内蒙古白云鄂博铁-铌-稀土矿床矿化蚀变矿物组合及流体组成

针对内蒙古白云鄂博铁-铌-稀土矿床是否多期成矿及底板白云岩的成因争论,本文通过光薄片岩矿鉴定和扫描电子显微镜研究,获得如下信息：(1)碳酸岩脉、磁铁矿石、蚀变岩及矿化白云岩中矿化蚀变的矿物组成类似,均以磁铁矿(碳酸岩脉中除外)、独居石、氟碳酸稀土矿物(氟碳铈矿等)、方解石、萤石、磷灰石、富钡矿物(重晶石或毒重石)、黑云母、富钠矿物(钠闪石、霓石)等为主,常见硫化物,显示为同一种富含Fe、REE、Ca、Ba、K、Na、Si及挥发分CO₂、P₂O₅、F、S的流体,岩(矿)石的结构构造也显示出明显的一期成矿特点,支持白云鄂博矿床主体是一期成矿事件的产物。(2)稀土矿化与底板白云岩不是同一流体的产物,稀土矿化与方解石为主的碳酸岩脉有关,有可能为火成碳酸岩或浆液过渡态流体;底板白云岩是稀土矿化的围岩,有更多的沉积成因信息,可能为热水沉积岩,或者为热液改造的沉积碳酸盐岩。(3)磁铁矿化与稀土矿化是同一成矿事件的产物,但碳酸岩中缺乏磁铁矿表明,铁质来源与稀土来源是否相同仍需要进一步研究。     

白云鄂博矿床成因——矿体内霓长岩化成矿作用与赋矿白云岩的联系

通过对组成赋矿白云岩的白云石矿物系统的显微结构和化学成分的研究表明,赋矿白云岩是碳酸岩质次火山岩,因此白云鄂博矿床是与火成碳酸岩有关的矿床。赋矿白云岩属于镁质碳酸岩(MgOFeO+MnO)和铁质碳酸岩(MgOFeO+MnO)系列,FeO、MnO和SrO含量高,这与FeO、MnO和SrO含量很低的沉积碳酸岩完全不同。赋矿白云岩的这一特点还表明它来自经历过分异结晶后的白云质碳酸岩浆而不是初始白云质碳酸岩浆。赋矿白云岩复杂的矿物组合表明,其母岩浆是富含F、Cl、P和S这些挥发分以及REE,Na、K和Fe这些元素的。在碳酸岩浆上升和侵位的过程中由于温度压力的降低,碳酸岩浆释放的含上述组分的流体会向上部地壳集中并对其接触的围岩进行交代,这就形成了矿体内呈不对称带状分布的霓长岩化矿石带。在大量的萤石和稀土氟碳酸盐矿物形成以后(其对应于萤石-稀土条带状矿石),流体的成分仍相对富钠和CO_2,钠可以和围岩中的硅结合形成钠辉石,流体较高的比值,有利于稀土的富集,此时形成的钠辉石型矿石的稀土含量是相当高的,仅次于条带状矿石。随着流体继续迁移和交代,流体中CO_2浓度下降而H_2O含量增加,温度也有所下降,但是流体中的钠依然活跃,所以出现了含有结构水的钠闪石,形成了钠闪石型矿石。流体中H_2O的增加,比值的下降,不利于稀土的大量富集,因此,钠闪石型矿石的稀土含量明显低于钠辉石型矿石。这说明,从碳酸岩浆中外逸的流体,在迁移交代围岩的过程中其成分、温度和氧逸度都是有变化的。从初期富CO_2,温度和氧逸度较高,到后期富H_2O,温度和氧逸度都有所降低。不同矿石类型的形成与这种变化有直接的关系。不同矿石类型中的磁铁矿的生成方式虽然不同于白云岩中的磁铁矿,但前者的氧同位素继承了后者的特点,表明了它们的亲缘关系和成因上的联系。稀土分布型式表明,不同矿石类型的稀土分布型式与赋矿白云岩的大体一致,有明显的LREE富集和明显的HREE亏损,且总稀土含量越高,轻重稀土分离程度越高。但是,不同矿石类型在轻稀土含量上有一定程度的差别,表明在霓长岩化过程中轻稀土活动性更强。总之,氟、钠和铁的交代作用在主东矿最强,稀土、铌和铁资源也最为富集,这里的白云岩厚度也最大,表明白云鄂博矿的霓长岩化成矿作用与赋矿白云岩衍生的流体的大量聚集以及流体对围岩广泛强烈的交代作用直接相关。     

