光合细菌对养殖水质及凡纳滨对虾抗病力的影响

在凡纳滨对虾养殖环境中人工引入不同浓度的光合细菌,监测氨氮、亚硝酸氮、化学需氧量的变化,15d后测定凡纳滨对虾的AKP、POD、PO、SOD、抗菌、溶菌活力,以及不同光合细菌浓度下凡纳滨对虾的成活率与体重增长率,研究光合细菌对水质和凡纳滨对虾抗病力的影响。结果表明,引入光合细菌可显著降低水体化学需氧量、氨氮含量,并抑制亚硝酸盐氮的产生,提高凡纳滨对虾的抗病力。当光合细菌投放浓度为3×103/mL时,水体中化学需氧量、氨态氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量的均值分别比对照组降低31.59%、43.42%、52.20%,差异显著(P<0.05);对虾的AKP、POD、PO、SOD、抗菌、溶菌活力分别比照组提高31.92%、72.29%、55.56%、31.61%、39.07%、69.51%,差异显著(P<0.05);成活率,体重增长率分别比对照组提高18.67%、34.03%,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

牟氏角毛藻对对虾育苗水质及抗逆性的影响

在凡纳滨对虾((Litopenaeus vannamei)育苗水体中引入不同浓度的牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri),检测主要水质因子,测定凡纳滨对虾对主要环境因子抗逆性,研究微藻对水质和凡纳滨对虾抗逆性的影响。结果表明,不同浓度牟氏角毛藻可明显改善对虾育苗水体的水质,提高幼虾的抗逆性(P<0.05)。牟氏角毛藻浓度为0.6×108～1×108/L时,实验组氨氮含量比对照组降低37.29%～46.32%,亚硝酸氮含量降低48.65%～62.70%,化学耗氧量(COD)值降低9.99%～12.19%;实验组育苗成活率达78.7%～84.0%,对照组育苗成活率46.0%;在氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硫化氢、甲醛抗逆性实验中,实验组幼虾成活率分别为75%～80%、75%、75%～85%、65%～70%,均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

大亚湾网箱养殖区异养细菌和弧菌的数量动态

研究了大亚湾网箱养殖水体中细菌的数量动态,以探讨其变化规律与鱼病的关系。结果表明:总细菌、弧菌的数量变化各异,网箱内、网箱外和对照海区细菌数量分布与变化不同。养殖区异养细菌丰值期在4-5月份,5月份最高;网箱水体弧菌的丰值期在6-11月,最高在8月;网箱外丰值期在7-9月,最高在8月,对照海区最高值在9月,其他时间变化不大。无论是异养菌还是弧菌,细菌值大小顺序为网箱内、网箱外、对照海区。弧菌数量与部分环境因子相关性较为密切,但相关程度随不同空间而不同,可能受其他环境条件影响。弧菌的高值期与弧菌病的流行期相吻合,鱼体受伤或其他原因引起细菌感染也会使水体中细菌数量升高。     

生物滤料对翘嘴红鲌生长、水质及细菌变化的影响

在实验池投放一定数量的生物刷和生物球等生物滤料,研究其对翘嘴红鲌生长、池塘水质及细菌变化等的影响。结果表明:与对照池相比,实验池翘嘴红鲌生长有增加趋势,对池塘水温、pH、DO、TP、H2S等指标无显著影响(P>0.05),但是在30 d时水体COD显著降低(P<0.05);在90 d时NH4-N显著降低(P<0.05);在60 d和90 d时NO2-N显著降低(P<0.05);与对照池相比,在30 d时实验池水样与生物球中异养菌的数量显著增加(P<0.05);在30、60 d时,实验池生物刷中异养菌的数量显著增加(P<0.05);在90 d时实验池水样、生物球、生物刷氨化细菌、反硝化细菌的数量显著增加(P<0.05);实验池水样、生物球分别在30、90 d时弧菌数量显著降低(P<0.05)。表明生物滤料可增加池塘的异养菌、氨化细菌、反硝化细菌数量,降低水体弧菌数量,一定程度上改善养殖水体,促进鱼体生长。     

大亚湾网箱养殖区异养细菌和弧菌的数量动态

研究了大亚湾网箱养殖水体中细菌的数量动态，以探讨其变化规律与鱼病的关系。结果表明：总细菌、弧菌的数量变化各异，网箱内、网箱外和对照海区细菌数量分布与变化不同。养殖区异养细菌丰值期在4-5月份，5月份最高；网箱水体弧菌的丰值期在6-11月，最高在8月；网箱外丰值期在7-9月，最高在8月，对照海区最高值在9月．其他时间变化不大。无论是异养菌还是弧菌，细菌值大小顺序为网箱内、网箱外、对照海区。弧菌数量与部分环境因子相关性较为密切，但相关程度随不同空间而不同，可能受其他环境条件影响。弧菌的高值期与弧菌病的流行期相吻合，鱼体受伤或其他原因引起细菌感染也会使水体中细菌数量升高。     

