陕北丹霞地貌特征及国内外对比研究

通过野外考察,并结合地质资料和样品分析,对陕北丹霞地貌形成的地质构造背景、红层岩性、形态特征、演化过程等进行系统阐述,并与中国东南部湿润区及国外的典型丹霞地貌进行对比,总结其共性和差异。结果表明：陕北丹霞地貌形成的构造环境为大型内陆坳陷盆地——鄂尔多斯盆地,主要成景地层为洛河组紫红色中-细粒长石石英砂岩,形成于早白垩世的干旱沙漠环境,发育大型交错层理,其碎屑颗粒分选性和磨圆度较好,但结构松散,胶结程度较弱,颗粒表面有碟形撞击坑等典型风成砂岩特征。陕北丹霞地貌最显著的特征是顶部有第四纪黄土盖层,形成覆盖型丹霞,地貌发育总体上处于青年期,整体为高原-峡谷景观,发育密集的沟谷群和连续的丹霞崖壁,但孤立的单体地貌较少。陕北丹霞地貌演化过程可划分为早白垩世红层沉积-晚白垩世红层盆地构造抬升和古丹霞发育-古近纪以来间歇式抬升-第四纪黄土覆盖等4个阶段。国内外对比方面,陕北丹霞与中国东南部湿润区的丹霞地貌在构造环境,物质基础,地貌特征等方面差异较显著,但与美国西部的丹霞地貌存在许多相似性。     

北京大学地貌第四纪学科的创建与发展

1952年全国高校院系调整后,新建的北京大学地质地理系开始了地貌与第四纪方面的教学和研究,标志着北大地貌第四纪学科的建立。65年来,在新构造活动与构造地貌、气候地貌与沉积、流水地貌与沉积、沉积相与比较沉积学、遥感与地理信息系统、第四纪地层与年代学、第四纪气候与环境变迁、海洋地球化学过程与环境演变、环境考古与古代人地关系研究等方面取得了丰硕成果,在一些领域发挥了创新与引领作用,解决了一系列国家建设中面临的问题,为中国地貌第四纪科学的发展做出了重要贡献。在地理学多元化发展的新形势下,北大地貌第四纪学科发展与科学研究将以地球系统科学的视角,加强地貌学与自然地理学各分支以及地球科学其他领域的交叉与融合,深化不同宏观时空尺度演化与现代过程关联的研究、以及影响地貌演化的地球系统各要素及相互作用研究,系统展开气候变化、环境演变与地貌过程的模拟研究,加强地貌第四纪理论研究和新技术新方法的发展与应用,推动中国地貌第四纪科学向更高水平发展。     

新疆地貌的基本特征

我国阿尔泰山、天山、昆仑山与准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地构成了新疆地貌的基本轮廓.新疆地质构造与气候条件复杂,地貌类型多样,主要可划分为熔岩地貌、冰川地貌、冰缘地貌、流水地貌、黄土地貌、干燥地貌、风成地貌和湖成地貌等类型,具有山系走向与深大断裂方向一致,山地与盆地高差悬殊,山地层状地貌明显,山间盆地多,沙漠面积大,各山地气候地貌垂直分带各异,地貌类型组合呈环状结构等特点.     

云南蒋家沟古泥石流特征

蒋家沟流域在小江大断裂东侧的隆起地段,这一区域构造活动强烈。自第四纪以来,受到内、外动力地质作用的共同影响,蒋家沟在河流沉积及泥石流堆积作用下形成了阶梯状台地。实地考察蒋家沟各支沟残留台地的沉积构造、新鲜坡面的古泥石流活动记录,根据泥石流堆积物的沉积特征,初步划分泥石流类型。再结合现有的泥石流容重计算方法和各泥石流台地泥石流堆积物的颗粒分析实验结果,可计算出蒋家沟不同泥石流活跃期泥石流的天然容重,还原了蒋家沟第四纪以来不同时期泥石流活动特征。最后讨论了泥石流在不同时期发生变化的原因。     

渭河盆地的地质构造与构造地貌类型

渭河盆地位于祁吕系、秦岭纬向构造体系,华夏系、陇西旋卷构造四大构造体系交汇地带,这种地质构造背景是形成盆地构造地貌的基础。按照构造-成因分类原则,对本区构造地貌划分为两级8个类型,又按新构造运动特点划分出相应的亚类。这些地貌类型分布具有东西延伸成带,南北对应,垂向成层具阶梯状的空间配置特点。渭河盆地在四大构造体系制约下,共地堑构造是决定地貌空间配置的主要原因。     

