北京大学地貌第四纪学科的创建与发展

1952年全国高校院系调整后,新建的北京大学地质地理系开始了地貌与第四纪方面的教学和研究,标志着北大地貌第四纪学科的建立。65年来,在新构造活动与构造地貌、气候地貌与沉积、流水地貌与沉积、沉积相与比较沉积学、遥感与地理信息系统、第四纪地层与年代学、第四纪气候与环境变迁、海洋地球化学过程与环境演变、环境考古与古代人地关系研究等方面取得了丰硕成果,在一些领域发挥了创新与引领作用,解决了一系列国家建设中面临的问题,为中国地貌第四纪科学的发展做出了重要贡献。在地理学多元化发展的新形势下,北大地貌第四纪学科发展与科学研究将以地球系统科学的视角,加强地貌学与自然地理学各分支以及地球科学其他领域的交叉与融合,深化不同宏观时空尺度演化与现代过程关联的研究、以及影响地貌演化的地球系统各要素及相互作用研究,系统展开气候变化、环境演变与地貌过程的模拟研究,加强地貌第四纪理论研究和新技术新方法的发展与应用,推动中国地貌第四纪科学向更高水平发展。     

中国近40年来地貌学研究的回顾与展望

地貌学是地理学的一门主要分支学科,其研究成就与发展一直倍受人们关注。本文对中国近60年来的研究状况,尤其近40年来研究历程进行了回顾,从总结经验与发展态势出发,对地貌学科未来发展方向提出了展望。分析认为,中国地貌学科在地貌基本类型、区划以及分支学科：包括动力地貌学（包括冰川地貌、冰缘地貌、风沙地貌、黄土地貌、喀斯特地貌、河流地貌、海岸地貌等）、构造地貌学、气候地貌学、古地貌、岩石地貌学（包括丹霞地貌、花岗岩与流纹岩地貌）、其他地貌类型（包括重力地貌,人工地貌）等方面取得重大进展,地貌学已逐渐发展成为一门拥有完整学科体系的科学。通过回顾认为,应坚持地貌成因、形态相统一的原则发展传统地貌与综合地貌。加强地貌基础理论与综合地貌研究、开展地貌结构及其功能研究、构建全方位资源环境地貌信息系统、加强海岸地貌与海洋地貌研究、加强人才培养和学术团队建设,将是中国实现地貌强国目标的主要途径。     

地貌过程研究回顾与展望

地貌学是现代地理科学的一个重要分支学科。本文对中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所建所以来在地貌研究领域的主要研究成果进行了综述,包括河流地貌、黄土高原与坡地地貌、青藏高原及南极地貌与第四纪、喀斯特与旅游地貌、地貌实验与模拟、地貌制图共六个方面,对地理资源所地貌研究团队目前的研究方向进行了介绍,并就提高地理资源所地貌研究在学科发展和服务国家建设中的作用提出了建议。     

全国第一届地貌实验与模拟研讨会在无锡市召开

中国地理学会地貌与第四纪专业委员会“第一届地貌实验与模拟研讨会”,于1993年4月5-8日在江苏省无锡市召开。来自全国11个科研单位和5所大学的会议代表32人参加会议,其中青年人占有1/3以上。会议共收到论文30余篇,会前已汇编成简本文集。会上正式宣布成立“地貌实验与模拟组”。 这次研讨会的召开和地貌实验与模拟组的成立,是中国老、中、青几代地貌科研工作者二、三十年来,地貌实验与模拟研究成果的一次大检阅,也是我国地貌学研究发展过程中的里程碑。标志着实验地貌学在我国已发展到一个新阶段。说明了我国的地貌学研究,从宏观向微观、从定性向定量方面得到了新的发展。     

试论地貌学的新进展和趋势

地貌变化有内在的规律,对环境保育、资源利用和自然灾害防治有重要影响。作为交叉学科和地理学的重要分支学科,地貌学具有重要理论价值和实际意义。过去10多年来,随着遥感、地理信息技术和沉积物定年、地球物理和地球化学探测以及数值模拟等新技术和新方法的应用,地貌学家的研究视野和深度不断扩大与加深,在构造地貌、气候地貌和人类活动与地貌过程等传统领域有很多新进展,揭示了不同地貌单元的变化规律和机理,极大地推动了地貌学的发展。在新时代,除了继续加强传统地貌单元的深入研究外,地貌学的发展应与全球环境变化和未来地球等重大科学问题(计划)紧密结合;地貌学家要关心人类活动对地貌过程的影响及适应,并利用新技术开展地貌过程的定量重建和数值模拟。同时加强地理学专业学生的地质学基础学习、发展定量地貌学和行星地貌学、系统开展人类活动对地貌过程的影响和适应研究,是提升中国地貌学水平的途径,也可为推动国际地貌学发展做出贡献。     