内蒙古白云鄂博矿区白云岩岩石学及其成因研究

系统研究白云鄂博含矿围岩的岩性,发现含矿白云岩中具有火山碎屑结构、杏仁状及角砾状构造,在西矿带白云岩中夹有黑云母片岩,而东矿带则与富钠火山岩共生。其岩石化学成分与世界其他岩浆成因的碳酸岩相似,白云岩的一系列岩石化学、稀土元素地球化学图解均判别其为岩浆成因特征。根据魏菊英等的研究表明,碳、氧同位素受海水混合作用的影响,由喷发中心到正常沉积碳酸盐呈现规律性升高的变化趋势,因此含矿白云岩及近矿白云岩是白云质火山岩。白云岩中含钾长石、萤石等热液矿物,高度富集F、Sr、Ba等元素,平均w(F)为13 5849%,w(Sr)为0 1588%,w(Ba)为0 8537%。白云岩中磷灰石构成主要矿物,P2O5高度富集,平均w(P2O5)为7 79%。这些特征均表明了白云岩为岩浆成因,是裂谷早期裂陷阶段岩浆活动的产物,故将白云鄂博矿区的白云岩定名为白云质火山岩。     

白云鄂博含矿碱性火山岩建造及其地球化学

白云鄂博矿床历经几十年的研究,主要集中在矿区H8岩性段矿化白云岩成因的认识,许多研究显示含矿白云岩是岩浆碳酸岩,本文主要从岩石学和地球化学方面进一步分析其属于火山喷发环境形成的火山碳酸熔岩。H8含矿白云岩段和H9板岩段作为一套含矿岩系主要由含矿白云岩、霓闪钠长岩、钾长板岩3类岩石组成,白云岩和霓闪钠长岩都具有的碎屑结构及角砾状构造、条带构造,显示为火山熔岩和火山碎屑岩特征,而钾长板岩则主要显示致密微晶火山熔岩特征。工业矿物主要是磁铁矿、赤铁矿、稀土矿物和铌铁矿物,其重要特征是出现大量原生赤铁矿,反映岩石氧化系数高,与火山喷发环境一致。霓闪钠长岩、钾长板岩岩石化学显示碱性特征,稀土元素与CaO、F相关系数在0.7以上,并与Fe2O3高氧化物相关,而与硅酸盐矿物组分反相关,表示碳酸岩与稀土成矿密切相关,并显示为表生氧化环境形成。稀土地球化学特征显示白云岩∑REE最高,钾长板岩∑REE最低,相应的岩脉∑REE低于喷发岩。各种岩石均表现为明显的轻重稀土分异,但是以白云岩LREE/HREE比值最大,霓闪钠长岩LREE/HREE比值最小,而纯钠长石岩脉和含稀土磁铁矿LREE/HREE明显高于其他岩石。白云岩和霓闪钠长岩均表现出不同的铕、铈负异常,但是碳酸岩脉和钾长板岩则显示弱正铈异常,霓闪钠长岩和钾长板岩铕异常不明显。矿化白云岩和碳酸岩脉的δ18O、δ13C值介于沉积灰岩与已知碳酸岩的δ18O、δ13C值之间,碳酸岩中白云石的δ18O低于方解石的δ18O,而δ13C高于方解石的δ13C,稀土矿物的δ13C、δ18O与碳酸岩脉δ13C、δ18O接近。归纳这些特征,含矿白云岩与霓闪钠长岩、钾长板岩是碱性火山岩组合,与一系列同期的碳酸岩、霓闪钠长岩碱性岩脉一起,构成一套完整碱性火山岩系。     

