Numerical simulation of solitary wave scattering by a circular cylinder array

The interaction of a solitary wave with an array of surface-piercing vertical circular cylinders is investigated numerically. The wave motion is modeled by a set of generalized Boussinesq equations. The governing equations are discretized using a finite element method. The numerical model is validated against the experimental data of solitary wave reflection from a vertical wall and solitary wave scattering by a vertical circular cylinder respectively. The predicted wave surface elevation and the wave forces on the cylinder agree well with the experimental data. The numerical model is then employed to study solitary wave scattering by arrays of two circular cylinders and four circular cylinders respectively. The effect of wave direction on the wave forces and the wave runup on the cylinders is quantified.     

主动式声纳列阵拖曳系统姿态数值计算

主动式声纳列阵拖曳系统是用于探测潜艇的新型声纳系统，为了准确探测潜艇的位置，必须首先预报声纳列阵的瓷态，本文通过对其三维力学模型的分析，得到该系统的运动微分方程，其中缆索的力学方程是基于Ablow和Milinazzo的模型，而对于拖体则运用六自由度空间运动方程模拟，结合边界条件，用有限差分法求解，通过对拖船的不同运动状态如匀速，变速和回转的计算，证明本文的方法对于预报声纳列阵的姿态是有效的。     

Incompressible SPH flow model for wave interactions with porous media

The paper presents an Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) method to simulate wave interactions with a porous medium. The SPH method is a mesh free particle modeling approach that is capable of tracking the large deformation of free surfaces in an easy and accurate manner. The ISPH method employs a strict incompressible hydrodynamic formulation to solve the fluid pressure and the numerical solution is obtained by using a two-step semi-implicit scheme. The ISPH flow model solves the unsteady 2D Navier–Stokes (NS) equations for the flows outside the porous media and the NS type model equations for the flows inside the porous media. The presence of porous media is considered by including additional friction forces into the equations. The developed ISPH model is first validated by the solitary and regular waves damping over a porous bed and the solitary wave interacting with a submerged porous breakwater. The convergence of the method and the sensitivity of relevant model parameters are discussed. Then the model is applied to the breaking wave interacting with a breakwater covered with a layer of porous materials. The computational results demonstrate that the ISPH flow model could provide a promising simulation tool in coastal hydrodynamic applications.     

贻贝(Mytilus edulis Linnaeus)唇瓣的扫描电镜观察

本文运用扫描电子显微镜技术研究了贻贝唇瓣的形态结，结果表明，贻贝唇瓣外部形态呈羽毛状，分为光滑面和皱褶面；褶皱面表面被覆浓密纤毛，分有沟嵴和无嵴两部分，界限明显，光滑面纤毛较少，呈簇状，分布不均，在褶皱面中央分界处和光滑面的一侧，有大量球状突起，为杯状细胞所在，纤毛和粘液在食物分拣和运输中起重要作用。     

影响东海气候的太阳活动信息分析

采用逐次滤波法逐次提取东海气温资料序列中蕴涵的太阳活动影响信息并加以分析,发现东海气候年代际变化特征十分清楚,主要表现为:(1)突变性,东海夏季7月海平面层及对流层大气温度场在过去半个多世纪中发生过一次急剧变化,突变点是1978年7月.从1978年7月由历时30多年的温度偏低时期跃变为持续高温时期,高温期持续至20世纪末,升温幅度超过0.4℃.资料分析表明,整个对流层东海夏季大气温度都具有这种年代际变化特征;(2)高空气候持续增温型,东海夏季7月平流层中部10 hPa大气温度表现为一种波动式的持续升温过程,50多年来温度升高4℃,年升温率超过0.075℃/a.东海平流层底部100 hPa温度也具有持续升温的特点,从1948年至今呈缓慢升高的趋势,53 a升高了1.9℃,升温率为0.036℃/a;(3)周期性,东海不同高度大气温度都具有显著程度不同的22 a周期性年代际变化特征,22 a周期分量的振幅由高空到低空迅速减小,表明22 a周期高空清楚,低空不太明显.东海对流层中部和平流层底部还具有显著的11 a周期性年代际变化.据分析认为22 a周期是太阳黑子磁场磁性变化周期所激发,11 a周期与太阳黑子相对数11 a周期相吻合,二者均为太阳活动在大气气候中的反映.     