干旱—半干旱环境晚第三纪-第四纪 气候变迁的地貌和地层标志

1985年4月在美国亚利桑那州哈瓦苏湖城(Lake Havasu City)召开了彭罗斯会议(Penrose Cenference),会议就干旱区地貌和地表沉积的气候变迁效应及其敏感标志进行了广泛的讨论,认为干旱-半干旱区的地貌和沉积作用对气候变迁特别     

汾河地堑湖盆第四纪地貌—沉积特征的构造控制

野外对临汾、太原盆地第四纪中晚期所发育的湖积地貌-沉积特征调查发现,湖盆在对应于S8、S5和S1古土壤开始发育时期(时代分别为0.77Ma BP、0.55Ma BP和0.13Ma BP)曾发生了三次强烈湖退,这三次湖退都是构造原因所致的;而在L11-S8、L8-S5、L5-S1黄土古土壤堆积发育期间(时代分别对应于0.96～0.77Ma BP、0.74～0.55Ma BP和0.47～0.13Ma BP)、以及S1古土壤发育以后的时期(时代为0.07Ma BP之后)出现的却是缓慢湖侵或盆地下沉。根据这些发现并结合地球物理学前期已获得的有关盆地深部上地幔结构及活动规律,本文提出了盆地湖侵-湖退过程的构造控制模式。在上地幔强烈上拱→减弱或渐趋稳定→再次强烈上拱的构造循环中,地表湖盆会以大幅快速湖退→缓慢湖侵→再大幅快速湖退这样的表现与之对应。盆地地表的地貌-沉积发育与地下的上地幔活动应具有因果关系。     

江西永丰-崇仁盆地晚白垩世沉积体及其演化模式

华东南地区白垩纪地壳伸展作用形成一系列SW-NE向展布的陆相断陷盆地,一般由粒度较粗的红色碎屑岩地层充填。赣杭构造带西段的江西永丰-崇仁盆地晚白垩世龟峰群角度不整合覆盖于早白垩世鹅湖岭组碎斑熔岩之上,自下而上包括河口组、塘边组和莲荷组。根据野外露头剖面沉积组构特征,可以识别出冲积扇、河流和湖泊等三种沉积体系。对各沉积相沉积物组成、沉积构造、垂向相序进行了探查认为,研究区上白垩统具有粗-细-粗的粒度变化旋回特征,反映了自下而上由冲积扇、河流到河流、湖泊再到冲积扇、河流沉积体系的有序变化。结合区域构造演化资料,初步建立的盆地沉积演化模式表明,河口组和塘边组为连续沉积,代表了断陷盆地开始发育和湖盆扩大阶段,反映了控盆构造由强烈活跃期到间歇宁静期的逐渐过渡。莲荷组再次以冲积扇和辫状河相砾岩为主,其中大量来自下伏红层的砾石成分说明莲荷组沉积时期控盆构造运动加剧。江西永丰-崇仁盆地沉积体系时空上明显的变化过程,可能是赣杭构造带晚白垩世陆相断陷盆地演化主要受区域断裂控制的一个典型代表。     

第四纪洞庭盆地临澧凹陷构造-沉积特征与环境演化

临澧凹陷为第四纪洞庭盆地西部的一个次级构造单元,居于武陵隆起和太阳山隆起之间.通过地表地质调查和钻孔资料对临澧凹陷第四纪构造-沉积特征与环境演化进行了研究.凹陷呈SN向,全长约55 km,宽5～10 km.受SN向雷公庙断裂和渐水断裂控制,凹陷中央形成断槽.凹陷分为南、北两段,其间前第四纪基底上凸.在凹陷北段,中央断槽内为最厚达270 m的中更新世洞庭湖组,其主体为含砾粘土与粘土互层,顶部为粘土、含粉砂质粘土;断槽东面自西往东依次为中更新世中期白沙井组(含粉砂质)湖相粘土和更新世残坡积层;断槽西面依次为白沙井组(含粉砂质)湖相粘土和中更新世早期新开铺组砾石层,后者组成基座阶地.在凹陷南段,中央断槽内中更新世早期-中期沉积厚100 m左右,顶部为湖相粘土,往下为冲积层;断槽东面发育白沙井组冲积砂砾层;断槽西面依次发育白沙井组和新开铺组,前者自下而上分别为冲积含砾砂层和湖相粘土,后者为冲积砂砾层并组成堆积阶地.根据地貌、沉积和断裂特征,重塑临澧凹陷构造活动与环境演化过程:中更新世早期渐水由西部进入临澧凹陷区后向南汇入沅水,于凹陷南段形成冲积层;同时来自西面山地的次级水系于凹陷西缘形成砾石层.中更新世中期受两侧正断裂控制中央断槽开始形成并接受沉积,其中北段断槽形成相对封闭的湖泊,南段断槽为河流环境;与此同时,断槽西面相对抬升并遭受剥蚀,稍后南段尚形成白沙井组冲积层.中更新世中后期临澧凹陷南、北段均产生扩张并处于湖泊环境,于中央断槽和两侧边缘形成泥质沉积.中更新世晚期构造反转,临澧凹陷整体抬升、遭受剥蚀且地表粘土发生网纹化,同时具有自西向东的掀斜,造成凹陷西侧水系更为发育.晚更新世因切割和剥蚀而形成丘岗地貌,并形成改造型或坡积型的褐色铁锰裂隙土.临澧凹陷的形成受控于区域伸展断陷背景,并可能与断裂走滑拉分有关.     