Spatial distribution pattern of ore forming elements in the Bayan Obo deposit and exploration implicationsSCIEI北大核心CSCD

白云鄂博矿床是全球最大的稀土-铌-铁矿床。本文对白云鄂博矿床主矿、东矿赋矿白云岩、不同类型稀土-铌-铁矿石和富钾板岩进行详细的野外地质调查和地球化学成分分析,揭示了成矿元素稀土、铌和主要蚀变元素钠、钾、氟、磷的空间分布规律。结果表明,白云鄂博主采坑比东采坑具有更高的稀土含量,矿体由外围向中心、由浅部向深部有明显的稀土元素(尤其是中-重稀土元素)富集的现象,矿体深部具有更大的中-重稀土元素找矿潜力;成矿元素铌的异常范围与重稀土的异常范围相吻合,表明二者具有密切的共生关系;蚀变元素氟的异常范围与稀土-铌-铁矿体的分布范围相一致,是重要的沉淀成矿元素;蚀变元素磷的异常要明显超过稀土-铌-铁矿体的分布范围,是重要的迁移载体元素;钠化蚀变主要出现在矿体下盘含稀土白云岩中,代表早期高温蚀变过程;钾化蚀变主要发育在矿体上盘的富钾板岩中,代表晚期低温蚀变过程;钾化、萤石化及磷的异常是碳酸岩型稀土矿床最主要的浅部和外围示矿指标。     

白云鄂博主、东矿三个剖面地球化学特征及其研究意义

近年来关于白云鄂博Nb-REE-Fe矿床H8岩体火成水成归属的争论已渐息,而矿床成矿过程以及REE富集机制仍是学术界关注的热点。文章对白云鄂博矿床白云石碳酸岩体、霓长岩化蚀变带、尖山组板岩3个典型剖面开展系统的岩石地球化学工作,发现赋矿碳酸岩、霓长岩、铁矿石微量与稀土元素配分模式具有相似性,靠近H8岩体的尖山组板岩往往有着更高的稀土元素含量,以及与成矿碳酸岩相近的微量元素配分模式。区内各类岩石单元稀土元素分馏明显,全岩La_N/Nd_N比值的变化规律显示,H8岩体内部比边缘更富La,边缘比岩体内部更富Nd。通过岩（矿）石薄片BSE图像结合矿物电子探针分析显示,H8岩体内的稀土元素矿物（主要是独居石、氟碳铈矿等）可分为2组,一组相对富La,呈半自形-他形,星点状分布;另一组相对富Nd,呈他形细粒,脉状分布。两组矿物中不同元素的富集特征可能代表了结晶过程中流体环境的改变。上述实验结合地质勘查结果表明,白云鄂博矿床初始成矿物质的起源与H8碳酸岩一致,均来源于中元古代碳酸岩岩浆活动,而不同类型的稀土元素矿物对应了白云岩成岩阶段与萤石矿化阶段两个不同的稀土矿化阶段。     

