云台红外太阳望远镜中光电导行系统的像场旋转

红外太阳望远镜中的光电导行系统是高精度的反馈跟踪系统。在开环控制下，难以实现太阳望远镜的跟踪指标，所以必须使用光电导行作为目标位置反馈系统。但是在地平式系统跟踪过程中，光电导行望远镜中的像场会旋转，如果不进行消旋，光电导行系统就不能工作，这就需要解决光电导行系统中的像场旋转。本文在理论上分析了红外望远镜中光电导行系统的像场旋转，并给出了像在CCD面上的运动变化公式。     

1m红外太阳望远镜光电导行系统中像场旋转的分析

云南天文台1m红外太阳望远镜(YNST)光电导行系统是基于检测太阳像在面阵CMOS图像传感器上的偏移量作为反馈控制信号的高精度闭环跟踪系统[1]。由于YNST是一个地平式装置,在太阳像偏移检测量中存在着像场旋转量,为了获取稳定清晰的太阳像,必须对检测量进行消旋[2]才能达到光电导行系统的跟踪要求。根据球面天文学及天体测量学的知识并结合导行镜的光学系统,推导了光电导行系统中像场旋转的变化规律并对其进行模拟分析。     

1m红外太阳望远镜光电导行系统的反馈控制分析

我国正在研制中的1m红外太阳望远镜是目前国内唯一的地平式真空太阳塔,主要用于活动区磁场的精细光谱分析和太阳活动区磁场的时空精细结构研究.要求望远镜必须长时间高精度跟踪太阳(0.3"/30s、1"/10min)才能实现它的科学目标.光电导行是实现望远镜高精度跟踪观测目标的关键控制技术,通过检测观测目标像在图像传感器上的移动量作为反馈控制信号对望远镜实行闭环控制.首先建立了光电导行系统的控制系统模型,然后分析了系统的稳定性能、暂态性能、时域特性、频域特性及跟踪性能,并采用PID控制器对系统进行优化设计,以提高光电导行反馈控制系统的稳定性和跟踪精度.通过计算机仿真设计,采用PID控制算法能实现1m红外太阳望远镜的跟踪要求.     

1米太阳望远镜光轴变化实测

针对1 m太阳望远镜导星镜光轴与望远镜光轴在跟踪过程中的相对变化对光电导行系统的影响,从数值模拟和实测两方面进行了深入分析.首先介绍1 m太阳望远镜及其光电导行系统的基本结构,并建立主镜镜筒的基本有限元模型,分析弯沉随镜筒指向高度的变化规律,模拟有弯沉存在时引入的跟踪误差及变化规律.然后根据该望远镜的系统结构,提出了望远镜光轴相对于导星镜光轴变化的实测方法.最后通过实测数据获得了望远镜光轴相对于导星镜光轴变化随镜筒指向高度的变化规律.     

NVST的长期跟踪误差分析及改正

由于1 m太阳望远镜主体、光电导行及终端仪器消旋平台等的结构特点,即使光电导行系统闭环后,望远镜长时间跟踪精度仍然较低。为了解决这一问题,首先根据望远镜的结构特点分析了跟踪误差随时间变化的原因,然后通过理论和实测分析了误差的变化特点,研究了如何通过相关算法检测望远镜折轴焦点F_3焦面的高分辨率成像观测系统中的图像移动量,并平滑高频分量,分离出低频分量以反馈给望远镜定位跟踪系统,进一步提高望远镜的长时间跟踪精度。最后进行了高分辨率成像观测系统中TiO通道闭环跟踪实验,实验表明,在4小时的闭环跟踪时间内,跟踪误差的均方根值为0.52″,表明通过折轴焦点F_3成像观测系统中的图像移动量对望远镜实行闭环跟踪能够提高望远镜的长时间跟踪精度。     

YNST光电导行镜机械设计

YNST(云南1m太阳望远镜)光电导行系统的作用除了获取足够清晰的太阳像用作光电导行外,还参与望远镜光轴的校正.介绍了YNST光电导行镜的光学要求、机械设计结果及镜体设计所采用的被动无热化技术.校核了导行镜在阳光辐照下的热变形,计算了导行镜镜筒的最大弯沉,结果表明,所采用的无热化设计是有效的,导行镜刚度满足导行系统要求...     

