近2年阿克达拉臭氧浓度特征及气象因素的影响

利用2017~2018年阿克达拉逐时臭氧浓度监测数据和同期气象观测资料,分析了阿克达拉近地面臭氧浓度的日変化和年季变化特征,并分析了臭氧浓度与气象条件之间的关系。结果表明：臭氧浓度日变化呈现单峰型,下午16点前后达到最高值,最高值分别为42.86 ppb和38.37 ppb；2017和2018年阿克达拉臭氧最高月分别出现在3月和2月,月平均臭氧浓度为49.37 ppb和37.94 ppb,最低月出现在12月,浓度为18.36 ppb和18.90 ppb；2017~2018年阿克达拉近地面臭氧浓度的季节变化规律为：春季＞夏季＞冬季＞秋季；阿克达拉的主导风向是NW和E,夏季主导风向为NW,冬季则以偏东风为主；夏季受西北气流影响,阿克达拉西北方向的污染源对当地近地面臭氧浓度影响较大。     

The Influence of Selected Meteorological Parameters on the Concentration of Surface Ozone in the Central Region of Poland

Abstract?This paper presents the results of measurements of the concentration of surface ozone and concurrent standard meteorological parameters: total solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind speed, and vertical and horizontal components of the wind. The data were collected from 2005 to 2010 at stations located in central Poland (Mazowieckie voivodeship): Warszawa (urban), Legionowo (suburban), Granica and Belsk (rural). Furthermore, Granica is situated in the forested area of Kampinoski National Park. Continuously measured surface ozone concentrations demonstrated the well-known diurnal cycle of surface ozone concentration with a maximum in the afternoon and a minimum in the early morning hours. The averaged diurnal variations over six years reveal that the highest concentrations appear at rural stations (Belsk: 55?µg?m^?3 and Granica: 50?µg?m^?3) and the lowest at the urban station (Warszawa: 41?µg?m^?3). The threshold for high levels of surface ozone (120?µg?m^?3 per 8?h) was exceeded most often at Granica and Belsk. The occurrence of the ozone “weekend effect,” especially at urban stations, has been identified. The difference between weekend and weekday surface ozone concentrations at urban and rural stations was as high as 6.5?µg?m^?3 and approximately 2?µg?m^?3, respectively. Using appropriate statistical tools, it has been shown that meteorological conditions have a significant influence on ozone concentration. High correlation coefficients were found between ozone concentration and solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The forward stepwise regression model explains up to 75% of the variations in daily surface ozone concentration in terms of meteorological variability in summer and up to 70% in winter. At the same time, a multilayer perceptron neural network model was used to reconstruct the concentration of surface ozone. High correlation coefficients (up to 0.89) indicate that, on the basis of standard meteorological parameters and NO₂ concentration, we can determine ozone concentration with high accuracy.     

东亚太平洋地区近地面臭氧的季节和年际变化特征及其与东亚季风的关系

利用东亚清洁背景站近地面臭氧观测资料,结合风场和降水资料,分析东亚各地区臭氧的多年季节变化特征,并探讨东亚太平洋地区臭氧的季节和年际变化与季风的关系以及影响近地层臭氧的主要因子。结果表明：东亚大部分地区与北半球背景站观测一致,近地层臭氧季节变化表现为春季最高、夏季最低的特征;但在东亚中纬度33～43°N,臭氧表现为夏季最高,而在东亚20°N以南地区臭氧则表现为冬末、春初最高。东亚太平洋沿岸近地面臭氧的季节变化主要受东亚冬、夏季风环流的季节变化控制。该地区不同纬度上春季峰值出现时间的差异与亚洲大陆春季不同时期污染物输送路径的差异有关。对东亚太平洋沿岸对流层顶附近位势涡度、高空急流和垂直环流季节变化的分析表明,冬春季可能是平流层向对流层输送的最强期,对近地面臭氧贡献最大。初夏至秋季（5-11月）,平流层向对流层输送较弱,对近地面臭氧贡献较小。东亚太平洋地区夏季风爆发的时间和强度以及季风环流型的年际差异是导致该地区春、夏季臭氧年际变化的主要原因;而季风降水和云带位置以及平流层一对流层交换是造成臭氧年际变化的其他原因。     