不同养殖模式虾池弧菌对抗菌药物的耐药性与虾池水质评价

研究了湛江东海岛3种不同养殖模式虾池弧菌对抗菌药物的耐药性,并对虾池水域环境的水温、盐度、DO、pH、叶绿素a、DOC、无机氮、无机磷、硅酸盐、细菌总数和弧菌数量变化进行了监测和评价。结果表明,调查的三个虾池的弧菌对万古霉素产生耐药性,高位新池和传统精养池的弧菌对利福平产生耐药性,对其他抗菌药尚未形成耐性,3个虾池的弧菌对恩诺沙星和氯霉素高度敏感,传统精养池和天然虾池的弧菌对复方新诺明、庆大霉素、TMP和环丙沙星高度敏感;在水平差异上,高位新池的弧菌比传统精养池和天然虾池对12种抗菌药更具耐药性,同时多重耐药菌株在高位新池中出现,可能与虾苗来源和配合饲料中添加了抗菌药物有关。水质监测结果表明,养殖过程中,虾池水域环境逐渐富营养化,无机氮和Chla超过富营养化阈值,细菌总数增加;两个精养池的水体富营养化程度高于天然虾池;调查期间的弧菌数量在对虾发病的感染剂量阈值范围之内,尚无弧菌病害发生的潜在危险。     

利用有益微生物改善养殖生态环境的研究

研究了噬菌蛭弧菌在实验室条件下对水产养殖中常见病菌的裂解能力及噬菌蛭弧菌和光合细菌对池塘生态环境的改善作用。结果表明 ,噬菌蛭菌对嗜水气单胞菌具有裂解作用 ,噬菌蛭弧菌和光合细菌结合使用对养殖环境具有明显的改善作用。 2 5d后实验组比对照组池塘中的细菌总数少 2个数量级 ,70d后实验组比对照组池塘中的细菌总数少 3个数量级 ;2 5d后对照组COD为 6 35mg L ,使用噬菌蛭弧菌浓度为 3、5、1 0mL m3 及光合细菌皆为 5mL m3 实验组的COD分别为 4 6 7、4 1 6、4 1 8mg L ;2 5d后对照组NH3 N为 0 4 9mg L ,使用噬菌蛭弧菌浓度为 3、5、1 0mL m3 及光合细菌皆为 5mL m3 实验组的NH3 N分别为 0 36、0 33、0 32mg L ,90d后对照组NH3 N为 0 4 1mg L ,使用噬菌蛭弧菌浓度为 3、5、1 0mL m3 及光合细菌皆为 5mL m3 实验组的NH3 N分别为 0 2 7、0 2 2、0 2 1mg L ;5 5d后对照组硫化物为0 0 1 1mg L ,使用噬菌蛭弧菌浓度为 3、5、1 0mL m3 及光合细菌皆为 5mL m3 实验组的硫化物分别为0 0 1 0、0 0 0 8、0 0 0 8mg L。     

利用有益微生物改善养殖生态环境的研究

研究了噬菌蛭弧菌在实验室条件下对水产养殖中常见病菌的裂解能力及噬蛭弧菌的光合细菌对池塘生态环境的改善作用。结果表明，噬菌蛭菌对嗜水气单胞菌具有裂解作用，噬菌蛭弧菌和光合细菌结合使用对养殖环境具有明显的改善作用。25d实验组比对照组池塘中的细菌总数少2个数量级，70d后实验组比对照组池塘中的细菌总数少3个数量级，25d对照组COD为6．35mg/L，使用噬菌蛭 菌浓度为3，5，10mL/m^3及光合细菌皆为5mL/m^3实验组的COD分别为4．67，4．16，4．18mg/L；25d后对照组NH3－N为0．49mg/L，使用噬菌蛭弧菌浓度为3，5,10mL.m^3及光合细菌皆为5mL/m^3实验组的NH3－N分别为0．36，0．33，0．32mg/L，90d后对照组NH3－N为0．41mg/L，使用噬菌蛭弧菌浓度为3，5，10mL/m^3，及光合细菌皆为5mL/m^3实验组的NH3－N分别为0．27，0．22，0．21mg/L,55d后对照组硫化的为0．011mg/L，使用噬菌蛭弧菌浓度为3，5，10mL/m^3及光合细菌皆为5mL/m^3实验组的硫化物分别为0．010，0．008，0．008mg/L。     