新疆青河县库布苏破碎蚀变岩型金矿元素迁移特征与规律研究

本文以新疆库布苏金矿北矿带为研究对象,讨论了库布苏金矿床北矿带元素活动特征,成矿及伴生元素、主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素的质量迁移规律;根据稀土元素的质量迁移、地球化学特征,初步探讨了成矿流体的环境条件和来源问题;并依据元素迁移地球化学图研究了库布苏北矿带105勘探线剖面的元素质量迁移程度和范围。研究结果表明,赋矿闪长玢岩脉及围岩的元素发生明显的带入带出作用,元素迁移活动规律明显,成矿阶段发生明显带入有Au、As、Bi、Ag、Sb、K2O、Si O2,说明引起闪长玢岩脉和接触带围岩蚀变的流体中富含Au、As、K2O、Si O2等,导致这些带入元素向矿体迁移富集;发生明显带出的有Ba、Sr、Cu、Mg O、Na2O、Fe2O3、Ca O,说明Ba、Sr、Mg O、Na2O等受热液蚀变作用随流体迁出。矿区岩脉的稀土元素质量变化显著,发生明显的带入带出,岩脉交代蚀变前后的轻重稀土分馏均明显,蚀变后的岩脉轻重稀土分馏程度有减小趋势。赋矿闪长玢岩脉稀土元素配分曲线右倾,轻稀土富集,轻重稀土分馏明显,Eu强烈负异常,Ce弱负异常,说明库布苏金矿成矿流体条件应为较高温度和还原环境。从围岩与脉岩中元素的迁移程度和迁移范围可见,带入的成矿指示元素有As、W、Sb、Bi,带出的成矿指示元素有Mg、Na。     

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱技术研究牦牛坪矿床霓长岩化蚀变矿物微量元素特征

近年来全岩电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）和原位激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱（LA-ICP-MS）微量元素地球化学测试在地球科学领域的应用越来越广泛。霓长岩化是碳酸岩型稀土矿常见的蚀变类型,但其中的蚀变矿物微量元素特征与稀土矿化关系并不清楚。本文对川西牦牛坪矿床两期霓长岩化脉（无矿脉和含矿脉）中的霓辉石、钠铁闪石同时开展ICP-MS和LA-ICP-MS微量元素测试。结果表明：同期次的霓长岩化脉中,霓辉石、钠铁闪石全岩ΣREE含量远高于单矿物原位ΣREE含量,背散射图像显示霓辉石、钠铁闪石矿物中叠加了一些氟碳铈矿、重晶石微矿物。不同期次霓长岩化脉中霓辉石原位微量对比,含矿脉中的霓辉石具有更高的La/Nd值（0.19~0.23）、LREE/HREE值（6.58~7.79）、Ce/Nd值（0.95~1.11）、La_N/Yb_N值（2.07~2.33）。对比全岩微量组成,含矿脉中高含量的La、Ce、LREE、ΣREE,强烈的轻重稀土分异,可能代表了高稀土通量的霓长岩化流体。霓长岩化脉的出现以及脉体中霓辉石、钠铁闪石这些全岩微量、原位微量地球化学指标,可为碳酸岩型稀土矿床找矿勘查提供参考。     

白云鄂博铁、铌、稀土矿床:研究进展、存在问题和新认识

白云鄂博是世界第一大稀土元素矿床,其稀土元素资源量占世界目前已知稀土元素资源总量的三分之二以上,具有重要的经济和战略地位。白云鄂博自1927年发现至今已有92年,对其的开发和研究历史悠久,在赋矿碳酸岩的成因、成矿年代、稀土矿物学等方面取得了一系列重要进展,为碳酸岩型稀土元素成矿理论发展做出了突出贡献。由于矿床经历了成矿后复杂的构造变形和热液蚀变,致使其地质、地球化学特征复杂,学界对其成因和成矿过程一直存在不同认识,对成矿碳酸岩的岩浆演化、稀土元素迁移与富集机理等方面的研究也相对薄弱。笔者最新研究表明,矿区过去被认为是下白云鄂博群的H1、H2、H9岩石单元并非沉积变质岩或变质火山岩,而应为岩浆侵入成因,矿区其他岩石单元(H3～H7)的成因也值得商榷。H9岩石单元中的黑云母岩(前人称为黑云母板岩)和富含黑云母的碳酸岩(前人称为暗色板岩)为成矿碳酸岩的一部分,是碳酸岩不同岩相带的表现。黑云母岩和富黑云母碳酸岩相对于含矿碳酸岩具有相对低的稀土元素含量和轻、重稀土元素比值,表明岩浆演化可能对稀土元素的富集和分异具有重要贡献。矿区主要岩石单元成因的新认识不仅为矿床成因、成矿背景研究提供了新的依据,同时也为研究区域构造演化、正确厘定矿区构造式样和指导矿区深部和外围找矿提供了新的思路。     

