热带西太平洋纬向风异常对 ENSO 循环的动力作用

根据观测资料,分析了1982/1983,1986/1987,1991/1992和1997/1998年ElNino事件发展和衰减以及LaNino事件发生过程中赤道西太平洋对流层下层环流和纬向风异常及其作用.结果表明,在ElNino事件发展阶段前,在热带西太平洋上空对流层下层产生气旋性环流异常,从而使印度尼西亚和赤道西太平洋上空产生西风异常;而当ElNino事件发展到成熟阶段,在热带西太平洋上空对流层下层产生反气旋性环流异常,从而使印度尼西亚和赤道西太平洋上空产生东风异常.还利用一个简单的热带海洋动力学模式,计算了20世纪最强的1997/1998ENSO循环过程中赤道海洋波动对实际海表风应力距平的响应.结果表明,热带西太平洋海表附近的纬向风异常,通过激发Kelvin波与Rossby波对ElNino事件的发展与衰减和LaNino事件的发生起到重要的动力作用.     

切变基本纬向流中非线性赤道Rossby长波

为了解决观测和理论研究中的一些问题以及更好地了解热带大气动力学 ,有必要进一步研究基本气流的变化对大气中赤道Rossby波动的影响 .本文研究分析基本气流对赤道Rossby长波的影响 ,利用一个简单赤道 β平面浅水模式和摄动法 ,研究纬向基本气流切变中非线性赤道Rossby波 ,推导出在切变基本纬向流中赤道Rossby长波振幅演变所满足的非线性KdV方程并得到其孤立波解 .分析表明 ,孤立波存在的必要条件是基本气流有切变 ,而且基流切变不能太强 ,否则将产生正压不稳定 .     

北太平洋海表面高度的年际变化及其机制

利用15年（1993～2007年）月平均的海表面高度（SSH）异常资料,分析了北太平洋海表面高度的年际变化的时空结构,并研究了热通量和风应力两个因子对其的强迫作用.结果表明,北太平洋年际时间尺度SSH变化的大值区在黑潮延伸区和西太平洋暖池区.EOF分解第一模态的空间结构沿纬向呈带状分布,第二模态为沿经向呈带状分布.热通量强迫作用在中纬度的东北太平洋可以解释SSH年际变化40%以上.风应力对SSH的作用包括正压和斜压两个方面.正压Sverdrup平衡模型模拟的SSH年际变化较弱,仅能解释高纬度副极地环流西部的20%~40%.由大尺度风应力强迫的第一阶斜压Rossby波模型可以解释热带地区的20%~60%,中纬度中部的20%~40%,以及阿拉斯加环流东部和副极地环流西部的20%~60%.风应力强迫的一阶斜压Rossby波模型对SSH的强迫机理又可分为局地风应力强迫和西传Rossby波作用.其中,风应力的局地强迫作用（Ekman抽吸）在东北太平洋、白令海以及热带中部有显著的预报技巧,可以解释SSH年际变异的40%以上.Rossby波的传播作用在中纬度海域的副热带环流中西部和夏威夷岛以东起着重要作用,可解释20%~60%.     