湛江港南三岛近岸海区异养细菌数量变动与潮汐周期关系研究

研究了南三岛近岸海区异养细菌数量变动与潮汐周期的关系。结果表明：在２４ｈ内异养细菌的数量随着潮位的上升而减少或随着潮位的下降而增加，高平潮时数量最低，低平潮时数量最高。比较一个月内各个高平潮异养细菌的数量，发现异养菌数量在小潮期向大潮期转变的过程中达到顶峰，并在大潮期急剧下降至最低值，接着从大潮期至小潮期，异养细菌数量缓慢回升，直至小潮期后才快速地上升。在水平分布中，异养细菌的数量在潮间带最大，其次是离低潮线１００ｍ的海区，离低潮线３００ｍ的海区最小。在垂直分布中．异养细菌数量以表层水最高，中层水次之，底层水最低。     

副溶血弧菌噬菌体微胶囊的制备及在饵料中的应用

采用复相乳液法,以乙基纤维素为包囊材料,明胶溶液为保护液制取微胶囊,对副溶血弧菌噬菌体(Vibrio parahaemolyticus phage)进行固定化,制备噬菌体微胶囊。结果显示,乙基纤维素质量浓度为30 g/L,明胶质量浓度为20 g/L,搅拌速度为600 r/min,时间30 min,副溶血弧菌噬菌体悬液与乙基纤维素溶液的体积比为1∶3时,所得微胶囊有较好的噬菌体缓释性能,综合评价指数最高。对方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)饲以混有噬菌体微胶囊的饵料,当饵料中噬菌体微胶囊质量分数为1.0 g/kg时,与对照组比较,东风螺肠道宿主菌平均减少96%,水体中宿主菌减少72%,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);以黏附剂按1.5 g/kg的剂量将噬菌体微胶囊黏附于对虾饵料,并投喂凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei),对虾肠道的宿主菌比对照组平均减少86%,水体中宿主菌比对照组减少68%,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。微胶囊可有效控制宿主弧菌的在养殖体系的浓度,减少养殖动物弧菌病的产生。     

溶藻弧菌疫苗对凡纳滨对虾免疫功能的影响

应用溶藻弧菌疫苗饲喂凡纳滨对虾,测定了弧菌疫苗对凡纳滨对虾免疫指标的影响以及 疫苗的免疫保护作用。结果发现,投喂弧菌疫苗后,溶菌活力在12～20d内迅速增强,在20d时 活力达到最高,VF1组高于VF2和VF3组,但VF2和VF3之间差异不显著;凝集效价在投喂后的 第8天开始升高,在14d时达到最高,实验组的凝集活力均高于对照组,但实验组之间无明显的差 异;而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和溶血活力变化不明显。以每克饲料含疫苗细胞1.0×109、 1.0×108和1.0×107个的浓度投喂,对凡纳滨对虾的免疫保护率分别为66.7%、46.7%和13.3%。 可见弧菌疫苗对凡纳滨对虾的免疫保护率随疫苗浓度的增大而升高。     

Distribution of Bacteria Injected in Body of Giant Black Shrimp, Penaeus Monodon

1　INTRODUCTIONThepenaeidshrimpcultureindustriesintheworlddevelopedfromtheirexperimentalbeginningslessthanthirtyyearsagointoamajoraquaculturein dustrytodaythatprovideshundredsofthousandsofjobs,billionsofU .S.dollarsinrevenue,andaug mentstheglobalfoodsupplywithahighvaluecrop(LighterandRedmam ,1 998) .Upto 1 995,farmedshrimpatvolumeof71 2 0 0 0MT ,almostallconsistingofPenaeidspecies,accountedfor 2 7%ofworldshrimpproduction.Inthatyear,asoneofthemostimportantculturedshrimp,theproductionofP…     

Regulation of water quality and growth characteristics of indoor raceway culture of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis>

Two modes of regulating the water quality of experimental ponds in indoor raceway culture of Litopenaeus vannamei were evaluated using simple water treatment facilities. A self-made water purifying net, aeration stone, composite microbe preparation, and Ceratophyllum demersum were placed in the experimental ponds and the culture water was circulated along the raceway inside the pond using a paddle wheel aerator. In addition, the water quality in the experimental pond was improved by draining effluent from the pipeline at the bottom of ponds 7 and 8 (mode I) and exchanging the circulating water in pond 10 (mode II) with the reservoir water in pond 9 using a pump and pipeline. The water quality in the experimental ponds was similar in response to regulation using mode I or mode II. Water quality parameters in the experimental ponds were controlled within a suitable range by simple facilities during culture period without using any chemical treatments. The rich content of dissolved oxygen was maintained by the circular flow and continuous aeration of the pond water. The respective average values of the main water parameters in experimental ponds 7 and 10 in response to regulation of the water quality using modes I and II were as follows: pH 8.17 and 7.99; DO 5.16 mg/L and 5.97 mg/L; COD_Mn 18.45 and 12.61 mg/L; TAN (NH₃-N) 0.854 mg/L (0.087 mg/L) and 0.427 mg/L (0.012 mg/L); NO₂-N 0.489 mg/L and 0.337 mg/L. Moreover, the average body length and body weight of harvested shrimp of pond 7 and pond 10 were 7.56 cm and 8.99 cm, 5.10 g and 8.33 g, respectively. Furthermore, the survival rate, average biomass yield and average condition factor of the shrimp harvested were 70% and 60%, 2.54 kg/m² and 2.14 kg/m², and 0.675 g/cm and 0.927 g/cm, respectively. Linear equations describing the relationship between body length and culture time and cubic or power functions describing the relationship between body weight and body length were obtained based on evaluation of the growth data of shrimps throughout the culture period.     

