1m红外太阳望远镜光电导行系统中像场旋转的分析

云南天文台1m红外太阳望远镜(YNST)光电导行系统是基于检测太阳像在面阵CMOS图像传感器上的偏移量作为反馈控制信号的高精度闭环跟踪系统[1]。由于YNST是一个地平式装置,在太阳像偏移检测量中存在着像场旋转量,为了获取稳定清晰的太阳像,必须对检测量进行消旋[2]才能达到光电导行系统的跟踪要求。根据球面天文学及天体测量学的知识并结合导行镜的光学系统,推导了光电导行系统中像场旋转的变化规律并对其进行模拟分析。     

云台红外太阳望远镜中光电导行系统的像场旋转

红外太阳望远镜中的光电导行系统是高精度的反馈跟踪系统。在开环控制下,难以实现太阳望远镜的跟踪指标,所以必须使用光电导行作为目标位置反馈系统。但是在地平式系统跟踪过程中,光电导行望远镜中的像场会旋转,如果不进行消旋,光电导行系统就不能工作,这就需要解决光电导行系统中的像场旋转。本文在理论上分析了红外望远镜中光电导行系统的像场旋转,并给出了像在CCD面上的运动变化公式。     

云台红外太阳望远镜中光电导行系统的像场旋转

红外太阳望远镜中的光电导行系统是高精度的反馈跟踪系统。在开环控制下，难以实现太阳望远镜的跟踪指标，所以必须使用光电导行作为目标位置反馈系统。但是在地平式系统跟踪过程中，光电导行望远镜中的像场会旋转，如果不进行消旋，光电导行系统就不能工作，这就需要解决光电导行系统中的像场旋转。本文在理论上分析了红外望远镜中光电导行系统的像场旋转，并给出了像在CCD面上的运动变化公式。     

1米太阳望远镜光轴变化实测

针对1 m太阳望远镜导星镜光轴与望远镜光轴在跟踪过程中的相对变化对光电导行系统的影响,从数值模拟和实测两方面进行了深入分析.首先介绍1 m太阳望远镜及其光电导行系统的基本结构,并建立主镜镜筒的基本有限元模型,分析弯沉随镜筒指向高度的变化规律,模拟有弯沉存在时引入的跟踪误差及变化规律.然后根据该望远镜的系统结构,提出了望远镜光轴相对于导星镜光轴变化的实测方法.最后通过实测数据获得了望远镜光轴相对于导星镜光轴变化随镜筒指向高度的变化规律.     

NVST的长期跟踪误差分析及改正

由于1 m太阳望远镜主体、光电导行及终端仪器消旋平台等的结构特点,即使光电导行系统闭环后,望远镜长时间跟踪精度仍然较低。为了解决这一问题,首先根据望远镜的结构特点分析了跟踪误差随时间变化的原因,然后通过理论和实测分析了误差的变化特点,研究了如何通过相关算法检测望远镜折轴焦点F_3焦面的高分辨率成像观测系统中的图像移动量,并平滑高频分量,分离出低频分量以反馈给望远镜定位跟踪系统,进一步提高望远镜的长时间跟踪精度。最后进行了高分辨率成像观测系统中TiO通道闭环跟踪实验,实验表明,在4小时的闭环跟踪时间内,跟踪误差的均方根值为0.52″,表明通过折轴焦点F_3成像观测系统中的图像移动量对望远镜实行闭环跟踪能够提高望远镜的长时间跟踪精度。     

YNST光电导行镜机械设计

YNST(云南1m太阳望远镜)光电导行系统的作用除了获取足够清晰的太阳像用作光电导行外,还参与望远镜光轴的校正.介绍了YNST光电导行镜的光学要求、机械设计结果及镜体设计所采用的被动无热化技术.校核了导行镜在阳光辐照下的热变形,计算了导行镜镜筒的最大弯沉,结果表明,所采用的无热化设计是有效的,导行镜刚度满足导行系统要求...     

全日面太阳光学和磁场望远镜的自动跟踪与导行方法

介绍全日面太阳光学和磁场望远镜的自动跟踪与导行方法。本系统采用光栅钢带码盘作位置检测元件,实时计算太阳站心位置,构成高精度的位置环跟踪系统,并用视频CCD和胡氏导行光路进行太阳导行,提高了系统的长时间跟踪精度。最后经实测,分析得出该跟踪导行系统完全达到预期指标。     