人工地貌学学科体系框架构建初探

工业革命以来人类活动对地表利用改造的加剧,使得人工地貌研究逐渐受到科学界的重视。加强人工地貌学学科体系研究,服务社会经济建设实践亟需提上议事日程。在分析人工地貌学学科框架构建基点基础上,就人工地貌学的研究对象、任务与内容、研究方法与手段、内涵（学科属性）及外延（分支学科、学科关联）等方面探讨了人工地貌学学科体系框架构建问题,并指出人工地貌学是传统地貌学在社会经济建设过程中逐渐形成的多学科交叉综合的应用性地貌学科,如何从理论、技术及应用等层面进一步完善学科体系构建及探讨发展趋势是未来研究的重点。     

人工地貌学研究进展

随着人类改造自然能力的不断提高,人类活动已成为现代地貌过程的第三造貌力,人工地貌是人类造貌营力在自然地理背景下与自然营力协同作用塑造的具有人文特征的地貌体。文章从人工地貌学的提出、人工地貌营力与地貌分类、人工地貌变迁、人工地貌演化的影响机制、人工地貌的地图表达、人工地貌的环境影响等方面综述了人工地貌学的主要研究进展。并展望了人工地貌学的未来发展方向,指出未来人工地貌学的研究需加强人工地貌学学科体系建设、人工地貌的物质构成与形态特征、人工地貌空间扩张过程及其发育规律、人工地貌的区域差异及累积地貌环境效应、人工地貌环境管理及国际比较等研究。     

《城市地貌学》评介

喜读刁承泰所著《城市地貌学》(西南师范大学出版社,1999.6)一书,甚感欣慰。它为地貌学增添了一本新的学术专著,为城市发展建设中改造利用地貌条件与治理地貌灾害提供了地貌学的研究成果,也是十多年来我国开展城市地貌研究的总结。     

国际地貌调查与制图组织及其学术动态

地貌调查与制图已成为许多国家地貌研究的主要方法,它不仅涉及地貌学本身的发展,而且促进地貌学的实际应用。国际地理学会(IGU—下同)自1960年成立有关组织以来,已进行了积极的活动,并已取得可喜的成果。组织简介为推动各国地貌调查与制图的发展,IGU 在第19届(1960)会议上,正式在应用地貌委员会之下,建立地貌制图分会。分会由波兰 D.M.克利马舍夫斯基任主席,其成员来自波兰、法国、瑞士、苏联、捷克、加拿大、比利时、德意志民主共和国、英国、匈牙利、罗马尼亚和美国。1969年分会又晋升为 IGU 的直属委员会,并取名     

沈玉昌与中国现代地貌学

沈玉昌教授是我国着名的地理学家和杰出的地貌学家。在60年的地理科学工作中,他对我国现代地貌学发展做出了卓越的贡献。从河流地貌、地貌区划与地貌制图、应用地貌等方面进行了综述。     

中国风沙地貌学研究的新进展——庆贺黄秉维教授80华诞

本文从历史回顾及新的进展二个大的方面,比较全面地总结了风沙地貌所取得的成绩以庆贺黄秉维教授80华诞。     

Research and perspectives on geomorphology in China: Four decades in retrospect

Geomorphology is one of the main subdisciplines of geography. The research achievements and prospects in geomorphology have received considerable attention for a long time. In this paper, a general retrospect of geomorphologic research in China over the past 60 years was firstly addressed, especially the research progress during the last 40 years. Based on a summary of experience and a tendency of development, perspectives of geomorphologic research direction in the future were provided. It is concluded that the discipline of geomorphology has made great progress in the aspects of geomorphologic types, regionalization, as well as their subdisciplines such as dynamic geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology, climatic geomorphology, lithological geomorphology, palaeogeomorphology. We believe that persisting in the unity principle between morphological and genetic types would be conductive for the development of traditional landforms and integrated landforms. In addition, five perspectives aim to enhance China’s geomorphologicl research capacity were proposed. They are: (1) strengthening the research of basic geomorphologic theory and the research of integrated geomorphology to expand the research space; (2) focusing more on the research of geomorphologic structure and geomorphologic function to improve the application ability of geomorphology; (3) constructing a comprehensive resource, environmental, and geomorphologic information system and building a sharing platform to upgrade the intelligent information industry of geomorphology; (4) putting more efforts on the research of coastal geomorphology and marine geomorphology to assist the transformation of China from a maritime country to an ocean power; and (5) cultivating talents and constructing research teams to maintain a sustainable development of China’s geomorphologic research.     

