不同收入水平的城市居民生活消费生态足迹测算与对比——以河南省开封市为例

本文运用生态足迹的理论和方法,以2009年开封市3个不同收入居民消费水平生活小区为例,采用居民生物资源和能源消费调查问卷数据,定量分析了2009年开封市不同收入水平小区居民的生活消费生态足迹。根据板桥小区、康平小区、龙成花园3 个小区的调查资料,分别计算了3个小区的生物资源消费和能源消费的生态足迹。结果表明:① 从3个小区人均生态足迹来看,总体上能源消耗的生态足迹较大;② 从3个小区居民生物消费的生态足迹来看,猪肉的人均生态足迹最大,奶制品次之,肉类食品和奶制品的生产需要较多的土地面积;③ 通过分析3个小区不同类型的人均生态足迹,板桥小区化石燃料用地和建筑用地所占的比重最大,其次是耕地和草地;收入消费水平越高的居民,生态足迹越大,收入消费水平越低的居民,生态足迹越小。证实了高收入水平居民对生态以及资源的占用程度要远远大于低收入水平居民,造成居民生态占用以及碳排放的不公。最后,提出了有针对性的对策建议。     

广东省高州市根子镇生态足迹分析

运用生态足迹理论和方法对广东省高州市根子镇2005年生态足迹进行了实证计算和分析,探索根子镇可持续发展的模式和经验,为制定政策,促进可持续发展提供依据。根子镇人均生态足迹为1.5095hm2,其中足迹占用最大土地类型是耕地,为0.8400hm2/人,占55.65%,其次是林地和化石能源地。人均生态赤字达1.2088hm2,其中耕地赤字最大,为0.7285hm2/人,占60.27%。表明根子镇生态系统的压力和强度较高,处于不可持续发展状态。结合根子镇实际情况提出了开发利用沼气,增加防护林面积,发展高效生态农业等建议。     

生态足迹法在长沙县生态县建设中的应用

通过运用生态足迹计算方法,对长沙县2005年的生态足迹进行了计算,得出长沙县人均生态足迹是2.52hm^2/人,以及全县人均生态承载力为0.60 hm^2/人,从而可以看出全县人均生态赤字为1.92 hm^2/人,远远高于全国平均水平。全县生态赤字最多的是化石燃料土地,然后依次为耕地、水域、草地,这表明全县对自然环境的影响已经大大地超出了生态环境承载力,工业的飞速发展对化石燃料的消耗和耕地的占用的急剧增加是产生生态赤字的主要原因,同时人们生活水平的提高也对生态环境造成极大的压力。     

新疆艾比湖地区生态足迹与生态承载力研究

文章对艾比湖地区2003年的生态足迹进行了计算和分析。结果显示，2003年艾比湖地区的人均生态足迹为4．222hm^2，而实际生态承载力为3．193hm^2，人均生态赤字为1．029hm^2。表明艾比湖地区的发展模式处于一种不可持续的状态。从该区人均生态足迹的供给需求结构看，耕地、建筑用地、林地、化石燃料用地出现人均生态赤字，表明艾比湖地区经济发展处于初级阶段，主要以消耗当地土地和能源资源来满足人们最基本的生活需求。水域、草地虽出现人均生态盈余，但这并不意味着绝对生态供给丰富，主要与地方采取的改善生态环境质量措施等有关。     

《基于生态足迹理论的区域科学发展研究》评介

生态足迹是支持特定人口或经济体的资源消费和废弃物吸收所需的具有一定生态生产力的土地而积,它把消费与提供消费物质和吸纳废弃物所需要的各类土地联系起来,把人类的消费形象地比喻为负载着人类物质文明的巨脚在地球上留下巨大的脚印,以生态生产性土地面积来度量人类消费对生态资源的占用和对生态环境的冲击.     