花岗斑岩-玄武岩热液蚀变体系研究:以澜沧老厂锰银铅锌铜钼矿床为例

花岗斑岩侵入玄武岩中形成相应的铜钼矿化是三江成矿带的特色之一,三江南段的澜沧老厂多金属矿床的花岗斑岩隐伏侵入石炭系玄武质火山岩中,花岗斑岩-玄武岩热液蚀变体系得以完整保存。在确立初始岩石端元的基础上,对花岗斑岩顶盖相的去钠化蚀变及玄武质围岩夕卡岩化过程的元素地球化学进行了初步研究,主要结论包括:(1)花岗斑岩驱动的热液体系以富含Na-Ca-Si-Mn为特征,Na-Ca-Si主要来自花岗斑岩中的斜长石分解蚀变,在花岗斑岩顶盖相中形成极度的Na亏损和极高的K_2O/Na_2O比值(去钠化蚀变);Si在花岗斑岩顶盖相中弱富集,Si-Ca在玄武质围岩夕卡岩化过程中明显富集(w(Si O_2)平均增加了4%~5%,w(Ca O)平均增加了5%左右),目前在蚀变体系中没有发现Na的明显富集,推测Na可能被热液搬运进入地表径流系统;Mn是特征蚀变元素,可能来自深部花岗斑岩,在花岗斑岩顶盖相及玄武质围岩中都得到明显富集(平均富集0.4~1.2倍)。(2)矿化元素中Mo主要来自花岗斑岩,在斑岩顶部及玄武质围岩中富集,局部成矿;Sn-Zn主要来自花岗斑岩,但目前没有在花岗斑岩内外接触带发现矿化;Ag-Pb-Bi的主要物源是玄武岩,在斑岩顶部富集,在更远端的碳酸盐岩地层中成矿;Cu也主要来自玄武岩,在玄武岩夕卡岩化过程中局部成矿。(3)稀土元素在花岗斑岩的蚀变过程主要表现为活化迁移亏损,在活化过程中Eu发生了比较明显的分异(δEu 0.85~1.32);玄武岩夕卡岩化过程中,热液流体携带的稀土元素在橄榄玄武岩中基本收支平衡,但在拉斑玄武岩中明显富集,并以显示弱的正Eu异常为特征。     

白云鄂博REE-Nb-Fe稀土矿赋矿岩系建造研究评述

白云鄂博特大型铌、稀土、铁矿床,由于其矿物组成的多样性、地质构造的复杂性、成矿的多期性使之成为一类典型稀土矿床,成为研究稀土矿的天然实验室。尽管已有60多年的开采及研究历史,但其含铁及稀土的矿床建造机制仍具争议。本文通过搜集、整理国内外近几年来发表的有关赋矿岩性(白云岩、富钾板岩、富钠岩石及碳酸岩脉)的研究成果,结合笔者的认识,对各种不同观点进行了对比分析和总结,最终提出了白云鄂博碱性碳酸岩-热水沉积岩系的观点,为白云鄂博稀土矿的研究提供一定的参考价值。     

Geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit in Inner Mongolia, China

Trace element and isotopic compositions of carbonate from ore bodies, country rock which hosts the ore bodies (H8 dolomite), a carbonatite dyke exposed in Dulahala near Bayan Obo, and rare earth element (REE)-rich dolomite in Bayan Obo have been determined to understand the genesis of the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE ore deposit, the world’s largest resource of REE. The REE and trace element distribution patterns of samples from the REE-rich carbonatite dykes are identical to those of mineralized carbonate rocks, indicating a genetic linkage between the REE-rich carbonatite and mineralization in this region. By contrast, carbon and oxygen isotopes in the mineralized carbonate varied significantly, δ¹³C = −7.98‰ to −1.12‰, δ¹⁸O = 8.60-25.69‰, which are distinctively different from those in mantle-derived carbonatite. Abnormal isotopic fractionations between dolomite and calcite suggest that these two minerals are in disequilibrium in the carbonatite dyke, ore bodies, and H8 marble from Bayan Obo. This isotopic characteristic is also found in mineralized sedimentary marine micrite from Heinaobao, ∼25 km southeast of the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE ore deposit. These facts imply that the carbonate minerals in the Bayan Obo deposit have resulted from sedimentary carbonate rocks being metasomatised by mantle-derived fluids, likely derived from a REE-enriched carbonatitic magma. The initial Nd isotope values of ore bodies and carbonatite dykes are identical, indicating that ore bodies, carbonatite dykes and veins may have a similar REE source.     