硝化细菌对罗非鱼苗培育环境及抗病力的影响

于罗非鱼鱼苗培育水体中引入不同浓度的硝化细菌,检测主要水质因子,测定罗非鱼与抗病力有关的酶的活力,研究微生态调控对水质和对罗非鱼抗病力的影响。结果显示,硝化细菌浓度为100/L时,氨氮含量相对于对照组降低25.05%,亚硝酸氮含量降低45.16%,COD值降低12.33%,差异显著(P<0.05);鱼苗培育成活率相对于对照组高7.58%,体长增加22.18%,体重增加46.15%;幼鱼的抗菌酶、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力相对于对照组分别提高18.60%、59.19%和49.89%,差异显著(P<0.05),组织过氧化物酶(POD)活力差异不显著。表明不同浓度的硝化细菌可显著改善罗非鱼苗培育环境的水质,增强罗非鱼苗的抗病力。     

Distribution of Bacteria Injected in Body of Giant Black Shrimp,Penaeus Monodon

Distribution of injected Vibrio anguillarum in body of P,,naeus monodon was studied with immunohistochemical method. Bacteria could be detected throughout the experiment in some individuals; however in lymphoid tissue, gill, heart and haemolymph of all vibrio injected shrimp, the bacteria could be observed only 5 min after injection. The bacteria density in haemolymph, haemolymph of the hepatopancreas and gills decreased with time. In the lymphoid organ and heart, the bacteria density was the highest 48 h after injection, then decreased. Nodules could be formed in the heart, lymphoid organ and injection site.     

节水型斑节对虾养殖池环境质量监测与评价

用质量指数法评价节水型斑节对虾养殖池的环境质量.将对照池海水平均质量指数与微生物调控的试验池比较,硫化物、DO、磷酸盐、COD分别高71%、43%、24%、8.3%,但非离子氨、无机氮分别低229%、122%.综合来看,试验池的水质优于对照池,对照池水质有轻微污染,污染因子是磷酸盐、COD、BOD;底质环境未受有机物和硫化物的污染,对照池有机物含量高于试验池,对照池硫化物含量低于试验池.     

Impact of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) co-infection on survival of penaeid shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

White spot syndrome virus(WSSV) is an important viral pathogen that infects farmed penaeid shrimp, and the threat of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection to shrimp farming has become increasingly severe. Viral and bacterial cross or superimposed infections may induce higher shrimp mortality. We used a feeding method to infect L itopenaeus vannamei with WSSV and then injected a low dose of V. parahaemolyticus(WSSV+Vp), or we fi rst infected L. vannamei with a low-dose injection of V. parahaemolyticus and then fed the shrimp WSSV to achieve viral infection(Vp+WSSV). The effect of V. parahaemolyticus and WSSV co-infection on survival of L. vannamei was evaluated by comparing cumulative mortality rates between experimental and control groups. We also spread L. vannamei hemolymph on thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose agar plates to determine the number of V ibrio, and the WSSV copy number in L. vannamei gills was determined using an absolute quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR) method. L v My D88 and Lvakt gene expression levels were detected in gills of L. vannamei by real-time PCR to determine the cause of the different mortality rates. Our results show that(1) the cumulative mortality rate of L. vannamei in the WSSV+Vp group reached 100% on day 10 after WSSV infection, whereas the cumulative mortality rate of L. vannamei in the Vp+WSSV group and the WSSV-alone control group approached 100% on days 11 and 13 of infection;(2) the number of Vibrio in the L. vannamei group infected with V. parahaemolyticus alone declined gradually, whereas the other groups showed signifi cant increases in the numbers of Vibrio( P 0.05);(3) the WSSV copy numbers in the gills of the WSSV+Vp, Vp+WSSV, and the WSSV-alone groups increased from 10 5 to 10 7 /mg tissue 72, 96, and 144 h after infection, respectively. These results suggest that V. parahaemolyticus infection accelerated proliferation of WSSV in L. vannamei and vice versa. The combined accelerated proliferation of both V. parahaemolyticus and WSSV led to massive death of L. vannamei.