基于非期望超效率模型的辽宁沿海地区海洋生态效率测算及影响因素分析

采用基于非期望产出超效率的SBM模型测算辽宁沿海地区海洋生态效率值,结合Malmquist指数模型方法定量刻画效率动态演化特征,并通过VAR对效率的影响因素和机制进行实证检验。研究结果表明:(1)海洋生态效率整体呈现波动上升趋势且地区差异明显,盘锦市属于效率值较高城市,大连、葫芦岛市生态效率由低效率水平向高效率水平提升,营口、丹东两市效率值上升幅度相对较小,由较低效率水平向中等效率水平转变,锦州市生态效率由效率相对无效上升至较低效率水平,远远落后于其他几个城市;(2)动态分析来看,技术进步和技术效率对海洋生态效率的增长起到了促进作用,技术效率并未发挥出显著作用,技术进步变化是效率值增长的主要动力;(3)海洋产业结构对效率的扰动以正向促进为主,海洋科技水平对海洋生态效率的扰动在正负响应之间波动,环境政策规制对海洋生态效率的响应存在一定滞后期,但产生的是正向推动作用和持续效益。     

太平洋牡蛎受精过程中的精核扩散与成熟分裂

光镜下观察了太平洋牡蛎受精过程中的原核形成和成熟分裂。受精前,卵子处于第一次成熟分裂前期（即生发泡阶段）。精子入卵后开始进行成熟分裂,过程如下：（1）生发泡破裂前精核只进行轻微增大。（2）生发泡破裂,精核迅速去致密,体积迅速增大。（3）第一次成熟分裂结束,精核扩散速度减慢,核内染色体致密环状结构。（4）第二次成熟分裂结束,精核膨胀到最大程度。（5）两性原核形成,准备进行第一次卵裂。在整个受精过程中,核仁一直存在,其体积逐渐减小;有多精入卵并有多个精原核同时形成的现象。     

Interactions of nonlinear gravity waves and uniform current in Lagrangian system

The particle trajectory on a weakly nonlinear progressive surface wave obliquely interacting with a uniform current is studied by using an EulerLagrange transformation. The thirdorder asymptotic solution is a periodic bounded function of Lagrangian labels and time, which imply that the entire solution is uniformlyvalid. The explicit parametric solution highlights the trajectory of a water particle and mass transport associated with a particle displacement can now be obtained directly in Lagrangian form. The angular frequency and Lagrangian mean level of the particle motion in Lagrangian form differ from those of the Eulerian. The variations in the water particle orbits resulting from the oblique interaction with a steady uniform current of different magnitudes are also investigated.     

Characteristics of breaking irregular wave forces on a monopile

The substructures of offshore wind turbines are subjected to extreme breaking irregular wave forces. The present study is focused on investigating breaking irregular wave forces on a monopile using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model. The breaking irregular wave forces on a monopile mounted on a slope are investigated with a numerical wave tank. The experimental and numerical irregular free surface elevations are compared in the frequency-domain for the different locations in the vicinity of the cylinder. A numerical analysis is performed for different wave steepness cases to understand the influence of wave steepness on the breaking irregular wave loads. The wave height transformation and energy level evolution during the wave shoaling and wave breaking processes is investigated. The higher-frequency components generated during the wave breaking process are observed to play a significant role in initiating the secondary force peaks. The free surface elevation skewness and spectral bandwidth during the wave transformation process are analysed and an investigation is performed to establish a correlation of these parameters with the breaking irregular wave forces. The role of the horizontal wave-induced water particle velocity at the free surface and free surface pressure in determining the breaking wave loads is highlighted. The higher-frequency components in the velocity and pressure spectrum are observed to be significant in influencing the secondary peaks in the breaking wave force spectrum.     

Natural frequencies of a vibrating repaired panel in an ocean structure

The present work arose from the need of repairing steel plates badly damaged by corrosion in a portion of the structural element of the naval vehicle. The possibility of removing the portion and replacing it by a patch of a composite material was considered. Its dynamic behavior is altered by the introduction of the patch and the prediction of its new behavior is of great interest in many situations. This condition would appear in other real-life situations like as a localized orthotropic effect caused in the panel by a welding procedure or a metallurgical process. The first four natural frequency coefficients of the composite repaired panel with different types of boundary conditions are determined by means of a variational approach. The displacement function is approximated making use of complete sets of beam functions. The eigenvalues have been computed from (225×225) secular determinants. An independent solution is obtained using the finite element method and a reasonably good agreement with the analytical solution is encountered.     