AIMS太阳望远镜中像旋对稳像精度的影响分析

针对用于太阳磁场精确测量的中红外观测系统(Accurate Infrared Magnetic field measurements of the Sun, AIMS)太阳望远镜地平式机架在跟踪目标时像场旋转的现象,研究了像场旋转对稳像系统校正精度的影响。首先理论分析了互相关因子算法和绝对差分算法在不同湍流强度及不同探测窗口大小时由像场旋转引起的计算误差。随后在光学分析软件ASAP(Advanced Systems Analysis Program)中建立了包含装配误差的望远镜系统动态光学模型,统计了折轴系统装配误差在望远镜实时跟踪太阳运动时引起的像场平移及旋转。其中,图像在半小时内的最大平移约为0.3 mm,最大像旋约为200″。结果表明,在现有的误差分配情况下,装配误差引起的像旋对稳像精度的影响很小,而为了获得较高的稳像精度,互相关因子算法是首选的稳像算法,且在硬件处理速度允许的情况下,应该选择128×128像素的探测窗口。     

全日面太阳光学和磁场望远镜的自动跟踪与导行方法

介绍全日面太阳光学和磁场望远镜的自动跟踪与导行方法。本系统采用光栅钢带码盘作位置检测元件,实时计算太阳站心位置,构成高精度的位置环跟踪系统,并用视频CCD和胡氏导行光路进行太阳导行,提高了系统的长时间跟踪精度。最后经实测,分析得出该跟踪导行系统完全达到预期指标。     

1米太阳望远镜光谱仪像旋转及消旋控制

光谱仪是1 m太阳望远镜的主要终端设备之一,该望远镜采用地平式的机架结构和修正的格里高利光学系统。在望远镜跟踪太阳时,由于地平式望远镜的自身运动特点和光学系统中平面反射镜的存在,其光谱仪狭缝所在平面上的太阳像随时间绕主光轴旋转,因此光谱仪必须进行消旋才能正常工作。首先深入研究了光谱仪狭缝平面上像的旋转变化,分析其旋转范围、速度和加速度随时角变化的特性,然后根据光谱仪消旋精度并结合像的旋转特性提出伺服系统位置检测和驱动电机的主要性能指标,最后给出光谱仪消旋伺服控制方案。     

FMG载荷地面试观测导行跟踪系统的设计与实现

全日面矢量磁像仪(Full-disk vector MagnetoGraph, FMG)是先进天基太阳天文台(Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory, ASO-S)卫星的3台主载荷之一,为开展FMG全系统性能测试和定标试验,已搭建用于FMG外场测试的地面试观测平台.利用该平台模拟FMG在轨跟踪状态,研制了基于全日面太阳图像的望远镜导行系统.该系统通过大面阵CCD (Charge Coupled Device)采集太阳像、多重逻辑条件判定、微调恒动跟踪速度校正偏移等策略,实现了RMS (Root Mean Square)优于1′′/30 min的跟踪精度.通过分析FMG方案阶段试观测的太阳纵向磁图,开启导行30 min后磁图特征点在赤经方向的偏移比恒动条件下减少17.5′′,提升了磁图空间分辨率.测试过程中该系统达到设计指标且工作稳定,为FMG地面试观测提供了良好的技术支撑.     

Impact of the Quadrupole Moment of the Sun on the Dynamics of the Earth-Moon System

Range of values of the Sun's mass quadrupole moment of coefficient J₂ arising both from experimental and theoretical determinations enlarge across literature on two orders of magnitude, from around 10^-7 until to 10^-5. The accurate knowledge of the Moon's physical librations, for which the Lunar Laser Ranging data reach an outstanding precision level, prove to be appropriate to reduce the interval of J₂ values by giving an upper bound of J₂. A solar quadrupole moment as high as 1.1 10^-5 given either from the upper bounds of the error bars of the observations, or from the Roche's theory, is not compatible with the knowledge of the lunar librations accurately modeled and observed with the LLR experiment. The suitable values of J₂ have to be smaller than 3.0 10^-6. As a consequence, this upper bound of 3.0 10^-6 is accepted to study the impact of the Sun's quadrupole moment of mass on the dynamics of the Earth-Moon system. Such as effect (with J₂ = 5.5±1.3 × 10^-6) has been already tested in 1983 by Campbell & Moffat using analytical approximate equations, and thus for the orbits of Mercury, Venus, the Earth and Icarus. The approximate equations are no longer sufficient compared with present observational data and exact equations are required. As if to compute the effect on the lunar librations, we have used our BJV relativistic model of solar system integration including the spin-orbit coupled motion of the Moon. The model is solved by numerical integration. The BJV model stems from general relativity by using the DSX formalism for purposes of celestial mechanics when it is about to deal with a system of n extended, weakly self-gravitating, rotating and deformable bodies in mutual interactions. The resulting effects on the orbital elements of the Earth have been computed and plotted over 160 and 1600 years. The impact of the quadrupole moment of the Sun on the Earth's orbital motion is mainly characterized by variations of , , and . As a consequence, the Sun's quadrupole moment of mass could play a sensible role over long time periods of integration of solar system models. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On the role of the motion of the photospheric footpoints of the magnetic field lines

By means of a simple relation between the velocity v of the fluid particle and the velocity v_f of the photospheric footpoint of the magnetic field line v_z and B_z being respectively the components of v and the magnetic field B normal to the photospheric surface, it is shown formally that through the phtospheric surface the transport of all the quantities attributed to the magnetic field, such as the magnetic flux, the magnetic energy and the helicity, is independent of v_z, and v_f is the only kinematical quantity on which the transport depends. In addition, in the neighborhood of the neutral line the velocity v_l of the moving curve of constant B_z is found to be equal approximately to the component of v or v_f in the direction of v_l. Since v_l can be measured or extimated, so can the components of v and v_f near the neutral line.     

