应用HIRS/2仪器资料计算长波辐射通量

辐射收支是影响气候演变的基本因素,而长波辐射通量又是辐射收支的重要组成。由于地气系统红外辐射过程的复杂性,如何利用NOAA系列气象卫星资料精确快速地估计长波辐射通量,迄今还存在问题。本文从遥感方程出发,建立了卫星测得辐射率值和(HIRS/2测得)长波辐射通量的准解析函数关系。利用这种准解析函数和精选的NOAA-10 HIRS/2五个通道辐射率测值,提出了精确快速计算长波辐射通量的方法,并得到验证。     

陆面模拟中植被辐射传输参数化方案研究

在冠层二流辐射传输模式基础上新发展了一个描述太阳短波辐射在植被中传输的冠层四流辐射传输模式.冠层四流辐射传输模式是在大气辐射传输理论的基础上得到一组描述短波辐射在植被中传输过程的冠层辐射传输基本方程,引进大气中求解辐射传输方程的四流近似解法,并求得冠层四流辐射传输方程的解析解.方程中各项参量能够反映叶子或冠层特殊的几何和光学特征.冠层向上、向下辐射通量取决于冠层散射相函数、叶子在入射光方向投影面积、单个叶子反射率和透射率、叶面积指数以及直射光入射太阳高度角等.四流模式计算叶子水平倾角时对太阳短波辐射的反照率,与二流模式结果比较可以验证模式的理论推导和建模都是正确的:计算结果的比较,表明四流模式在水平叶角分布时计算的冠层反照率与二流模式结果一致,同时直射光从任何太阳高度角入射的冠层反照率结果也一致,从而证明发展的冠层四流辐射传输模式是成功的.模拟试验中将两种模型同时耦合到同一个陆面过程模式中进行比较试验,结果表明,冠层四流辐射传输模式能够得到更精确的植被反照率,从而使得陆面模式计算的地表吸收的净太阳辐射通量更接近于观测值.     

δ函数在云的反射率计算中的应用

本文证明了二流模式和s-w模式,两种计算散射大气反射率的简化方法,都具有δ-相函数的特点.结合δ函数并通过由二流模式得到的计算结果作为一次近似再代入辐射传输方程中而导出一种更精确计算云层反照率的简单方法.     

基于大气辐射传输模型的单通道海表温度反演算法研究

在分析大气辐射传输模型基础上,提出了单通道海表温度反演算法。首先,利用像元尺度的大气廓线精确计算大气上行辐射、下行辐射和透过率,然后将这些参数与海水比辐射率代入大气红外辐射传输方程,求解海表温度。与传统的劈窗算法相比,该算法具有时空变化适应性强的特点,尤其适用于缺乏浮标数据的海域。为了验证算法的可行性和准确性,利用2009年全年的MODIS数据在美国西海岸海域进行试验。通过与浮标实测数据比对可发现,单通道海表温度反演算法与浮标实测值的标准方差为0.73 ℃,平均偏差为0.23 ℃,说明该算法具有较高的精度,能满足常规的业务观测需求,另外也可用于标定劈窗算法的系数。      

一种计算辐射因子变化的地面温度效应的简便方法

本文综合利用Ramanathan和Lacis给出的长短波吸收率公式,将云量、云高、地面反射率和太阳天顶角作为参数,解出辐射传输方程,推导出计算地球大气长短波辐射及吸收的公式,计算出北半球平均辐射收支状况,计算结果证实了北半球对流层基本处于辐射对流平衡的特点.此外,由辐射对流平衡模式,我们找到一种简单的计算方法来估计辐射因子变化的地面温度效应.用此方法,我们计算了不同辐射因子变化对地面温度造成的影响.     