白云鄂博矿区碱性基性岩—碳酸岩岩墙岩石学研究

白云鄂博地区广泛发育碳酸岩墙 -碱性基性岩墙,通过对其岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学、稀土元素、微量元素的系统研究表明,碳酸岩墙为火成碳酸岩,部分碳酸岩墙的REE含量高达14 6 75 %,与赋矿白云石碳酸岩体的REE含量(最高达 10 % )相近,两者均为富稀土矿石。矿区基性岩墙的K2 O +Na2 O含量( >5 % )高于普通基性岩石(4 % ),表明它们属于碱性岩类,是碱性基性岩墙。碳酸岩墙 -碱性基性岩墙的REE与微量元素的分配型式近似,Sr、Nd、Pb同位素特征亦相近,表明它们形成于一个比较特殊的、近似的源区,两者有一定的成因关系。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987115001310

Bayan Obo ore deposit is the largest rare-earth element(REE) resource,and the second largest niobium(Nb) resource in the world.Due to the complicated element/mineral compositions and involving several geological events,the REE enrichment mechanism and genesis of this giant deposit still remains intense debated.The deposit is hosted in the massive dolomite,and nearly one hundred carbonatite dykes occur in the vicinity of the deposit.The carbonatite dykes can be divided into three types from early to late:dolomite,co-existing dolomite-calcite and calcite type,corresponding to different evolutionary stages of carbonatite magmatism based on the REE and trace element data.The latter always has higher REE content.The origin of the ore-hosting dolomite at Bayan Obo has been addressed in various models,ranging from a normal sedimentary carbonate rocks to volcano-sedimentary sequence,and a large carbonatitic intrusion.More geochemical evidences show that the coarse-grained dolomite represents a Mesoproterozoic carbonatite pluton and the fine-grained dolomite resulted from the extensive REE mineralization and modification of the coarse-grained variety.The ore bodies,distributed along an E-W striking belt,occur as large lenses and underwent more intense fluoritization and fenitization.The first episode mineralization is characterized by disseminated mineralization in the dolomite.The second or main-episode is banded and/or massive mineralization,cut by the third episode consisting of aegirinerich veins.Various dating methods gave different mineralization ages at Bayan Obo,resulting in long and hot debates.Compilation of available data suggests that the mineralization is rather variable with two peaks at~1400 and 440 Ma.The early mineralization peak closes in time to the intrusion of the carbonatite dykes.A significant thermal event at ca.440 Ma resulted in the formation of late-stage veins with coarse crystals of REE minerals.Fluids involving in the REE-Nb-Fe mineralization at Bayan Obo might be REE-F-C02-NaCI-H20 system.The presence of REE-carbonates as an abundant solid in the ores shows that the original ore-forming fluids are very rich in REE,and therefore,have the potential to produce economic REE ores at Bayan Obo.the Bayan Obo deposit is a product of mantle-derived carbonatitic magmatism at ca.1400 Ma,which was likely related to the breakup of Columbia.Some remobilization of REE occurred due to subduction of the Palaeo-Asian oceanic plate during the Silurian,forming weak vein-like mineralization.     