甘肃省1998年生态足迹计算与分析

可持续发展定量测试的核心是确定人类是否生存于生态系统的承载力范围之内。Ｍ．Ｗａｃｋｅｒｎａｇｅｌ等１９９６年以来提出和发展的生态足迹方法,就是一种定量测量人类对自然利用程度的新方法,该方法通过将区域的资源和能源消费转化为提供这种物质流所必须的各种生物生产土地的面积（生态足迹需求）,并同区域能提供的生物生产型土地面积（生态承载力或生态足迹供给）进行比较,能定量判断一个区域的发展是否处于生态承载能力的     

鹤壁市生态足迹分析

生态足迹分析是一种基于生物物理量的可持续发展度量方法，是一种基于考虑人类及其发展与生态环境关系的方法。通过跟踪区域能源与资源消费，并将其转化为相应的生物生产性土地面积，与生态承载力相比较，判定区域的可持续发展状态。采用鹤壁市2002年的统计数据进行生态足迹分析，结果表明，2002年鹤壁市生态足迹为6．9279hm^2／人，人均生态承载力面积为0．3781hm^2，生态赤字为6．5498hm^2/人，揭示了当前鹤壁市处于一种不可持续的发展状态。     

中国能源领域温室气体排放现状及减排对策研究

自工业革命以来,随着化石燃料的广泛应用,能源领域的温室气体排放逐渐成为其主要的人为排放源,能源、环境和经济发展之间的矛盾也日益成为各国政府共同关注的焦点。如何有效地进行能源活动中温室气体的减排已经成为涉及环境、经济、政治、外交等多方面的全球性科学问题。文章对中国能源开发利用现状和主要温室气体二氧化碳(CO₂)、甲烷(CH₄)、氧化亚氮(N₂O)能源排放源进行了简要分析,并对适合中国国情的温室气体减排与能源可持续开发与利用"双赢",实现"发展型减排"的有效途径进行了初步的探讨。     

能源足迹核算的改进与预测——以吉林省为例

定量测度能源消费的生态环境影响是区域可持续发展评价的重要内容。以化石燃料燃烧-CO2排放-地表吸收的碳循环过程为研究对象,对现有模型的土地碳吸收能力测算等方面进行了修正,构建了基于净初级生产力的能源足迹改进模型,分析了1994～2008年的吉林省能源足迹及其各土地利用类型供给变化,并通过生态效应指数计算揭示了土地利用/...     

中国化石能源使用可持续性评估——基于1990～2006年数据

进入1990年代,中国经济走上了前所未有的快速增长轨道,而化石能源作为推动经济增长的最主要动力源泉却同时也是造成环境恶化的双刃剑。采用加拿大生态经济学家Ree和Wackernagel共同发展的生态足迹模型,对1990～2006中国化石能源使用的生态足迹和生态承载力进行了计算,得到了该时期中国化石能源使用已处于生态赤字状态的评估结果。而化石能源使用过程中单位能源的CO2排量没有得到显著改善和森林覆盖率没有明显的增长是造成该时期中国化石能源使用处于生态赤字状态的主要原因。     

On arable land changes in Shandong Province and their driving forces

The decrease of total cultivated area and the lower per capita available arable land resource are now serious problems in Shandong Province, a major agricultural province in China. These problems will become more serious along with the further development of economy. In this paper, based on the statistical information at provincial and county levels, the changes of arable land in Shandong Province and their driving forces during the last 50 years are analyzed. The general changing trends of arable land and per capita available arable land are reducing, and the trends of decrease will continue when the economy is developing. The result of GIS spatial analysis shows that the change of the arable land use in Shandong Province has a regional difference. Eight variables having influences on cultivated land change are analyzed by principal component analysis. The results show that the dynamic development of economy, pressure of social system and progress of scientific techniques in agriculture are the main causes for cultivated land reduction. The principal factors which can be considered as driving forces for arable land change include per capita net living space, total population and per ha grain yield. By using regressive equation, along with analysis on population growth and economic development, cultivated areas in Shandong Province in 2005 and 2010 are predicted respectively. The predicted cultivated areas in Shandong will be 6435.47 thousand ha in 2005 and 6336.23 thousand ha in 2010 respectively.     

On arable land changes in Shandong Province and their driving forces

IntroductionAlmost all the provinces and autonomous regions in China have experienced decrease of arable land in the processes of economic development, population growth and urbanization. The situation is more serious in Shandong Province because of the big population and being an agricultural province. From 1949 to 1999, the arable land was decreased by more than 2 million ha in this province accompanied by rapid population growth. The total population in the province in 1999 was twice of t…     

中国不同区域能源消费碳足迹的时空变化(英文)