晴天地表总辐射和净辐射瞬时值计算方法

以较为精确的大气辐射传输模式为基础,研制出晴天地表总辐射和净辐射瞬时值的计算方案。与以往的经验计算方法不同,该方案将辐射传输带模式的思路引入地面太阳辐射计算,并尽可能将大气中吸收和散射物质对太阳辐射的影响考虑进去,从而使该方法具有较好的精确性和普适性。在此基础上采用了Kokhanovsky等人提出的大气气溶胶反射率和透过率参数化方案,使得气溶胶对地面总辐射和净辐射的影响得到较好的处理。采用的自变量都是数值预报模式或卫星观测能提供的气象要素,因此该方案即可用于数值预报模式或陆面过程模式计算地表辐射平衡,又可以利用卫星观测或再分析资料估算地面太阳能资源分布。利用美国能源部三个大气辐射观测站点2005年全年的观测资料及欧洲宇航局提供的卫星反演气溶胶资料对计算方案进行了检验。结果表明,该方法十分精确,所有点的平均相对误差都小于6%,误差的均方差都小于0.3 W•m^-2。     

辐射传输方程的一个改进算法

本文研究了散射相函数的有限项的勒让德展开对于求解辐射传输方程的误差效应,提出了一个改进算法.理论分析和数值试验的结果都表明,多次散射分量和辐射通量远比一次散射分量对相函数的展开误差不敏感.只要用正确的相函数修正一次散射分量、就能在较少项的相函数勒让德展开下得到精确的辐射强度解,从而大大提高了计算速度,对于小于1的光学厚度,计算时间可减少五分之四.     

复杂地形对计算地表太阳短波辐射的影响

首先利用数字高程数据(DEM)、大气辐射传输模式6S以及野外观测资料计算了复杂地形(青藏高原)上地表入射太阳辐射,然后计算不考虑地形产生的地表辐射的计算误差,对误差进行归一化后得到相对辐射误差.结果显示,相对辐射误差的标准差(即相对地表辐射计算误差绝对值的统计平均值) Se随太阳天顶角的增加呈指数增长,随高度标准差的增加几乎呈线性增长,随数字高程数据的分辨率(或卫星资料的分辨率)降低而降低.利用分步拟合方法拟合了Se随太阳天顶角、高度标准差和数字高程分辨率的变化.利用拟合方程可以计算任意地形条件下,不同分辨率的卫星(或数字高程)资料在不同太阳天顶角情况下,不考虑地形复杂性产生的平均地表入射太阳辐射的计算误差,结果表明,使用中分辨率的卫星(如MODIS)资料计算地表太阳净辐射时,需要考虑地形复杂性.     

大气温度分布的地面微波遥感数值实验

本文介绍一次地面微波遥感数值实验。选取1984年南京无线电探空的部分资料,利用较精确的吸收系数计算公式和辐射传输方程,模拟微皮辐射计测量大气在5毫米O_2吸收带内4个通道的辐射亮温度,然后利用物理迭代法由辐射亮温度反演大气温度分布。根据120次反演结果的误差统计,400hPa高度以下反演值的均方根误差不大于3K,700hPa高度以下小于2K,贴地层的逆温可被探测。     

气候模式中云的垂直重叠及其辐射传输问题研究进展

概述了全球气候模式中云的垂直重叠的处理方法及其辐射物理过程的最新研究进展。从云垂直重叠模型的构造、模型在气候模式中的实现方式,得到与观测一致的云重叠结构所采用的数据和方法、重叠云的辐射传输等方面,给出了针对这一国际研究难点问题的最新研究进展。关于气候模式中云的垂直重叠问题的研究至今已取得了许多成果,表现在:重叠模型上有了更为科学的描述形式(如指数衰减重叠);重叠云的辐射传输也有了更快速的处理方法(如蒙特卡洛独立柱近似)并被广泛应用;连续的三维云遥感观测(如CloudSat/CALIPSO)和云分辨尺度的三维云模式的发展为在气候模式中精确描述云的垂直结构提供了丰富的观测资料和模式数据。但是,气候模式中现有的云重叠结构处理及其辐射传输方法还远不够完善,仍然存在很多没有解决的问题需要在未来进行探索。     

Sensitivity of retrieved atmospheric profiles from infrared radiances to physical and statistical parameters of the data assimilation system

Abstract

The direct assimilation of satellite radiances is now operational in a few forecast centres, providing global temperature (T) and moisture (Q) information. The critical parameters which influence the quality of the resulting analysis are mainly the selection of channels, the respective errors of the background field and radiance observations, and the quality of the radiative transfer model. These various aspects are studied from sensitivity experiments based on 1‐D variational assimilations using the ensemble of 19 infrared channels (HIRS) of the NOAA‐14 satellite.