全日面磁场与活动监测望远镜轴系升级

在天文观测中,需要望远镜能快速、准确地指向目标天体,并进行稳定跟踪。针对怀柔太阳观测基地(Huairou Solar Observing Station, HSOS)的全日面磁场与活动监测望远镜(The Solar Magnetism and Activity Telescope, SMAT)进行轴系升级,使用伺服电机轴上23位高精度绝对式编码器替代光栅钢带码盘,通过VSOP87行星理论实时计算日面中心位置,使用基于大面阵CCD的高精度导行系统不间断跟踪并记录太阳位置,利用最小二乘法分段拟合太阳实时位置与绝对式编码器数值,建立指向算法并实现日面中心指向。经实测,赤经方向的指向误差约为36.69″,赤纬方向的指向误差约为21.49″,满足全日面太阳磁场望远镜的指向要求,该方法成本低,兼容性高,对于其他赤道式望远镜的升级改造具有借鉴意义。     

NVST偏振观测系统的运动控制实现

中国科学院云南天文台1 m新真空太阳望远镜(New Vacuum Solar Telescope,NVST)是我国在太阳物理和空间科学对太阳进行光学和近红外观测的主力设备,主要科学目标是高精度、高时空分辨率的太阳磁场测量。1 m新真空太阳望远镜采用机械扫描偏振观测方式,由于光学系统的结构特性导致望远镜在跟踪太阳的过程中不可避免地引入了随时间变化的偏振效应,因此在进行偏振观测时需要进行系统定标,整个系统由定标单元、分析单元和探测器组成,其间涉及的多个运动部件均有复杂精密的运动要求。针对偏振定标过程和偏振观测过程中各光学器件的运动需求,给出了定标单元和分析单元的控制要求,实现了不同观测模式下各部件的运动要求。基于TCP/IP协议的远程控制方案,集成了采用串口通讯的各商用驱动控制器,开发了一套在.NET架构下的定标单元控制软件和相应的用户界面,并预留了观测控制系统接口。性能测试表明,系统符合观测要求,现已投入使用,为后续的偏振观测奠定了基础。     

NVST多通道成像观测系统的数据同步采集

为了在1 m红外太阳望远镜多通道高分辨率成像观测系统中实现多个波段太阳图像的同步高分辨率统计重建,需要1 m太阳望远镜多个观测通道图像采集系统同步。研究了如何采用CCD相机外触发工作模式、计算机PCI总线硬件中断技术和全球定位系统时间相结合实现1 m太阳望远镜多个观测通道图像的同步采集,并在现有的Hα和Ti O两个成像观测通道上搭建实验平台。通过一系列的波形时序测试,数据记录和分析等实验证明本文所采用的这一数据同步采集技术能满足1 m太阳望远镜多个观测通道图像的同步采集要求。     

Harmony of the Local System

An analytical representation and observational verification of a new harmonic scheme for the local system are presented. In it massive shell structures (spurs) play a dominant role, in combination with belts of stars, gas and dust. The geometry of the triaxial local system is closely coupled to the ecliptic coordinate system. Each axis has its own equator and its own discrete, periodic system of meridians. The largest axis, z, is normal to the S plane passing through the cores of four spurs (I-IV). Six meridians intersect along this axis, including the Gould belt (GB), the Vaucouleurs-Dolidze (V-D) belt, and the G plane, which is perpendicular to the ecliptic E at the solstice points. Four meridians, including E and S, intersect along the middle axis x, which coincides with the equinoctial line. The z axis is inclined by H"45° to E and by H"21° to the galactic plane. The overall number of nonrepeating principal planes in the local system is nine. Counts of stars brighter than V=9^m confirms that they are concentrated along all the principal planes. As a symmetry plane, the meridian perpendicular to the Gould belt ( GB) divides the system of spurs into two groups: (I, IV, Dor) and (II, III, Eri). Each encompasses a grid of 5 halves of the z meridians and isolates a group and the spurs within the group. At the same time, as bridges the x meridians and their equator G couple the cores of some of the spurs with the shells of others both within their own and in opposite groups. The convergence of the meridians (belts) to the X, Y, and Z poles couples all the details with the local system as a whole. The symmetry of the local system with its discrete elements resembles a crystal.     

2.4m望远镜远程观测系统的初步系统设计

为提高观测效率，节约运行成本，云南天文台将在2．4m望远镜的Robotic System的基础上建立一套2．4m望远镜远程观测系统。作者对该系统具体设计进行了详细说明。     

太阳系空间探测

综述了国际上进行太阳系空间探测的现状,着重介绍探测月球、火星、小行星和外行星的意义、目的、手段和成就。择要介绍美国宇航局（ＮＡＳＡ）、欧洲空间局（ＥＳＡ）、俄罗斯和日本近年来和下世纪初的空间计划。     

Relation between the Celestial Reference System and the Terrestrial Reference System of a rigid Earth