Connection between ozone concentration and atmosphere circulation at peak Moussala

Connection between ozone concentration and atmosphere circulation is investigated based on measurements at BEO station, peak Moussala (2,925 m a.s.l.), for the period 09 August 2006 to 29 January 2008. Ozone concentration data are collected with UV-analyzer “Environnement O₃ 42” and meteo data with weather station “Vaisala”. There are measurements of ⁷Be. Data from NOAA HYSPLIT model for particle trajectories are also used. Eight wind directions and three ranges of wind velocities are employed in the analysis. A comparison of ozone concentrations in upward and downward air transport according to HYSPLIT model is made. The number of cases with ozone concentration above 63 ppb has been counted. Mann–Whitney nonparametric test is employed as a basic statistical method. Correlation between atmosphere pressure and tropospheric ozone content is made. The same is done for ⁷Be and ozone. The main conclusion is that there is not any local or regional pollution effect detectable at peak Moussala, but most of the ozone measured is due to emissions of hydrocarbons and NO _x over a larger region. There could be some regional sources of ozone building substances in southwest direction from peak Moussala. Air transported from the north quarter has higher ozone concentrations compared to the south quarter. In vertical direction, upward transport of air masses shows higher values of ozone concentration. Higher wind velocity is associated with low ozone concentrations at peak Moussala. The annual course of ozone concentration has summer maximum and winter minimum. There is right connection between air pressure and ozone concentration. The same is valid for the correlation between ⁷Be and ozone. Diurnal ozone course shows daytime maximum in winter and nighttime maximum in summer.     

Application of statistical techniques to the analysis and prediction of ENSO: Bayesian oscillation patterns as a prediction scheme

Here we study the low-frequency variability of the tropical Indian and Pacific basins with a new statistical technique, Bayesian oscillation patterns (BOP). To describe the climatic system in this region, zonal wind and sea surface temperature (SST) are the selected variables. Their variability can be explained in terms of a reduced number of frequencies and spatial patterns. These are identified for each field by a statistical procedure. With the help of the patterns and the frequencies a predictive scheme is devised and applied in two forecast experiments. In the first, zonal wind anomalies are predicted using patterns and frequencies identified in the wind field. A more sophisticated scheme, a linear model which includes non-harmonic oscillations and interactions between patterns, is used when forecasting SST seasonal anomalies in the Niño3 region. In this case, the predictors include the values of the frequencies identified in the BOP analysis of both wind and SST fields, and thecorresponding patterns.     

The annual cycle of peroxides and ozone in marine air at Cape Grim, Tasmania

The concentration of gas-phase peroxides has been measured almost continuously at the Cape Grim baseline station (41° S) over a period of 393 days (7702 h of on-line measurements) between February 1991 and March 1992. In unpolluted marine air a distinct seasonal cycle in concentration was evident, from a monthly mean value of>1.4 ppbv in summer (December) to <0.2 ppbv in winter (July). In the summer months a distinct diurnal cycle in peroxides was also observed in clean marine air, with a daytime build-up in concentration and decay overnight. Both the seasonal and diurnal cycles of peroxides concentration were anticorrelated with ozone concentration, and were largely explicable using a simple photochemical box model of the marine boundary layer in which the central processes were daytime photolytic destruction of ozone, transfer of reactive oxygen into the peroxides under the low-NO_x ambient conditions that favour self-reaction between peroxy radicals, and continuous heterogeneous removal of peroxides at the ocean surface. Additional factors affecting peroxides concentrations at intermediate timescales (days to a week) were a dependence on air mass origin, with air masses arriving at Cape Grim from higher latitudes having lower peroxides concentrations, a dependence on local wind speed, with higher peroxides concentrations at lower wind speeds, and a systematic decrease in peroxides concentration during periods of rainfall. Possible physical mechanisms for these synoptic scale dependencies are discussed.     