It is shown that significant improvements in the retrievals would be obtained if the radiance observation error (measurement plus radiative transfer), currently estimated to be about equal to that of the background (in radiance units), were decreased. This could in principle be achieved by improving the forward radiative transfer model (RTM). Two RTMs suitable for radiance assimilation are compared in terms of analyzed increments, Jacobians, brightness temperature and equivalent background error. Important differences are noted for all of these interrelated measures. The existence of air‐mass dependent biases of fast radiative transfer models of the order of 1.5 K is confirmed in several channels from additional comparison with a line‐by‐line model. The importance of correctly specifying surface emissivity and the effective angle for downward calculations is demonstrated.

The paper also evaluates, in some detail, the impact of uncertainties on the background error covariance matrix. The uncertainty on the skin temperature (TJ error affects mostly the retrieval of that parameter; it has a modest impact on the T and Q profiles in the low troposphere. The uncertainty on the Q‐Q elements has more impact than that on the T‐T elements. Off‐diagonal elements of the background error covariance matrix are very important as they impose smoothness and level‐to‐level consistency, especially for Q retrievals. Finally, T_s‐T correlations, often ignored, could result in significant improvements in the retrieval of temperature at low levels. Research issues are discussed in the conclusion.     

Added-value of GEO-hyperspectral Infrared Radiances for LocalSevere Storm Forecasts Using the Hybrid OSSE Method

正021-0443-1.Article Highlights:·The added-value from a GEO-hyperspectral IR sounder is studied by using a hybrid OSSE method.·The hybrid OSSE system can be used to evaluate the simulated GEO CrIS-FSR data by verifying the simulated LEO CrIS-FSR compared to the real CrIS-FSR.·The assimilation of GEO-hyperspectral IR data improves atmospheric temperature, moisture, wind, and precipitation forecasts.·An overall 5%RMSE reduction was found from using a GEO hyperspectral IR sounder on the atmospheric variables.     

红外超光谱资料(AIRS)反演“云娜”台风外围晴空大气温度廓线的研究

研究反演了2004年8月11日“云娜”台风附近晴空像元大气温度、臭氧廓线及表层温度、地表气压、地表比辐射率等参数,并与观测资料进行了对比验证。在研究了用高空间分辨率的MODIS成像仪的云检测信息来进行空间匹配,客观确定高光谱大气垂直探测器AIRS的云检测的基础上,用特征向量统计法反演的廓线作为物理反演法的初始猜值,然后利用牛顿非线性物理迭代法求解表层温度、表层气压、大气温度廓线和臭氧廓线等,并将反演结果与多种观测资料进行了对比验证。结果表明,反演得到的廓线水平分辨率可达到13.5 km（星下点）,垂直分辨率达到101层,反演误差较小,可以弥补高原、沙漠以及高原等地方常规观测资料的不足。     

A polarized microwave radiative transfer model for passive remote sensing

The objective of the present work is to develop a general purpose, polarized, microwave radiative transfer forward model, including calculation of interaction parameters for fast, simultaneous and accurate generation of radiances, for use in a wide variety of atmospheric retrieval applications. This complete polarized model includes the generation of atmospheric profiles, calculation of the interaction parameters and the solution of the vector radiative transfer equations. In the present work, the doubling and adding method is used to calculate radiances. Mie theory is used for spherical particles to evaluate the polarized scattering matrix. Two types of sea surface models applicable for specular and diffuse surfaces respectively are implemented. The model has been validated against standard benchmark cases and experimental data available in literature. While the model is itself generic, parametric studies are performed to study the influence of the vertical structure of the atmosphere, for two polarizations and a set of frequencies to be used on the microwave imager aboard the proposed Indo-French climate research satellite MEGHA-TROPIQUES.     