白云鄂博碳酸岩型REE-Nb-Fe矿床——一个罕见的中元古代破火山机构成岩成矿实例

白云鄂博碳酸岩型REE-Nb-Fe矿床是世界上最大的稀土矿床。稀土矿石产于整个白云石碳酸岩体和部分脉状碳酸岩中。对比世界上20余个火成碳酸岩地区的特征后发现,白云鄂博地区完全具备国外火成碳酸岩区的地质特征。在岩石、矿石组合上,本区也发育一套碳酸岩+超基性岩+碱性基性岩(含基性熔岩)+碱性岩+稀土矿石+铁矿石组合;在矿物组合上,以白云石为主,方解石次之,伴生一套碱性闪石、长石、霓石、磷灰石、萤石、磁铁矿、稀土矿物组合;在全岩化学成分、微量元素、稀土元素和Sr、Nd、Pb、C、O同位素上,这些岩石具有一定的亲缘关系,有着共同的来源;在岩体的形态与岩石组构上,它们以岩席、岩筒和脉岩的形式出现,并发育有强烈的熔离作用与流动构造;在区域构造上,发育隐伏穹窿构造、岩筒构造和巨型断裂汇聚构造。综合分析上述特征表明:白云鄂博地区具有中元古代破火山机构的痕迹,赋矿白云石碳酸岩体则是顺层侵入的火成碳酸岩体,东矿、主矿可能是一个火山颈构造控矿,而赋矿白云石碳酸岩体西南侧的苏木图矿床则是隐伏岩筒构造控矿。     

Fenitized Wall Rock Geochemistry of the First Carbonatite Dyke at Bayan Obo,Inner Mongolia,China

The first carbonatite dyke at Bayan Obo is well exposed on the surface for a length and width of approximately 60 m and 1.1–1.5 m, respectively. Along its strike, the fenitized H1(Qs) and H2(Cs) quartzite is replaced by Na-amphiboles, aegirines, and alkali-feldspars, intermittently stretching as far away as 800 m in length. Based on petrographical characteristics, the dyke's fenitized wall rocks are divisible into different zones:(1) outer,(2) middle, and(3) inner. The outer zone is 5–17 m from the NW margin of the dyke. The middle zone is located at 3.5–5 m from the NW margin of the dyke. The inner contact zone is located between direct contact with the dyke and 3.5 m from the dyke. In the outer zone, upon visual examination, no evidence of outcrop fenitization was found and the major elemental rock composition is nearly identical to the unaltered H1 and H2 lithologies. In the thin sections, however, small amounts of Na-amphibole and phlogopite are present. Despite relatively poor development throughout the 5 m of fenitization, the wall rocks have retained at least a small geochemical signature comparable to the original sedimentary protolith. The fenites occurring in the inner zone exhibit distinct variations, not only for the sharp contact at the outcrop scale, but also for variations in major, rare earth elements(REE), and trace elements and Sm-Nd isotope composition. The wall rocks within 3.5 m have undergone strong fenitization, inheriting the geochemical signature derived from the carbonatite dyke. Fenitization in the middle zone was not as strong, at least compared to the inner zone, but was stronger than the outer zone. Compared to some trace elements and REEs, the major elements are relatively immobile during fenitization. The Sm-Nd isotope data for the carbonatite dyke and the adjacent fenitized wall rocks, where the Sm and Nd originate solely from the dyke, plots as a six-point isochron with an age of 1308±56 Ma. This age is identical to that of ore-bearing dolomite carbonatite and the related ore-forming events, indicating that there may be a petrogenetic link between the two. Based on Sr and Nd isotope compositional data, the first carbonatite dyke may be derived from an enriched mantle.     