广东惠州黑排角地质遗迹特征及形成演化分析

地质遗迹是地球漫长地质历史演变的产物,为了解黑排角地质遗迹特征和演化规律,分别从构造地貌、海蚀地貌、海积地貌、水体地貌、岩土体地貌等方面描述黑排角地质遗迹特征,并进行形成演化规律分析。推断区内构造地貌的主要形成过程,始于中晚侏罗世热水洞组(J2-3r)火山岩的成岩,终于第四纪外营力地质作用。     

Quaternary basin evolution and present tectonic regime in the area of the 1997–1998 Umbria–Marche seismic sequence (central Italy)

Geological and geomorphological surveys have been performed in the area affected by the 1997–1998 Umbria–Marche seismic sequence (M_max=6.0) aimed at defining the Quaternary tectonic history and the characteristics of the present tectonic regime. Data have been collected from: (1) the analysis of the remnant landsurfaces by means of aerial photos and field surveys; (2) geological surveys in the Cesi–San Martino basin and in the easternmost sector of the Colfiorito basin in order to identify deformative features affecting the Quaternary deposits; (3) the analysis of boreholes and geo-electrical data (derived from previous surveys performed in the 1960s) in order to reconstruct the top of the pre-Quaternary substratum in the Colfiorito basin. Two different successions of remnant landsurfaces have been identified along the faults bounding the basins to the east, in the hangingwall and the footwall, respectively. The difference accounts for a fault-controlled evolution of the landscape at least during the Upper Pliocene–Early Pleistocene. The deformation affecting the Quaternary deposits and landforms in the investigated basins indicates a decreasing tectonic activity along the master faults since the Middle Pleistocene. Surface deformation due to tectonics is faint and displayed by gentle warping of the landforms during the late Quaternary. As for the basin geometry, subsurface data show that two minor depressions formed in the Colfiorito Basin during the Quaternary, the oldest one close to the fault bounding the basin, while the youngest (and deepest) formed in the inner portion of the basin. Therefore, the present geometry is different from that of other fault-bounded Quaternary depressions of the central Apennines (typically half-graben basins), showing the maximum depth of the substratum in the area close to the master fault. Tectonic history may be summarised as follows: (1) origin of the Quaternary fault-bounded Colfiorito and Cesi–San Martino basins; (2) evolution of the basins with a half-graben style; (3) significant reduction of tectonic activity since the Middle Pleistocene. During the third phase, the evolution of the basins is no longer related to a half-graben style. In the case of the Colfiorito basin, a new depression is superimposed to on the previous half-graben whose evolution is related to the lowering of the inner portion of the basin through warping. Moreover, present activity does not result in fault-related surficial displacements but only in “continuous” deformation spread over the basins. These conclusions have fundamental implications for the seismotectonic framework of the 1997–1998 earthquake sequence. This deformation style is, indeed, in agreement with the coseismic deformation modelled by means of the SAR interferometry analyses carried out by other institutions during the seismic sequence, and with the lack of evident surface faulting related to the mentioned events in the investigated area. This evidence indicates that the evolution of the investigated area since the Middle Pleistocene resulted from the summation of deformative episodes similar to that which occurred during the recent seismic sequence. As a consequence, no earthquakes with magnitude larger than 6 are expected in the area.     