在后牛顿引力理论(PPN形式)中引力常数变化对地球自转产生的效应

介绍和论述了在后牛顿引力理论(PPN形式)中在优越参考系和非优越参考系中经过参数化后引力常数变化对地球自转产生的效应,其中特别重点介绍了年周期变化的效应。此外也将理论结果同观测结果相对比。     

On the theory of the oblateness of the Sun

In this paper we first emphasize why it is important to know the successive zonal harmonics of the Sun's figure with high accuracy: mainly fundamental astrometry, helioseismology, planetary motions and relativistic effects. Then we briefly comment why the Sun appears oblate, going back to primitive definitions in order to underline some discrepancies in theories and to emphasize again the relevant hypotheses. We propose a new theoretical approach entirely based on an expansion in terms of Legendre's functions, including the differential rotation of the Sun at the surface. This permits linking the two first spherical harmonic coefficients (J ₂ and J ₄) with the geometric parameters that can be measured on the Sun (equatorial and polar radii). We emphasize the difficulties in inferring gravitational oblateness from visual measurements of the geometric oblateness, and more generally a dynamical flattening. Results are given for different observed rotational laws. It is shown that the surface oblateness is surely upper bounded by 11 milliarcsecond. As a consequence of the observed surface and sub-surface differential rotation laws, we deduce a measure of the two first gravitational harmonics, the quadrupole and the octopole moment of the Sun: J ₂=−(6.13±2.52)×10⁻⁷ if all observed data are taken into account, and respectively, J ₂=−(6.84±3.75)×10⁻⁷ if only sunspot data are considered, and J ₂=−(3.49±1.86)×10⁻⁷ in the case of helioseismic data alone. The value deduced from all available data for the octopole is: J ₄=(2.8±2.1)×10⁻¹². These values are compared to some others found in the literature. Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238718479     

Accounting for the viscosity of the fluid core in the problem of the physical libration of the moon

A two-component theoretical model of the physical libration of the Moon in longitude is constructed with account taken of the viscosity of the core. In the new version, a hydrodynamic problem of motion of a fluid filling a solid rotating shell is solved. It is found that surfaces of equal angular velocity are spherical, and a velocity field of the fluid core of the Moon is described by elementary functions. A distribution of the internal pressure in the core is found. An angular momentum exchange between the fluid core and solid mantle is described by a third-order differential equation with a right-hand side. The roots of a characteristic equation are studied and the stability of rotation is proved. A libration angle as a function of time is found using the derived solution of the differential equation. Limiting cases of infinitely large and infinitely small viscosity are considered and an effect of lag of a libration phase from a phase of action of an external moment of forces is ascertained. This makes it possible to estimate the viscosity and sizes of the lunar fluid core from data of observations.     

Third Integral and the Dynamics of the Galaxy in the Neighborhood of the Sun

Observational data on the dynamics of stars in the neighborhood of the sun indicate the existence of a third integral besides the integrals of the angular momentum and energy. The Poincaré integral is proposed as a third integral. The consequences of this assumption are derived and compared with available astrophysical data.     

射电日像仪灵敏度测量

灵敏度是射电望远镜的一个重要性能指标,它反映了望远镜监测弱信号的能力。基于明安图射电频谱日像仪(Mingantu Ultrawide Spectral Radioheliograph,MUSER)的调试观测,给出了日像仪灵敏度的测量方法,对天线系统以及整个阵列的灵敏度进行测量分析,得到了日像仪系统整体的灵敏度性能参数。测量同时给出了天线系统的效率以及接收机系统的增益,这将为下一步日像仪展开常规的科学观测提供参考。     

Calculation of the global system of the field-aligned currents on the dayside of the magnetosphere

Using the well-known equation for the normal component of the current which exist near the tangential discontinuity in the plasma in the case of the frozen-in magnetic field, and supposing that the current closes in the ionosphere in the auroral oval in the region 1, one calculates and compares with the data of observations the dependence of the density of the field-aligned current at the level of the ionosphere on the local time.     

Dynamical determination of the mass of the Kuiper Belt from motions of the inner planets of the Solar system

In this paper we determine dynamically the mass of the Kuiper Belt Objects by exploiting the latest least-squares determinations of the extra rates of perihelia of the inner planets of the Solar system. By modelling classical Kuiper Belt Objects as an ecliptic ring of finite thickness, we obtain 0.033 ± 0.115 in units of terrestrial masses. For resonant Kuiper Belt Objects, a two-ring model yields 0.018 ± 0.063. These values are consistent with recent determinations obtained using ground- and space-based optical techniques. Some implications for precise tests of Einsteinian and post-Einsteinian gravity are briefly discussed.