RETRIEVING ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING PROFILES AROUND TYPHOON YUNNA USING INFRARED HYPERSPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS AIRS

In this study,we derived atmospheric profiles of temperature,moisture,and ozone,along with surface emissivity,skin temperature,and surface pressure,from infrared-sounder radiances under clear sky (cloudless) condition.Clouds were detected objectively using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder under a relatively low spatial resolution and cloud-mask information from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer under a high horizontal resolution;this detection was conducted using space matching.Newton’s nonlinear physical iterative solution technique is applied to the radiative transfer equation (RTE) to retrieve temperature profiles,relative humidity profiles,and surface variables simultaneously.This technique is carried out by using the results of an eigenvector regression retrieval as the background profile and using corresponding iterative forms for the weighting functions of temperature and water-vapor mixing ratio.The iterative forms are obtained by applying the variational principle to the RTE.We also compared the retrievals obtained with different types of observations.The results show that the retrieved atmospheric sounding profile has great superiority over other observations by accuracy and resolution.Retrieved profiles can be used to improve the initial conditions of numerical models and used in areas where conventional observations are sparse,such as plateaus,deserts,and seas.     

The Capability of Atmospheric Profile Retrieval from Satellite High Resolution Infrared Sounder Radiances

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基于FY-3/IRAS利用非线性模式反演OLR

FY-3系列卫星星载IRAS仪器设有26个通道,其中20个通道用于探测地球大气在红外波段的热辐射,通道辐射率代表了地球大气系统在大气顶的向外辐射光谱信息,与总波段的射出长波辐射（OLR）通量相关性高。该文基于逐线辐射传输模式计算软件LBLRTM对全球2521条大气廓线的大气顶射出辐射率模拟数据,计算了每条廓线的OLR和FY-3B/IRAS,FY-3C/IRAS通道辐射率,用统计回归方法建立了利用IRAS的多通道辐射率计算OLR的非线性理论回归模式;应用模式和FY-3B/IRAS,FY-3C/IRAS的L1级数据,处理得到2016年4月1-30日的全球日平均、月平均OLR格点产品。与Aqua/CERES,Terra/CERES仪器宽波段观测OLR产品对比表明:对于水平分辨率为1°×1°的全球月平均OLR格点产品,均方根误差为2.22 W·m-2,相关系数为0.9982 W·m-2,平均偏差为-0.2 W·m-2,表明FY-3/IRAS仪器定标及反演模式均达到较高水平。文中还回顾了历史上不同气象卫星的多种OLR反演算法模式,并对不同模式精度进行了比较。     

有云时大气红外遥感及其反演问题 I. 理论研究

我们已经研究了晴空情况下的大气红外遥感及其反演问题。本文对有云情况下的大气红外遥感及其反演问题进行了研究，首先指出国际上通用的处理有云反演的晴空订正法存在误差放大问题，然后提出了3×3相邻视场同步反演法，在该方法中，假定3×3相邻视场具有共同的大气温度廓线和大气水汽廓线，从而使求解方程数增加到9倍，而反演参数只增加有限的几个，大大提高了有云情况下反演的稳定性。     

Temperature and Water Vapor Weighting Functions from Radiative Transfer Equation with Surface Emissivity and Solar Reflectivity

Linearization of Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) is the key step in physical retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles from InfRared (IR) sounder observations. In this paper, the successive forms of temperature and water vapor mixing ratio component weighting functions are derived by applying one term variation method to RTE with surface emissivity and solar reflectivity contained. Retrivals of temperature and water vapor mixing ratio profiles from simulated Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) observations with surface emissivity and solar reflectivity are presented.     

Simultaneous Non-linear Retrieval of Atmospheric Temperature and Absorbing Constituent Profiles from Satellite Infrared Sounder Radiances

Based on Zeng’s theory (1974), a successive linearized form of radiative transfer equation (RTE) is derived for simultaneous retrieval of atmospheric temperature and absorbing constituent profiles from satellite infrared observa-tions. It contains the temperature component weighting function and absorbing constituent (H2O, O3, CH4 etc.) com-ponent weighting functions. All these weighting functions reach maximum at their own “optimum information levels”, and make the remote sensing equations well-conditional. Then the atmospheric profiles are derived by Newton’s non-linear iteration method. Experiments of retrieval from both TIROS-N operational High Resolution Infrared Sounder (HIRS) and the simulated Atmospheric infRared Sounder (AIRS) show an significant improvement.