Study on regional carbon emission is one of the hot topics under the background of global climate change and low-carbon economic development, and also help to establish different low-carbon strategies for different regions. On the basis of energy consumption and land use data of different regions in China from 1999 to 2008, this paper established carbon emission and carbon footprint models based on total energy consumption, and calculated the amount of carbon emissions and carbon footprint in different regions of China from 1999 to 2008. The author also analyzed carbon emission density and per unit area carbon footprint for each region. Finally, advices for decreasing carbon footprint were put forward. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Carbon emissions from total energy consumption increased 129% from 1999 to 2008 in China, but its spatial distribution pattern among different regions just slightly changed, the sorting of carbon emission amount was: Eastern China > Northern China > Central and Southern China > Southwest China > Northwest China. (2) The sorting of carbon emission density was: Eastern China > Northeast China > Central and Southern China > Northern China > Southwest China > Northwest China from 1999 to 2003, but from 2004 Central and Southern China began to have higher carbon emission density than Northeast China, the order of other regions did not change. (3) Carbon footprint increased significantly since the rapid increasing of carbon emissions and less increasing area of pro-ductive land in different regions of China from 1999 to 2008. Northern China had the largest carbon footprint, and Northwest China, Eastern China, Northern China, Central and Southern China followed in turn, while Southwest China presented the lowest area of carbon footprint and the highest percentage of carbon absorption. (4) Mainly influenced by regional land area, Northern China presented the highest per unit area carbon footprint and followed by Eastern China, and Northeast China; Central and Southern China, and Northwest China had a similar medium per unit area carbon footprint; Southwest China always had the lowest per unit area carbon footprint. (5) China faced great ecological pressure brought by carbon emission. Some measures should be taken both from reducing carbon emission and increasing carbon absorption.     

Temporospatial changes of carbon footprint based on energy consumption in China

Study on regional carbon emission is one of the hot topics under the background of global climate change and low-carbon economic development, and also help to establish different low-carbon strategies for different regions. On the basis of energy consumption and land use data of different regions in China from 1999 to 2008, this paper established carbon emission and carbon footprint models based on total energy consumption, and calculated the amount of carbon emissions and carbon footprint in different regions of China from 1999 to 2008. The author also analyzed carbon emission density and per unit area carbon footprint for each region. Finally, advices for decreasing carbon footprint were put forward. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Carbon emissions from total energy consumption increased 129% from 1999 to 2008 in China, but its spatial distribution pattern among different regions just slightly changed, the sorting of carbon emission amount was: Eastern China > Northern China > Central and Southern China > Southwest China > Northwest China. (2) The sorting of carbon emission density was: Eastern China > Northeast China > Central and Southern China > Northern China > Southwest China > Northwest China from 1999 to 2003, but from 2004 Central and Southern China began to have higher carbon emission density than Northeast China, the order of other regions did not change. (3) Carbon footprint increased significantly since the rapid increasing of carbon emissions and less increasing area of productive land in different regions of China from 1999 to 2008. Northern China had the largest carbon footprint, and Northwest China, Eastern China, Northern China, Central and Southern China followed in turn, while Southwest China presented the lowest area of carbon footprint and the highest percentage of carbon absorption. (4) Mainly influenced by regional land area, Northern China presented the highest per unit area carbon footprint and followed by Eastern China, and Northeast China; Central and Southern China, and Northwest China had a similar medium per unit area carbon footprint; Southwest China always had the lowest per unit area carbon footprint. (5) China faced great ecological pressure brought by carbon emission. Some measures should be taken both from reducing carbon emission and increasing carbon absorption.     

河南省碳源碳汇的时空变化研究

碳源、碳汇是影响低碳发展的重要因素,由其形成的碳盈亏是区域低碳经济发展战略及政策制定的重要依据。本文基于能源消耗数据、主要工业产品产量,参考IPCC的碳排放标准,结合其他相关研究,计算了河南省能源消耗及水泥、钢铁、合成氨生产过程中产生的碳排放;在对研究区遥感影像处理的基础上,通过归一化植被指数(NDVI),将河南省的碳汇分为耕地、林地和草地,根据各种植被的碳排放和碳吸收系数,计算了河南省的碳汇及其变化,并对碳盈亏及其空间变化进行分析。结果表明：①研究期内,河南省碳排放及人均碳排放呈上升趋势,碳排放总量及人均碳排放年均分别增长11.22%和10.72%,而且空间差异明显,豫西、豫北、豫中地区人均碳排放相对较高,而豫南、豫东南地区则相对较低。②能源消耗是河南省的主要碳源,其碳排放量呈逐年增加趋势,但所占比重在不断下降;水泥、钢铁是除能源消耗外的另一种主要的排放源,其碳排放量及所占比重则呈逐年上升趋势。③河南省碳汇主要以林地和耕地为主,草地所占比重很小;全省碳汇呈减少趋势,2005-2013年期间减少了7.40%(47.05万t),年均减少5.88万t。④河南省总体上呈现碳亏状态,研究期内碳亏呈增长趋势,且碳亏的地区数量也在增加,总的来看,豫南、豫东南、豫西地区处于碳盈或弱碳亏状态,豫中及豫北地区处于较严重的碳亏状态。⑤河南省应通过改善能源结构、调整产业结构、优化用地布局等措施,减少碳源,增加碳汇,通过区域碳补偿或生态补偿等手段鼓励碳盈地区减源增汇,为低碳发展创造良好的外部环境。     