澳大利亚依亚瓦拉澙湖的沉积和整治

依亚瓦拉半封闭澙湖是澳大利亚西南侧最著名的海岸澙湖,是全新世海侵以来残留的濒危脆弱地貌。湖面约35km2,流域面积达270km2,长期沉积速率不足1mm/a,短期沉积速率约5~6mm/a。近几十年来,由于受陆源泥沙淤积和工矿重金属污染,澙湖正处于快速退化阶段。当局采取以疏为主的多项整治措施,隔绝陆沙入湖、浚深湖底、加固湖岸、杜绝圈湖养殖、扩宽潮道,缩短了海、湖水交换的时间,目前已变成湖水清澈、鱼虾洄游的旅游圣地。该整治经验可为我国海岸澙湖研究提供借鉴。     

Tortonian-Pleistocenic oceanic features in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea: magnetic inverse model of the Selli-Vavilov region

We show the magnetic model of the Selli-Vavilov region. The Selli Line is known as the northwestern edge of the southern Tyrrhenian Basin. The tectonic evolution of the Tyrrhenian Basin is dominated by a Tortonian-Quaternary extension through the eastward movement of the Apennine subduction system. This migration has generated a diffuse stretching of the continental crust with the emplacement of new oceanic material. This latter occurred in several localized zones where the eastward retreating of the Ionian subduction system produced a strong depletion of the crust with formation of basins and correlated spreading. Nowadays the presence of oceanic crust is confirmed through direct drilling investigation but a complete mapping of the oceanic crustal distribution is still lacking. The Selli-Vavilov region shows a differentiated crustal setting where seamount structures, the oceanic basement portions and continental crust blocks are superimposed. To this aim, a 2D inversion of the magnetic data of this region was conducted to define buried structures. The magnetic susceptibility pattern was computed by solving the least squares problem of the misfit between the predicted and real data for separated wavebands. This method produced two 2D models of the high and low frequency fields of the Selli-Vavilov region. The two apparent susceptibility maps provide different information for distinct ranges of depth. The results of the inversions were also combined with seismic data of the Selli region highlighting the position of the highly magnetized buried bodies. The results confirm a role for the Selli Line as a deep crustal boundary dividing the Sardinian passive domain from the easternmost active region where different oceanic structures are located. The Selli Line has worked as a detachment fault system which has moved eastward. Finally, the Selli-Vavilov region may be interpreted as a tectonic result due to a passive asymmetrical rift occurred between the Tortonian and Pliocene.     

Design Research on Drive System of Underwater Tapping Machine

The underwater tapping machine is composed of a center bit,a tapping cutter,a sesl box,a main drive box,aboring bar assembly,a envelop,a gear case,a counter and so on.The drive system in underwater tapping machine consists of a worm drive,a gear drive system and a screw drive.The worm drive is in the main drive box.The worm is connected with a hydraulic motor and driven by the hydraulic motor.The gear drive system is a combined gear train which is the combinations of the fixed axes and differential gear train in the gear case.On the one hand,by means of the fixed axes gear trains the turn and power of transmission shaft are transferred to the boring bar and the screw rod,causing differential tam between the boring bar and the screw rod.On the other hand,the turns of the boring bar and the screw rod are transferred to the differential gear train.The differential gear train is used to drive a special counter to count axial travel of the boring bar.The screw drive is composed of a feed screw and a nut on the boring bar.There is the differential turn between the boring bar and the feed screw.By means of the nut,the boring bar can feed automatically.With the movement of the sliding gear 7 in the gear case,the designed drive system can also be provided with the ability of fast forward and fast backward movement of the boring bar in its idle motion,restdting in the increase of the tapping efficiency.     

