同程度增加,地表温度反演误差增加将增加地表温度权重,提高地表温度估算误差有助于提高地表温度权重的精度;荒漠戈壁地区大气边界层中气溶胶浓度较高,光学厚度较大,使边界层大气透过率降低,进而降低卫星红外遥感波段的地表温度权重和空气温度权重。由于该模式没有很好地考虑边界层中沙尘气溶胶的影响,使卫星反演的大气透过率偏高,以至于高估地表温度权重和大气温度权重,使得反演的表面温度和空气温度偏低。该研究结合太阳光度计获得的光学厚度资料,采用统计方法对气溶胶效应引起的大气透过率误差和表面温度估算误差进行校正,并对物理算法进行本地化改进,实现了边界层温度廓线的反演。     

辐射模式对红外冷却率计算的影响

本文以一种精度可与逐线积分相比拟的新的红外透过率模式为基准,系统地研究了不同辐射模式以及不同光谱资料对大气红外冷却率计算的影响.结果发现:光谱资料的不同对大气平流层红外冷却率的影响大于对对流层和地面的影响.同时,我们还发现:比辐射率模式在CO_2和O_3长波冷却率的计算中带来较大的误差;使用CG近似的各种带模式方法都程度不同地带来误差;当用压力换算因子来处理大气非均匀路径时,不但应当对不同气体采用不同的n值,而且在不同的高度范围,同一气体的n值亦应不同.最后,我们表明了当用透过率相乘定律来处理重迭吸收带时,只有那些宽度小于15cm~(-1)的窄带模式才能得到比较满意的结果.     

基于梯度提升树的大气分层透过率快速计算方法

大气透过率的计算是红外辐射传输计算的核心,RTTOV（Radiative Transfer for TOVS）通过建立大气廓线中温度、水汽、臭氧和其他气体浓度等参数与卫星通道透过率的统计关系,可实现卫星通道透过率和大气顶辐射率的快速准确计算。但在一些复杂吸收波段,如水汽波段,RTTOV的计算误差较大。为提高RTTOV在水汽敏感波段的计算精度,利用机器学习中的梯度提升树（Gradient Boosting Tree,GBT）方法,选取从ECMWF（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts）的IFS-137（The Integrated Forecast System,137-level-profile）廓线集中挑选的1406条廓线和由此计算的透过率真值作为样本,选取风云三号气象卫星上搭载的红外分光计（InfraRed Atmospheric Sounder,IRAS）通道12（7.33 μm）进行个例研究,分别建立陆地和海洋晴空大气等压面至大气层顶透过率的快速计算模型（GBT模型）。通过和透过率、亮温真值的比较,验证了GBT模型。比较结果显示,GBT模型预测的透过率平均绝对误差（Mean Absolute Error,MAE）为:陆地0.0012,海洋0.0009;均方对数误差（Mean Squared Logarithmic Error,MSLE）为:陆地0.0215,海洋0.0095,均小于RTTOV直接计算的透过率的误差（陆地、海洋的MAE分别比RTTOV小0.0008和0.0010,MSLE分别比RTTOV小0.0135和0.0227）;由GBT模型计算的亮温MAE分别为:陆地0.0949 K,海洋0.0634 K,均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error,RMSE）分别为:陆地0.1352 K,海洋0.0831 K,也都小于RTTOV直接模拟的晴空亮温误差（陆地、海洋的MAE分别比RTTOV小0.1685 K和0.1466 K,RMSE分别比RTTOV小0.1794 K和0.1685 K）。本研究的结果表明,在IRAS红外水汽波段,GBT预测的透过率和亮温误差比RTTOV小。机器学习有提高水汽波段正演精度的潜力,或可为辐射传输的快速计算提供可行的替代方法。      

红外长窗区大气透过率的测量

本文简要地介绍了卫星气象中心红外长窗区大气透过率测量的实验装置、数据处理方法。处理了10.3—11.3μ,10.5—12.5μ,11.5—12.5μ3个气象卫星遥感仪器通道的大气透过率数握,并对处理结果进行了初步分析。对测量误差进行了初步估计,其透过率的均方根误差大约为1％。     