A relation between the Celestial Reference System (CRS) and the Terrestrial Reference System is established theoretically by solving the equations of motion of a rigid Earth under the influence of the Sun and the Moon up to the second order perturbation. The solutions include not only nutation including Oppolzer terms but also the right ascension of the dynamical departure point (DP), as well as the wobble matrix.We have found that the kinematical definition of the Non-Rotating Origin NRO (for which our term is DP) given by Capitaine, Guinot and Souchay (1987) is not entirely equivalent to that included in the solutions of the equations of motion but shows perturbation, in particular when this is taken on the instantaneous equator. Besides this serious fault, we feel little merit in taking the DP as reference: (1) Unnecessary spurious mixed secular terms appear which come from the geometrical configuration that the DP leaves far and far from the ecliptic. (2) the DP moves secularly as well as oscillating with respect to space; this literally contradicts the term NRO, or is at least misleading. (3) It does not free us from the precession uncertainty to adopt DP as reference, since we cannot avoid virtual proper motions in terms of the current CRS. (4) No terms ignored hitherto are introduced, even if we take the DP properly chosen, i.e., on the equator of the celestial ephemeris pole. The transformation is only mathematical. There is no sufficient reason to take it instead of the equinox, which is observable in principle, as reference at the cost of the labor of changing all the textbooks, ephemerides, data and computer software now existing.     

低纬子午环传动系统的完善

本文介绍了仪器上某些部套结构或配置的不当之处及其引起的一些不良现象,包括竖直轴系的过定位影响,高度慢动系统的结构不妥和升降电机的位置不当等问题,叙述了对这些部套修改和完善的方法以及取得的效果.     

Dust on the Outskirts of the Jovian System

The outer region of the jovian system between ∼50 and 300 jovian radii from the planet is found to be the host of a previously unknown dust population. We used the data from the dust detector aboard the Galileo spacecraft collected from December 1995 to April 2001 during Galileo's numerous traverses of the outer jovian system. Analyzing the ion amplitudes, calibrated masses and speeds of grains, and impact directions, we found about 100 individual events fully compatible with impacts of grains moving around Jupiter in bound orbits. These grains have moderate eccentricities and a wide range of inclinations—from prograde to retrograde ones. The radial number density profile of the micrometer-sized dust is nearly flat between about 50 and 300 jovian radii. The absolute number density level (∼10 km⁻³ with a factor of 2 or 3 uncertainty) surpasses by an order of magnitude that of the interplanetary background. We identify the sources of the bound grains with outer irregular satellites of Jupiter. Six outer tiny moons are orbiting the planet in prograde and fourteen in retrograde orbits. These moons are subject to continuous bombardment by interplanetary micrometeoroids. Hypervelocity impacts create ejecta, nearly all of which get injected into circumjovian space. Our analytic and numerical study of the ejecta dynamics shows that micrometer-sized particles from both satellite families, although strongly perturbed by solar tidal gravity and radiation pressure, would stay in bound orbits for hundreds of thousands of years as do a fraction of smaller grains, several tenths of a micrometer in radius, ejected from the prograde moons. Different-sized ejecta remain confined to spheroidal clouds embracing the orbits of the parent moons, with appreciable asymmetries created by the radiation pressure and solar gravity perturbations. Spatial location of the impacts, mass distribution, speeds, orbital inclinations, and number density of dust derived from the data are all consistent with the dynamical model.     

Self-magnetization of the early Solar System matter

The remnant magnetization of chondrite type meteorite matter indicates the existence of 10⁻⁵-10⁻³ T magnetic fields in the early Solar System accretion disk. Taking into account parameter regimes being typical for this evolutionary stage of Sun and planets we consider the protosolar disk matter as partially ionized dusty plasma consisting of massive charged dust grains, neutral gas, electrons and ions. Results of systematic multifluid neutral gas-plasma-dust simulations show that shear flow driven collisional interactions yield a self-magnetization of the early Solar System matter which is able to explain the measured remnant magnetization of meteorite material.     

X-rays in the Solar System

Soft X-ray observations from comets are analysed on the assumption that the X-rays arise from electron captures by multiply charged ions of the solar wind in collisions with the neutral atoms and molecules of the cometary atmospheres. The collisions populate excited states of the ion formed in the transfer of charge which then decay in a cascade of radiative transitions in the soft X-ray and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. A comparison of detailed models of the resulting spectra with observations of Comet McNaught-Hartley yield information on the solar wind ion composition. A similar process in which solar wind ions interact with neutral atoms in the heliosphere contributes to the diffuse soft X-ray background. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Resonant structure of the outer Solar System

Hierarchical stability of the outer Solar System is monitored through its 3-body subsystems by using numerically computed ephemerides for 5×10⁶ yr. It is found that the stability parameters of Sun-Jupiter-Saturn and Sun-Uranus-Neptune oscillate in anti-phase in 1.1×10⁶ yr. The mechanism responsible for this locking is a secular resonance between Uranus' perihelion and Jupiter's aphelion: the difference between the two librates within ±70° with the same period of 1.1×10⁶ yr.