白云鄂博地区相关地质单元的铁同位素特征及其对白云鄂博矿床成因的制约

白云鄂博Fe-REE-Nb矿床是世界著名的巨型多金属矿床,它的成因一直是个激烈争论的问题,观点主要集中在沉积成因和岩浆成因上,而铁的物质来源问题是争论的焦点之一。近年来Fe同位素的快速发展为解决白云鄂博铁矿的成因提供了新思路。对白云鄂博地区发育的白云鄂博群尖山组铁质板岩、宽沟北沉积型铁矿、腮林忽洞微晶丘、灰绿岩墙这些相关地质单元的Fe同位素组成特征进行了研究,为白云鄂博矿床成因研究提供了最直接的参考。结果表明,尖山组铁质板岩的δ56Fe值为-0.49‰～0.48‰,平均值为-0.03‰±0.84‰,2SD,n=5;宽沟北沉积型铁矿的δ56Fe值为-0.68‰～0.23‰,平均值为-0.10‰±0.78‰,2SD,n=5;腮林忽洞微晶丘δ56Fe值为-0.64‰～0.12‰,平均值为-0.28‰±0.57‰,2SD,n=6;辉绿岩的Fe同位素组成δ56Fe值集中在0.11‰～0.16‰。腮林忽洞微晶丘总体上比白云鄂博赋矿白云岩富集Fe的轻同位素,Fe同位素组成变化也相对更大,表明两者可能有不同的成因。白云鄂博地区尖山组铁质板岩、宽沟北沉积型铁矿与世界其他地区含铁沉积建造的Fe同位素组成类似,其共同特征是,Fe同位素变化较大,总体上δ56Fe大于0‰。这一特征与白云鄂博铁矿的Fe同位素组成差别较大。白云鄂博矿床的δ56Fe集中在0‰附近,与白云鄂博地区灰绿岩、世界不同地区火成岩和岩浆型铁矿的Fe同位素组成特征一致。表明白云鄂博铁矿可能不是沉积成因的,更有可能与岩浆作用有关。     

A rare earth element-rich carbonatite dyke at Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, North China

Summary ?A carbonatite dyke, extremely enriched in rare earth elements (REE), is reported from Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, North China. The REE content in the dyke varies from 1 wt% to up to 20 wt%. The light REEs are enriched and highly fractionated relative to the heavy REEs, and there is no Eu anomaly. Although carbon isotope δ¹³C (PDB) values of the carbonatites (−7.3 to −4.7‰) are within the range of normal mantle (−5±2‰), oxygen isotope δ¹⁸O (SMOW) (11.9 to 17.7‰) ratios apparently are higher than those of the mantle (5.7±1.0‰), indicating varying degrees of exchange with hydrothermal fluids during or after magmatic crystallization. The carbonatite is the result of partial melting followed by fractional crystallization. Primary carbonatite melt was formed by less than 1% partial melting of enriched mantle, leaving a garnet-bearing residue. The melt then rose to a crustal magma chamber and underwent fractional crystallization, producing further REE enrichment. The REE and trace element distribution patterns of the carbonatites are similar to those of fine-grained dolomite marble, the ore-host rock of the Bayan Obo REE–Nb–Fe giant mineral deposit. This fact may indicate a petrogenetic link between the dykes described here and the Bayan Obo mineral deposit. Received November 1, 2001; revised version accepted June 16, 2002     

Trachytic Rock and Associated Fenitization in the Bayan Obo Ore Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China: Evidence for Magmatic-Hydrothermal Mineralization Related to a Carbonatitic Complex

Trachytic rock and its altered rock-fenite-in the Bayan Obo ore district, Inner Mongolia, China, were referred to as slate or feldspar rock before, and identified by the authors for the first time (in 1992). In the paper the mineral assemblages, structures and textures and petrochemical compositions of the rocks, as well as the electron microprobe analysis of feldspars in the rocks are described. The Sm-Nd isochron age of the trachytic rock is 1096±56 Ma, with INd=0.51100+4 (2σ) and εNd(t)= -4.4±0.7. Alterations of the trachytic rock, including microclinization, riebeckitization, aegirinization and biotitization, and accompanied rare element and REE mineralizations are discussed. Based on the occurrence of the trachytic rock and associated fenitization it is deduced that the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE ore deposit is genetically related to magmatic-hydrothermal activity of an alkali carbonatite complex.