山东中低山丘陵古冰川遗迹质疑

近年来,有关山东中低山丘陵“古冰川遗迹”时有报道,使中国东部第四纪冰川问题在某种意义上再起纷争。为作澄清,通过实地考察对业已报道的“古冰川遗迹”进行质疑,指出其列举的“冰碛垄”“古冰斗”“擦痕”“颤痕”等不符合冰川地貌证据的专有属性和判别标准,冰期划分和雪线重建不符合科学发现与科学事实确证所需的充分条件,即不满足“将古论今”、地貌组合三要素系统配套、成因-环境一致性的判别原则和方法。因此认为,山东中低山丘陵不存在第四纪冰川遗迹。部分学者提出“低海拔型古冰川”的论断,是基于例外主义的泛冰川论,必然会引致“雪球地球”事件进而颠覆第四纪为灵生纪的科学基础。     

Trends in Year-To-Year Fluctuations in Surface Air Temperature,Canadian Arctic

The northwest portion of the Tekonsha Moraine has traditionally been considered to be a product of, and composed of sediments from, the Lake Michigan Lobe. A recent study has also correlated till from the moraine with an exposure (Ganges till) along the shore of Lake Michigan. The results of this paper contradict those interpretations. Multiple lines of evidence—till fabrics, 7-Å/10-Å peak height ratios of clay minerals, indicator stones, morphology, and elevation relationships—indicate a Saginaw Lobe origin for the till and glaciofluvial sediments. Moreover, aerial photographs reveal the presence of ice-stagnation topography. The moraine is herein reinterpreted as a hummocky and pitted (collapsed) outwash plain/kame moraine. Given that this feature has long been considered a moraine, similar landforms in Michigan and elsewhere may be more common than heretofore recognized. [Key words: glacial geomorphology, Michigan, Quaternary, Tekonsha Moraine.]     

A review on anthropogenic geomorphology

With the continuous development of man’s ability to reshape nature, human activities have become the third geomorphologic agent in the modern geomorphological process. Man-made landform is a landform unit characterized by human activities and is a result of synergizing human and nature geomorphologic agents under the physical geographical background. This article provides an overview on the major progresses in research on anthropogenic geomorphology from aspects like the origin of anthropogenic geomorphology, man-made landform agents and classification, man-made landform evolution and its influencing mechanism, map presentation of man-made landform, and environmental impact of man-made landforms. In addition, in the article, the future development of anthropogenic geomorphology is forecasted. It is pointed out that future studies on anthropogenic geomorphology should pay more attention to the following directions: construction of discipline system of anthropogenic geomorphology, material composition and morphological features of man-made landforms, spatial expansion process and development laws of man-made landforms, regional disparity and accumulative environmental effects of man-made landforms, and environmental management on man-made landforms and comparative analyses of relevant international management policies.     

Degradation of unconsolidated Quaternary landforms in the western North America

One of the major goals of geomorphology is to understand the rate of landscape evolution and the constraints that erosion sets on the longevity of land surfaces. The latter has also turned out to be vital in modern applications of cosmogenic exposure dating and interpretation of lichenometric data from unconsolidated landforms. Because the effects of landform degradation have not been well documented, disagreements exist among researchers regarding the importance of degradation processes in the dating techniques applied to exposures. Here, we show that all existing qualitative data and quantitative markers of landform degradation collectively suggest considerable lowering of the surface of unconsolidated landforms over the typical life span of Quaternary moraines or fault scarps. Degradation is ubiquitous and considerable even on short time scales of hundreds of years on steeply sloping landforms. These conservative analyses are based entirely on field observations of decreasing slope angles of landforms over the typical range of ages in western North America and widely accepted modeling of landscape degradation. We found that the maximum depth of erosion on fault scarps and moraines is on average 34% of the initial height of the scarp and 25% of the final height of the moraine. Although our observations are limited to fault scarps and moraines, the results apply to any sloping unconsolidated landform in the western North America. These results invalidate the prevailing assumption of no or little surface lowering on sloping unconsolidated landforms over the Quaternary Period and affirm that accurate interpretations of lichen ages and cosmogenically dated boulder ages require keen understanding of the ever-present erosion. In our view, the most important results are twofold: 1) to show with a large data set that degradation affects universally all sloping unconsolidated landforms, and 2) to unambiguously show that even conservative estimates of the total lowering of the surface operate at time and depth scales that significantly interfere with cosmogenic exposure and lichen dating.     

深圳市断裂构造的活动性及其对地质环境的影响

从地质、地貌、地球化学、地壳形变、地震活动等多学科研究分析深圳市断裂第四纪以来的活动，指出晚更新世以前北东向与北西向两组断裂有多期活动，并以后者切截，错移前者为特征。但晚更新世以来至今活动已明显减弱，现今活动微弱。断裂活动对该地区地壳稳定性及其他地质地貌环境没有构成较严重的自然灾害隐患。     

西樵山地质公园旅游景观形成、分类及其综合评价

西樵山是广东的名山、国家级风景名胜区,最近被批准建设国家地质公园.西樵山位于华夏板块新生代北东向伸展盆地--三水盆地的西南端,是新生代盆地内粗面质火山,火山机构保存完整.经后期的构造切割和各种侵蚀风化作用,西樵山火山形成了诸多俊秀的山峰,幽深的峡谷、瀑布.西樵山古石器制造场是省级重点文物保护单位,反映了悠久的历史文化,被考古学家誉为"珠江文明的灯塔".总体判断,遗迹具有极高的科考价值,西樵山地质旅游景观具有优美的观赏价值,可以建成具有重要影响力的珠江三角洲地区国家地质公园.