The Effects of Line-Wing Cutoff in LBL Integration on Radiation Calculations

There are three basic methods in radiative transfer calculations, i.e., line-by-line (LBL) integration, correlated k-distribution method, and band model. The LBL integration is the most accurate of all, in which, there are two quadrature algorithms named in this paper as integration by lines and by sampling "points when calculating atmospheric transmittance in the considered wavenumber region. Because the LBL integration is the most expensive of all, it is necessary and important to save calculation time but increase calculation speed when it is put into use in the daily operation in atmospheric remote sensing and atmospheric sounding. A simplified LBL method is given in this paper on the basis of integration by lines, which increases computational speed greatly with keeping the same accuracy. Then, we discuss the effects of different cutoff schemes on atmospheric absorption coefficient, transmittance, and cooling rate under both of accurate and simplified LBL methods in detail. There are four cutoff schemes described in this paper, i.e., CUTOFFs 1, 2, 3, and 4. It is shown by this numerical study that the way to cut off spectral line-wing has a great effect on the accuracy and speed of radiative calculations. The relative errors of the calculated absorption coefficients for CUTOFF 2 are the largest under different pressures, while for CUTOFF 1, they are less than 2% at most of sampling points and for CUTOFFs 3 or 4, they are ahnost less than 5% in the calculated spectral region, however, the calculation time is reduced greatly. We find in this study that the transmittance in the lower atmosphere is not sensitive to different LBL methods and different cutoff schemes. Whereas for the higher atmosphere, the differences of transmittance results between CUTOFF 2 and each of other three cutoff schemes are the biggest of all no matter for the accurate LBL or for the simplified LBL integrations. By comparison, the best and optimized cutoff scheme is given in this paper finally.     

大气遥感辐射传输模式的一种有效的Jacobian算法

介绍并验证了一种快速、精确地计算Jacobian的解析方法(辐射传输方程的线性化,简称LR方法),将其结果与NAST-I真正的线性模式及数值方法(差分方法)的Jacobian值进行比较。结果表明,这种解析算法不仅快速、精确,而且独立于辐射传输方程,在有效Jacobian计算中只需要输入大气透过率,可适用于任何垂直探测器权重函数的计算。     

中国区域典型大气廓线样本库的一种选择方法

在模拟大气辐射传输过程、发展大气透过率模式及反演大气参数等许多应用中,大气状态廓线是重要的输入参数,为方便使用,建立具有一定代表性的样本数据库十分必要。目前,国际上有几十种各具特色的大气样本库,但包含中国区域的样本极少。为了弥补国际大气样本库中缺少中国区域大气廓线的不足,以中国区域2002年气象探空资料为基础,利用拓扑学方法建立了包含30条大气温度和湿度廓线的中国区域大气廓线样本库2。通过对所选样本的覆盖区域、观测时间、海拔高度、廓线垂直分布等特征分析,结果表明:该样本库具有样本时空分布均匀、样本独立性和气候代表性好等特点,符合大气样本库建立的基本原则,可为辐射传输研究和业务应用提供大气样本支持。     

利用红外辐射光谱反演大气CO2浓度的理论研究

依据最新的大气分子光谱数据集（HITRAN 2004）,利用逐线积分辐射传输模式,模拟计算了大气顶射出红外辐射光谱及其对大气CO2浓度变化的灵敏度,发现：大气CO24．3μm吸收带,特别是2241-2249cm^-1、2250-2258cm^-1、2259-2267cm^-1和2382—2390cm^-1波段射出的红外辐射,随CO2浓度的增加而显著降低,且很少受其他大气成分变化干扰,因此特别适于用来遥感探测大气CO2浓度的变化。根据最优非线性反演方法,反演获得了0-15km的大气CO2廓线,结果表明,利用上述4个通道的红外辐射值,可精确反演出自由对流层的CO2浓度变化。     

A polarized microwave radiative transfer model for passive remote sensing

The objective of the present work is to develop a general purpose, polarized, microwave radiative transfer forward model, including calculation of interaction parameters for fast, simultaneous and accurate generation of radiances, for use in a wide variety of atmospheric retrieval applications. This complete polarized model includes the generation of atmospheric profiles, calculation of the interaction parameters and the solution of the vector radiative transfer equations. In the present work, the doubling and adding method is used to calculate radiances. Mie theory is used for spherical particles to evaluate the polarized scattering matrix. Two types of sea surface models applicable for specular and diffuse surfaces respectively are implemented. The model has been validated against standard benchmark cases and experimental data available in literature. While the model is itself generic, parametric studies are performed to study the influence of the vertical structure of the atmosphere, for two polarizations and a set of frequencies to be used on the microwave imager aboard the proposed Indo-French climate research satellite MEGHA-TROPIQUES.     