辽宁地区O3污染状况及相关气象要素分析

利用2015—2019年辽宁城市逐小时地面O₃浓度观测数据,结合各城市逐小时气象要素观测数据,分析了辽宁地区近5 a的O₃污染状况及影响O₃的相关气象条件。结果表明：除环辽东湾部分城市O₃浓度呈下降趋势外,辽宁地区其他城市的O₃浓度均呈明显的上升趋势,O₃正取代PM_2.5成为影响辽宁地区的首要大气污染物。O₃浓度具有夏季高、冬季低,下午高、早晨低的时间分布特征。除受污染排放源直接影响外,高温、高湿、强辐射、小风和地面低气压都有利于O₃的局地生成;在亚洲夏季风的影响下,上游地区（如京津冀地区）的污染气团会随大气环流向东北地区输送,对辽宁地区夏季O₃污染产生重要影响。     

杭州市区大气臭氧浓度变化及气象要素影响

利用2005-2007年杭州市区大气O₃连续监测资料, 分析了O₃浓度变化特征, 在此基础上结合气象观测资料, 分析了大气O₃与天气系统间的关系, 建立了O₃与气象要素间的多元回归方程。结果表明: 2007年O₃平均浓度和最大小时浓度分别为44 μg.m-3和348 μg.m-3, 比上一年增加20%左右, 超标现象也越来越严重; O₃浓度有明显的季节变化, 夏季高、冬季低; 大气O₃浓度超标主要出现在高压后部和高压控制等天气类型。在紫外线强度较强时O₃浓度也高, 二者呈显著正相关; 对O₃与各种气象因子进行多元回归分析表明: O₃主要受到温度、相对湿度、日照等因素影响。     

Model analysis of seasonal variations in tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide over East Asia

Temporal-spatial variations in tropospheric ozone concentrations over East Asia in the period from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2004 were simulated by using the Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with meteorological fields calculated by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). The simulated concentrations of ozone and carbon monoxide were compared with ground level observations at two remote sites, Ryori (39.03°N, 141.82°E) and Yonagunijima (24.47°N, 123.02°E). The co...     

Surface ozone concentration variability in Moscow and Kiev

The comparison is represented of the results of surface ozone concentration measurements in two megalopolises, Moscow and Kiev. A temporal course of ozone concentration and temperature in both cities is close by the shape and is typical of medium-polluted plain stations. In both megalopolises, two maxima are observed within the seasonal ozone concentration variability, in spring and summer, and during the day, a usual ozone concentration maximum (approximately in 2–3 hours after the local noon) and the night one being typical of big cities. An average ozone concentration and an average temperature in corresponding periods are higher in Kiev than in Moscow. Evidently, the summer maximum is associated with photochemical ozone generation processes, and the spring one, with dynamic processes of its transport in the atmosphere. In both megalopolises, the episodes are observed in the warm period under meteorological conditions being unfavorable for the pollutant scattering in the atmosphere when the ozone concentration exceeds the threshold limit value and is dangerous for health. The repeatability of such episodes is the highest one in July-August. In Kiev, such episodes are more frequent than in Moscow. An effective statistical model is constructed for both megalopolises in which the observed ozone concentration is represented in the form of regression function of temperature and relative humidity.     

黄淮地区夏季降水的统计降尺度预测

利用1991-2011年黄淮地区夏季降水、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和国家气候中心第2代动力气候模式（BCC_CSM1.1m）夏季回报结果,研究黄淮地区夏季降水降尺度预测模型和可预报性来源。诊断发现,黄淮地区夏季降水与同期南亚高压、乌拉尔山附近阻塞高压、西风急流、西太平洋赤道上空200 hPa纬向风场呈明显正相关。分析BCC_CSM1.1m对夏季环流的回报结果发现,模式对200 hPa和500 hPa位势高度场、200 hPa纬向风场和850 hPa经向风场上影响黄淮地区夏季降水的部分关键区域有较好的模拟能力。利用模式预报技巧较高且对黄淮地区夏季降水的影响有物理含义的环流特征作为预测因子,对比预测因子进行独立性筛选前后分别建立的降尺度预测模型发现,黄淮地区夏季降水预测与实况的距平符号一致率由61%提高到72%。预测技巧来源分析发现,降尺度预测能力与BCC_CSM1.1m对影响黄淮地区夏季降水的3个关键因子乌拉尔山附近环流、南亚高压、西太平洋赤道上空西风强弱的预测技巧密切相关,尤其是模式对西太平洋赤道上空西风的模拟能力起到决定性作用。     

青藏高原臭氧的准两年振荡

通过对臭氧卫星观测资料及大气环流资料的分析,研究了青藏高原上空臭氧的季节和年际变化.通过分析青藏高原地区臭氧准两年振荡(QBO),并与同纬度无山区及赤道地区臭氧QBO进行比较,指出:青藏高原臭氧QBO的平均周期为29个月,平均振幅为8DU.青藏高原臭氧QBO变化位相与热带平流层纬向风场QBO相反,即热带平流层纬向西风时,青藏高原上空臭氧总量偏小,东风时臭氧总量偏大.还讨论了与青藏高原臭氧QBO相关的大气环流物质输送理论.     