Discrimination of fluvial, eolian and neotectonic features in a low hilly landscape: A DEM-based morphotectonic analysis in the Central Pannonian Basin, Hungary

The Gödöllő Hills, a low-relief terrain within the Central Pannonian Basin in Hungary, is characterised by moderate tectonic deformation rates. Although typical tectonic landforms are not clearly recognisable in the study area, this paper succeeded in discriminating between tectonically controlled landforms and features shaped by fluvial erosion or deflation with no tectonic control.DEM-based morphometric parameters including elevation, slope and surface roughness, enabled the delineation of two NW–SE trending spearhead-shaped ridges separated by a wide rectilinear valley of the same strike. Although directional statistics suggested possible tectonic control of NW–SE striking landforms, precise morphometry completed with an analysis of subsurface structures rejected their tectonic preformation. Deflation plays a significant role in shaping the area, and the presence of two large-scale yardangs separated by a wind channel is proposed. In temperate-continental areas of Europe, no deflational landforms of such scale have been described so far, suggesting that Pleistocene wind power in periglacial areas was more significant than it was previously thought.Characteristic drainage patterns and longitudinal valley profiles enabled the recognition of areas probably affected by neotectonic deformation. A good agreement was observed between locations of Quaternary warping predicted by the morphometric study and subsurface structures revealed by the tectonic analysis. Zones of surface uplift and subsidence corresponded to anticlinal and synclinal hinges of fault-related folds. In low-relief and slowly-deforming areas, where exogenous forces may override tectonic deformation, only the integrated application of morphometric and subsurface-structural indications could assure correct interpretation of the origin of various landforms, while a morphometric study alone could have led to misinterpretation of some morphometric indices apparently suggesting tectonic preformation. On the other hand, the described morphological expression of subsurface structures could verify Quaternary age of the deformation.     

侯马盆地冲积扇及其流域地貌发育规律

根据从DEM数据中提取的侯马盆地冲积扇及其流域的多项地貌指标,分析了各地貌指标的空间分布规律,并通过地貌指标的空间分布曲线与山前地形高程曲线形态的对比以及地貌指标相关性分析来揭示冲积扇及其流域地貌的发育规律。结果表明,在侯马盆地相对隆起部位的冲积扇及其流域的地貌指标与在盆地凹陷部位的冲积扇及其流域的地貌指标有较大差异;流域地貌指标的空间分布受到盆地边界断层构造活动性的影响;冲积扇的发育主要受到流域规模、山前构造活动以及盆地基准面等多种因素共同的影响;流域内岩性的差异不是造成研究区域内冲积扇地貌差异的主要因素。     

Drainage basin object-based method for regional-scale landform classification: a case study of loess area in China

Landform classification is one of the most important procedures in recognizing and dividing earth surface landforms. However, topographical homogeneity and differences in regional-scale landforms are often ignored by traditional pixel- and object-based landform classification methods based on digital elevation models (DEMs). In this work, a drainage basin object-based method for classifying regional-scale landforms is proposed. Drainage basins with least critical areas are first delineated from DEMs. Then, terrain derivatives of mean elevation, mean slope, drainage density, drainage depth, and terrain texture are employed to characterize the morphology of the drainage basins. Finally, a decision tree based on the topographical characteristics of the drainage basins is constructed and employed to determine the landform classification law. The experiment is validated in the landform classification of regional-scale loess areas in China. Results show that clear boundaries exist in different landforms at the regional scale. Landform type in a specific region shows significant topographical homogeneity under its specific regional geomorphological process. Classification accuracies are 87.3 and 86.3% for the field investigation and model validation, respectively. Spatial patterns of classified landforms and their proximity to sediment sources and other factors can be regarded as indicators of the evolutionary process of loess landform formation.     

中国地貌与第四纪研究的近今进展与未来展望

近年来,在来自国民经济建设巨大需求的推动下,我国地貌与第四纪学服务于国民经济建设,取得了长足的进展.本文对近年来(主要为2006-2008年间)我国在地貌与第四纪方面所取得的主要进展进行了综述,包括构造地貌、流水地貌、风沙地貌、冰川地貌、河口与海岸地貌和第四纪环境演变方面的进展.同时,还指出了学科发展中存在的问题.文中对未来发展进行了展望,提出了推动学科发展的若干建议:(1)加强地貌学基本理论研究;(2)加强应用地貌研究,更好地为国家建设的重大需求服务;(3)加强地貌学的实验研究;(4)加强人才队伍建设.     