基于能源消费的江苏省土地利用碳排放与碳足迹

采用2003~2007年江苏省能源消费和土地利用等数据,通过构建能源消费的碳排放模型,对江苏省5年来能源消费碳排放进行了核算,并通过土地利用类型和碳排放项目的对应,对不同土地利用方式的碳排放及碳足迹进行了定量分析。结论如下:(1)江苏省能源消费碳排放总量从2003年的8794.24万t上升到2007年的16329.85万t,涨幅达86%。其中,终端能源消费碳排放占53.6%。(2)江苏全省土地单位面积碳排放从2003年8.24t/hm²上升到2007年15.53 t/hm²,增幅为88.5%。其中,居民点及工矿用地单位面积碳排放最大,为95.62 t/hm²。(3)江苏全省能源消费碳足迹大于生产性土地的实际面积,由此造成的生态赤字达1351.285万hm²。(4)不同土地利用类型的碳足迹大小顺序为:居民点及工矿用地＞交通用地＞未利用地及特殊用地＞农用地和水利用地,其中居民点及工矿用地的碳足迹高达10.89 hm²/ hm²。(5)江苏全省单位面积碳足迹也呈明显的扩大趋势,从2003年的0.938 hm²/ hm²上升到2007年的1.769 hm²/ hm²。     

基于生态足迹的甘肃省耕地资源可持续利用与情景预测

 基于生态足迹理论,测算了1997-2009年甘肃省在保持社会经济可持续发展下的最佳耕地资源容量,运用ARIMA模型对甘肃省2010-2015年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行预测,按照《甘肃省国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要》中的社会经济指标对耕地资源可持续发展容量进行情景预测。结果表明：1997-2009年,甘肃省耕地资源可持续发展容量总体上呈现上升趋势,其中1997-2002年耕地资源可持续发展容量基本低于实际耕地面积,2003-2009年,耕地资源可持续发展容量均高于实际耕地面积,出现耕地利用负荷现象;ARIMA模型预测结果显示,2010-2015年,甘肃省人均耕地生态足迹呈现上升趋势,年平均增长率为4.75%,人均耕地生态承载力呈现减少趋势,但总体上变化不大,人均耕地生态赤字从2011年成为负值,并且逐渐增加;情景预测结果显示2010-2015年,甘肃省耕地资源可持续发展容量与实际耕地面积差距愈来愈大,预计到2015年,为实际耕地面积的2.42倍,耕地利用负荷现象严重,人地关系紧张。     

基于生态足迹的中亚区域生态安全评价

利用生态足迹理论与方法,运用生态足迹压力指数模型,对中亚不同区域的生态安全进行了评价。分别测算中亚四国的人均与区域总生态足迹、生态承载力、生态赤字和生态足迹压力指数。最后按照生态足迹压力指数来评价中亚各国生态安全状态。评价结果如下:(1)吉尔吉斯坦14年平均生态赤字为0.0900ha/capita;平均生态足迹压力指数为0.9388,处于稍不安全状态。(2)土库曼斯坦的多年平均生态赤字为0.3303 ha/capita;平均生态足迹压力指数为1.1327;哈萨克斯坦的多年平均生态赤字为0.8379 ha/capita,平均生态足迹压力指数为1.2320,都处于较不安全状态 。(3)乌兹别克斯坦的区域总承载力由1994年的28807119ha下降到2005年的28527138ha,而区域总生态足迹有所增加,即从44598092ha增加到51761368ha;多年平均生态赤字为0.8181 ha/capita;平均生态足迹压力指数为1.7540,处于相对很不安全状态。根据计算结果,中亚4国的多年平均生态安全都处于不安全状态,但不安全程度有所差别,吉尔吉斯坦的生态安全处于相对较好状态,其次为土库曼斯坦,哈萨克斯坦;乌兹别克斯坦的生态安全相对其他中亚国家而言处于相对很不安全状态。