一种新的线性回归模型及其应用示例

回归分析是统计分析中常用的方法之一。传统的回归模型不具备全域分析能力,而变量场之间的关系多采用SVD（Singular Value Decomposition）进行分析,与传统的回归分析有所脱节。更为广义的线性回归模型是传统线性回归模型的延拓,在标量情况下,该模型可转化为传统线性回归模型。该模型的基本特征包含乘法不可互易性、等价于传统线性回归（因子项为标量时）、可分析性、延拓性、降维特征及容错性等。该模型解决了传统的线性回归模型不具备全域分析能力及模型表达能力受限于模型维数的现实问题。本文采用了NCEP（National Centers for Environmental Prediction）降水、高度场、风场月平均资料及国家气候中心西太平洋副热带高压指数资料,利用该模型和传统回归方案进行对比分析,分析结果表明,该模型具有一定的实用参考价值。     

Regionally Representative Ozone Monitoring at Cape Arkona

Long Path Different Optical Absorption measurements of theconcentrations of O₃, NO₂, NO₃ andSO₂ were carried out at Cape Arkona, Island Rügen, nearthe well-known long-term ozone registration. A statistical analysis ofdifferent trace gas concentrations for all seasons is presented. Daytimedata, wind speed and sector-classified results are used to estimaterepresentative ozone concentrations. Comparison of the long path ozonemeasurements with point measurements at Cape Arkona shows ozoneconcentration differences.     

时间尺度分离在华南夏季极端高温预测中的应用

基于高温日数存在受不同物理因子影响不同时间尺度变率的特征,应用滤波对华南夏季高温日数进行时间尺度分离,得到高温日数的年代际分量和年际分量。统计分析高温日数总量、年代际分量和年际分量在各自对应时间尺度上的影响因子,采用"向前"交叉检验逐步回归法,分别建立高温日数总量、年代际分量和年际分量的回归模型。高温日数总量的回归模型即为高温日数不区分时间尺度的直接回归模型,而两个分量回归模型拟合结果的叠加,即为高温日数时间尺度分离统计模型对总量的拟合。利用十折交叉检验法,对高温日数直接回归模型和时间尺度分离统计模型的拟合结果进行比较:相比高温日数直接回归模型,时间尺度分离统计模型的年代际分量均方根误差由2.6降低到2.3,与观测数据的相关系数由0.69提高到0.73（显著性水平α=0.01）;年际分量均方根误差由3.2降低到2.9,与观测数据的相关系数由0.4（α=0.1）提高到0.48（α=0.01）;高温日数总量均方根误差由4.1降低到3.7,与观测数据的相关系数由0.48提高到0.62（α=0.01）。1979~2010年拟合时段华南夏季高温日数的回报结果表明:两模型回报结果与观测数据均存在明显相关（α=0.01）,直接回归模型的相关系数为0.57,时间尺度分离统计模型提高到0.72。2011~2013年独立检验时段的预测结果表明:直接回归模型预测结果的平均均方根误差为26.4%,时间尺度分离统计模型降低到12.3%。初步结果表明,两模型对华南夏季高温日数均有一定的预测能力,而时间尺度分离统计模型的预测结果有所改进。     

DISTRIBUTIONS AND VARIATIONS OF SURFACE OZONE IN CHANGSHU, YANGTZE DELTA REGION*

Through one and half year continuous in-situ measurements,the distributions and variations of surface ozone and its precursors at a typical mixed agricultural and metropolitan area-Changshu,Yangtze Delta region,were studied.The preliminary analysis on the concentration levels and variations of surface ozone indicated the obvious seasonal and diurnal cycles during the experiment.The hourly averaged concentrations of surface ozone were high,in about 17% of total valid hours the surface ozone concentration exceeded 50 ppb,and in 22 days the hourly averaged ozone concentration was greater than 100 ppb.There were about 40% of the days in that the daily maximum 8-hour ozone concentration was greater than 50 ppb.The days with daily maximum 8-hour ozone concentration greater than 80 ppb were about 33 days that accounted for about 8% of the observational days.The variations of 5-day moving averaged ozone concentrations depended both on the weather conditions and on the changes of ozone in background atmosphere.Photochemical process had the significant impacts on ozone productions.     