1：860万中国海区及邻域地貌图：板块构造地貌分类例析

本文论述了新近出版的１：８６０万《中国海区及邻域地貌图》采用的板块构造地貌分类的总体思路及分类方案。     

Morphological differentiation characteristics and classification criteria of lunar surface relief amplitude

Lunar landforms are the results of geological and geomorphic processes on the lunar surface. It is very important to identify the types of lunar landforms. Geomorphology is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of morphological landforms on planetary surfaces. Elevation and relief amplitude are the most commonly used geomorphic indices in geomorphological classification studies. Previous studies have determined the elevation classification criteria of the lunar surface. In this paper, we focus on the classification criteria of the topographic relief amplitude of the lunar surface. To estimate the optimal window for calculating the relief amplitude of the lunar surface, we use the mean change-point method based on LOLA (Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data and SLDEM2015 DEM data combining observations from LOLA and SELenological and Engineering Explorer Terrain Camera (SELENE TC). The classification criterion of the lunar surface relief amplitude is then determined according to the statistical analysis of basic lunar landforms. Taking the topographic relief amplitudes of 100 m, 200 m, 300 m, 700 m, 1500 m and 2500 m as thresholds, the lunar surface is divided into seven geomorphic types, including minor microrelief plains (< 100 m), minor microrelief platforms [100 m, 200 m), microrelief landforms [200 m, 300 m), small relief landforms [300 m, 700 m), medium relief landforms [700 m, 1500 m), large relief landforms [1500 m, 2500 m) and extremely large relief landforms (≥ 2500 m). The minor microrelief plains are mainly distributed in the maria and the basalt filled floors of craters and basins, while the minor microrelief platforms are mainly in the transition regions between the maria and highlands. The microrelief landforms are mainly located in regions with relatively high topography, such as wrinkle ridges and sinuous rilles in the mare. The small relief landforms are mainly scattered in the central peak and floor fractures of craters. The medium relief landforms are mainly distributed in the transition regions between crater floors and crater walls, between crater walls and crater rims, between basin floors and basin walls, and between basin walls and basin rims. Large and extremely large relief landforms are mainly found along crater walls and basin walls. The classification criteria determination for assessing lunar surface relief amplitude described in this paper can provide important references for the construction of digital lunar surface geomorphology classification schemes.     

月表地貌起伏形态分异特征及分级标准研究

月球地貌是月球表面发生的地质和地貌过程的结果,月球地貌单元的划分和等级分类体系的构建是月球地貌学研究的基础,也是月球地貌图制图的基础和关键科学问题。地貌学是研究形态和成因的科学,高程和起伏度是最基本的地貌指标。本文基于LOLA（Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter） DEM数据以及LOLA和SELENE TC（Terrain Camera）融合的DEM数据（SLDEM2015,文中简称SLDEM）,利用均值变点法确定月表起伏度计算的最佳窗口,并以起伏度100 m、200 m、300 m、700 m、1500 m及2500 m为阈值将月球表面分为微起伏平原（< 100 m）、微起伏台地[100 m, 200 m）、微小起伏丘陵[200 m, 300 m）、小起伏山地[300 m, 700 m）、中起伏山地[700 m, 1500 m）、大起伏山地[1500 m, 2500 m）及极大起伏山地（≥ 2500 m）地貌7个类型。划分结果显示：微起伏平原主要分布在月海平原区域、部分有玄武岩充填的撞击盆地的盆底区域以及撞击坑坑底区域;微起伏台地主要分布在月海和月陆区域的交界区域;微小起伏丘陵主要分布在月溪和皱脊等构造单元区域;小起伏山地主要分布在撞击坑中央峰及坑底断裂区域;中起伏山地主要分布在撞击坑坑底和坑壁过渡区域、撞击坑坑壁和坑缘过渡区域、撞击盆地盆底与盆壁过渡区域以及盆壁与盆缘过渡区域;大起伏和极大起伏山地主要分布在撞击坑坑壁区域及撞击盆地盆壁区域。本文确定的月表起伏度分级标准可以对月表数字地貌分类体系的构建和月球地貌图集的编研提供定量标准和重要参考。     

Geomorphological effects of plate movement during Quaternary in China'' s tropics

China'stropicsliesintheregionsouthofabout24oN,occupyinganareaofabout51.85×104km2(5.4%ofChina).InChina,thistropicalregionisquiteclosetotheeasternandwesternconvergentboundariesbetweentwoplatessothatthegeomorphologicaleffectsofplatetectonicsaremoreobviousthanthoseinnorthernChina.Thisstudywillpresentsevenexamplesofappearanceofplatemovementingeomorphology.1ThesourceoftectonicforceTheregionofChina'stropicsundergoesconvergingattackfromeasternandwestern"fronts"ofplatemovement.Thewesternfrontofther…