地球大气透过率及辐射率计算

文章介绍了一种比较简单实用的地球大气的光谱透过率和到达大气层顶的红外辐射率的计算模型,光谱波长从4 μm到∞ μm,吸收气体H2O、CO2、O3的吸收计算采用Elsasser带模式及其经验参数,H2O的连续吸收公式是美国LOWTRAN-6计算程序的水汽连续吸收经验公式。透过率的计算结果与LOWTRAN计算结果相一致。以这种透过率简化模型为基础,建立了辐射传递正演计算模型,开发了相应软件,并用于卫星遥感射出长波辐射的资料处理中,取得了良好结果。     

Parameterization of the Absorption of the H2O Continuum, CO2, O2, and Other Trace Gases in the Fu-Liou Solar Radiation Program

The absorption properties of the water vapor continuum and a number of weak bands for H2O, O2, CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, and O3 in the solar spectrum are incorporated into the Fu-Liou radiation parameterization program by using the correlated k-distribution method (CKD) for the sorting of absorption lines. The overlap absorption of the H2O lines and the H2O continuum (2500-14500 cm^-1) are treated by taking the two gases as a single-mixture gas in transmittance calculations. Furthermore, in order to optimize the computation efforts, CO2 and CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm^-1 are taken as a new singlemixture gas as well. For overlap involving other absorption lines in the Fu-Liou spectral bands, the authors adopt the multiplication rule for transmittance computations under which the absorption spectra for two gases are assumed to be uncorrelated. Compared to the line-by-line (LBL) computation, it is shown that the errors in fluxes introduced by these two approaches within the context of the CKD method are small and less than 0.48% for the H20 line and continuum in the 2500-14500 cm^-1 solar spectral region, -1% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) CO2 CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm^-1, and -1.5% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) O2 in the 7700-14500 cm^-1 spectral region. Analysis also demonstrates that the multiplication rule over a spectral interval as wide as 6800 cm^-1 can produce acceptable errors with a maximum percentage value of about 2% in reference to the LBL calculation. Addition of the preceding gases increases the absorption of solar radiation under all sky conditions. For clear sky, the increase in instantaneous solar absorption is about 9%-13% (-12 W m^-2) among which the H20 continuum produces the largest increase, while the contributions from O2 and CO2 rank second and third, respectively. In cloudy sky, the addition of absorption amounts to about 6-9 W m^-2. The new, improved program with the incorporation of the preceding gases produces a smaller solar absorption in clouds due to the reduced solar flux reaching the cloud top.     

Integration method and ratio method for retrieving extinction coefficient from lidar signals

New solution techniques to improve the accuracy of quantitatively determining the atmospheric extinction coefficient and the backscattering-to-extinction ratio from lidar signals are developed. The integration method is proposed to analytically retrieve the extinction coefficient at ground level, which has the advantage of eliminating the effect of backscattering fluctuations on the inversion results.The ratio method, on the other hand, deals with the inversion of the vertical distribution of the extinction coefficient. The main idea of this method is to begin with a calculation of the transmittance by eliminating the backscattering through ratioing lidar signals at two elevations, and subsequently derive the extinction coefficient from the transmittance, thus avert from ambiguous results caused by inappropriate assumptions on the backscattering-to-extinction ratio. Observational investigations have demonstrated that the integration method is superior to the slope method in terms of accuracy and stability, and the ratio method is reasonable and feasible as well.     

Parameterization of the Absorption of the H_2O Continuum,CO_2,O_2,and Other Trace Gases in the Fu-Liou Solar Radiation Program

The absorption properties of the water vapor continuum and a number of weak bands for H2O, O2, CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, and O3 in the solar spectrum are incorporated into the Fu-Liou radiation parameterization program by using the correlated k-distribution method (CKD) for the sorting of absorption lines. The overlap absorption of the H2O lines and the H2O continuum (2500-14500 cm-1) are treated by taking the two gases as a single-mixture gas in transmittance calculations. Furthermore, in order to optimize the computation efforts, CO2 and CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm-1 are taken as a new single-mixture gas as well. For overlap involving other absorption lines in the Fu-Liou spectral bands, the authors adopt the multiplication rule for transmittance computations under which the absorption spectra for two gases are assumed to be uncorrelated. Compared to the line-by-line (LBL) computation, it is shown that the errors in fluxes introduced by these two approaches within the context of the CKD method are small and less than 0.48% for the H2O line and continuum in the 2500-14500 cm-1 solar spectral region, -1% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) CO2 CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm-1, and -1.5% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) O2 in the 7700-14500 cm-1 spectral region. Analysis also demonstrates that the multiplication rule over a spectral interval as wide as 6800 cm-1 can produce acceptable errors with a maximum percentage value of about 2% in reference to the LBL calculation. Addition of the preceding gases increases the absorption of solar radiation under all sky conditions. For clear sky, the increase in instantaneous solar absorption is about 9%-13% (~12 W m~2) among which the H2O continuum produces the largest increase, while the contributions from O2 and CO2 rank second and third, respectively. In cloudy sky, the addition of absorption amounts to about 6-9 W m-2. The new, improved program with the incorporation of the preceding gases produces a smaller solar absorption in clouds due to the reduced solar flux reaching the cloud top.