惠州市臭氧污染特征及其与气象条件关系研究

利用广东省惠州市区2013—2016年逐日、逐时的环境和气象资料, 研究了珠江三角洲(简称“珠三角”)东侧惠州市臭氧污染特征及其与气象条件关系。结果表明:惠州市臭氧污染具有明显的月和季节变化特征, 10月臭氧平均浓度最高, 臭氧超标日和污染日主要出现在7—10月。惠州市臭氧浓度日变化呈单峰变化, 06—08时最低, 最大值出现在午后14—15时。臭氧浓度变化和气象条件关系密切, 低浓度臭氧大多出现在气温较低、相对湿度和风速较大、云量较多伴有降水、日照时数较小的天气, 臭氧浓度超标多出现在气温较高、相对湿度和风速较小、云量较少一般无降水、日照充足的天气。惠州市臭氧超标主要出现在地面和低空偏西风下, 这可能与惠州市处于珠三角城市群下风向的区域污染输送有关。      

Seasonal Prediction of Spring Dust Weather Frequency in Beijing

In this paper, seasonal prediction of spring dust weather frequency (DWF) in Beijing during 1982-2008 has been performed. First, correlation analyses are conducted to identify antecedent climate signals during last winter that are statistically significantly related to spring DWF in Beijing. Then, a seasonal prediction model of spring DWF in Beijing is established through multivariate linear regression analysis, in which the systematic error between the result of original prediction model and the observation, averaged over the last 10 years, is corrected. In addition, it is found that climate signals occurring synchronously with spring dust weather, particularly meridional wind at 850 hPa over western Mongolian Plateau, are also linked closely to spring DWF in Beijing. As such, statistical and dynamic prediction approaches should be combined to include these synchronous predictors into the prediction model in the real-time operational prediction, so as to further improve the prediction accuracy of spring DWF in Beijing, even over North China. However, realizing such a prediction idea in practice depends essentially on the ability of climate models in predicting key climate signals associated with spring DWF in Beijing.     

The regional distribution of tropospheric ozone in East Asia from satellite-based measurements

Estimates of tropospheric ozone in the East Asian region were obtained using the TOMS and SAGE II satellite data sets through the application of residual analysis on a regional scale. The resulting tropospheric residual ozone shows seasonal variability with highest values in spring and summer. Latitudinal variations give indications of possible input to the tropospheric ozone column from anthropogenic activity. A strong correlation between residual and TOMS total ozone data during summer time suggests a significant level of photochemical ozone production in this region during this period. Comparisons are made with surface ozone measurements from remotely located sites in Japan and show a similar overall pattern.     

Ozone control strategy modeling and evaluation for Athens,Greece: ROG vs. NO x effectiveness and the impact of using different wind field preparation techniques

Summary The CIT photochemical model was used to investigate the effectiveness of ozone control strategies for Athens, Greece. A unique aspect of this study was the use of two different wind fields, one from a prognostic model, and the other derived with objective analysis procedures. This allows investigating to what degree the wind fields both derived using accepted methods, influence control strategy evaluation. Strategies investigated included reducing ROG and NO _x , and combinations of the two. For the period studied, the use of different meteorological field preparation techniques did not influence the direction of the ozone response to controls. In both cases (i.e. using prognostic or objective analysis wind fields), reducing NO _x led to predicted increases in ozone levels at the measurement stations, and ROG control lowered ozone. PAN concentrations respond similarly to ozone. However, use of the two different wind fields significantly impacted the degree and spatial locations of the responses. Use of the objective analysis fields showed greater response to emission controls because of the lower wind velocities generated. The influence of the biogenic emissions were found to be small. Also, a number of key data necessary for future studies of this kind were identified, as well as modeling domain questions.With 14 Figures