金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)精子超微结构和低温损伤电镜观察

利用扫描和透射电镜技术研究了金乌贼成熟精子的超微结构,以及超低温冷冻对精子超微结构和形态的影响。结果表明,金乌贼精子为鞭毛型精子,外部附有光滑的裙边状被膜,分为头部、中部和尾部三部分。头部由顶体和细胞核组成,顶体位于细胞核前端,呈"囊"状。细胞核为长纺锤状。中部是由线粒体和垂直的中心粒构成,线粒体大小不一,多层分布。尾部细长,轴丝为典型的"9+2"结构。经超低温冷冻的精子被膜上出现很多凹陷;头部顶体破裂,大量的内容物流出,细胞核膜分离;线粒体解离,嵴变形;尾部缠绕在一起,少数鞭毛出现脱落。     

海岸带海水入侵的研究进展

海岸带海水入侵问题一直是国际社会共同关注的焦点。海水入侵的影响因素很多,其中人为因素占较大比重。海水入侵的方式因地而异,孔隙水含水层海水入侵较为严重。在研究中突变界面模型和过渡带模型各有其实用性。其中过渡带模型更具有适用价值,是今后主要的研究方向。本文概述了海岸带海水入侵问题现状,系统地总结了海岸带海水入侵模型近40多年来的研究成果,分析了研究中存在的困难,为进一步的研究打下基础。     

Large-time response of ice cover to a load moving along a frozen channel

Unsteady response of an ice cover in a channel with vertical walls is studied for large times. The ice deflection is caused by a load moving along the frozen channel at a constant speed. The ice cover is modelled as a thin elastic plate clamped to the walls of the channel. The time-dependent problem is solved by using the Fourier transform along the channel and the method of separating variables. In the system moving along the channel together with the load, the large-time deflection of the ice cover consists of steady deflection and standing waves in front and behind the load. The number of waves, their frequencies and wavenumbers depend on the speed of the load and the values of the critical speeds for the channel. The number of the waves and their amplitudes are calculated for a given load and its speed. The maximum stress in the ice as a function of the load speed is estimated.     

Marine tether dynamics: retrieval and deployment from a heaving platform

A tether management system of a winch module in a marine environment is proposed. For the purpose of this study the subsea body is considered as a mass attached at the free end of a long tether which is wrapped around a circular drum controlled by an external torque. The winch is considered mounted on a heaving platform. The effect of the heaving platform on the motions of the drum, tether and attached mass are studied with respect to the longitudinal vibrations of the tether in one dimension. The hydrodynamic effects are considered on the deployed portion of the tether and the tethered mass, both of which are assumed submerged in otherwise still water. The resulting nonlinear system of equations of motion is developed and solved numerically for an example of a marine tether system. The effect of the tether extensibility on the operation threshold of the system is identified. Comparison with an inextensible tether case is provided. The numerical results and their analysis for the retrieval/deployment of the system are presented.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

刺参中皂苷组分蒸发光散射-高效液相特征图谱研究

采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射(HPLC-ELSD)法建立了刺参皂苷的特征图谱.方法:色谱柱为Symmetry C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),采用0.2% 乙酸水溶液-乙腈进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min;柱温30 ℃;漂移管温度70 ℃;载气压力25 psi.结论:方法具有良好的专属性,可以作为刺参类产品是否含有刺参皂苷的评价方法.     

大竹蛏精子发生和精子的超微结构

利用透射电镜观察大竹蛏(Solen grandis Dunker)精子发生和精子的超微结构，描述了从精原细胞发育到成熟精子过程中超微结构的变化。大竹蛏精子发生历经精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞和成熟精子5个阶段。成熟精子属典型的原生型，全长52—57 μm，由头部、中段和尾部三部分组成。头部由顶体和细胞核组成；中段由4—5个椭圆形线粒体和2个相互垂直的中心粒组成；尾部细长，为典型的“9+2”型结构。大竹蛏与同属的长竹蛏精子发生和精子超微结构存在差异。大竹蛏精细胞前顶体囊的高电子密度物质分布在周缘呈一个带缺口的弧形而不是圆形，而长竹蛏前顶体囊周缘的高电子密度物质呈一圆形分布；大竹蛏的前顶体囊是先内凹变形，然后一边变形一边移动，而长竹蛏的前顶体囊是在到达核前端后才开始变形。大竹蛏的顶体比长竹蛏的稍长；大竹蛏精子核形似子弹头而长竹蛏精子核形为圆球状；大竹蛏有卫星体结构而长竹蛏无卫星体结构；大竹蛏精子尾部鞭毛比长竹蛏的长。结果可以为竹蛏科相似种类的鉴定及亲缘关系的探讨提供参考依据。