基于Argo资料的西太平洋暖池体积季节和年际变化及暖水来源

基于2004年1月至2010年12月期间的网格化Argo剖面资料,分析了西太平洋暖池的三维结构以及暖池体积的变化特征,并探讨了进出暖池的经、纬向流量变化及暖池暖水可能的维持机制．结果表明,西太平洋暖池最深可达120m,且由表层向下,面积逐渐缩小并向南倾斜（到100m,主体几乎全部位于赤道以南）．依水团结构计算,暖池体积约为1．86×10^15m^3．暖池体积的年变化呈明显的双峰结构,最大值分别出现在6月和10月;暖池体积的年际变化与ENSO事件相联系,其在ENSO年具有非常明显的体积变异．从多年平均的角度分析,纬向上进入暖池的暖水流量约52Sv,主要集中在暖池上层,且以东边界流入为主,而流出暖水约49Sv,主要集中在暖池中下层,且以西边界损耗为主．经向上流进暖池的暖水约28Sv,主要以南、北边界的上层为主,而从南、北边界流出暖池的暖水（总量约23Sv）在数值和各层次上不相上下．暖水进出暖池的季节和年际变化特征显示,暖池在纬向上以暖水损耗为主,而经向上则以获取暖水为主．暖池体积与进出暖池的暖水净流量在季节时间尺度上存在较强的相关性,不过二者在年际尺度上相关系数较低．然而,在年际时间尺度上,暖池在经向上的暖平流受到ENSO事件的影响要强于纬向,在2007年和2010年两次强LaNina事件中,经向各边界进出暖池的暖水净流量异于正常年份,从而影响暖池暖水的供应,使得暖池体积在ENSO事件中发生变异．虽然绝对地转流在赤道上是不成立的,而暖池的上层又是跨赤道的,但我们的分析结果仍然可以帮助人们对于西太平洋暖池暖水的流入和流出情况获得一定的认知．     

热带太平洋海洋混合层水体振荡与ENSO循环

研究了热带太平洋温跃层和海面风应力年际变率主要模态及它们之间的相互作用, 探讨了ENSO循环的可能形成机制, 得到如下结果: (1)热带太平洋温跃层异常具以160°W为纵轴的东西向偶极子分布和以6~8°N为横轴的南北向跷跷板分布等两种主要模态, 两者(相位差90°)组合构成El Niño/La Niña循环, 表现为混合层水体(指温跃层界面之上海温垂直分布较均匀的上层海洋)在赤道与12°N之间的热带太平洋海盆内反时针三维振荡; (2)热带太平洋风应力异常具两种主要分布型, 第一特征向量场反映了热带太平洋信风异常导致的赤道太平洋异常纬向风应力及散度场与离赤道北太平洋异常越赤道风应力及反相散度场, 第二特征向量场反映了热带辐合带(ITCZ)异常导致的异常风应力及相应散度场; (3)信风异常对ENSO事件的形成、强度和相变都有决定性的作用, 它导致海面倾斜, 提供了混合层水体振荡初始位能, 同时造成赤道太平洋西部与东部之间和赤道太平洋与12°N北太平洋海盆之间温跃层同步反相位移, 限定了热带太平洋混合层水体振荡的振幅和路线. ITCZ异常主要对ENSO相变过程有一定影响; (4)热带西太平洋海洋热力异常导致海面风应力异常, 它伴随热带太平洋混合层水体振荡沿赤道由西向东扩展, 造成热带太平洋信风异常, 产生有利于水体振荡的异常风应力及散度场, 反过来进一步加强混合层水体振荡. 这一海气耦合过程与混合层水体振荡一起为ENSO循环提供了相变和年际记忆机制. 研究指出, ENSO循环实质上是由信风异常和海气耦合过程共同作用下产生的热带太平洋海洋混合层水体在赤道与12°N之间热带太平洋海盆内的惯性振荡. 海气耦合过程产生的作用力大于或等于水体运动阻力时, ENSO循环将加强或维持, 不足以克服水体运动阻力时, 水体振荡减小, ENSO循环将逐渐减弱, 直至中断.     

冬季太阳11年周期活动对大气环流的影响

利用气象场的再分析资料和太阳辐射活动资料,对太阳11年周期活动影响北半球冬季(11月~3月)大气环流的过程进行了统计分析和动力学诊断.根据赤道平流层纬向风准两年振荡(QBO)的东、西风状态对太阳活动效应进行了分类讨论,结果表明：东风态QBO时,太阳活动效应主要集中在赤道平流层中、高层和南半球平流层,强太阳活动时增强的紫外辐射加热了赤道地区的臭氧层,造成平流层低纬明显增温,同时加强了南半球的Brewer-Dobson(B-D)环流,引起南极高纬平流层温度增加;而北半球中高纬的环流主要受行星波的影响,太阳活动影响很小.西风态QBO时,太阳活动效应在北半球更为重要,初冬时强太阳活动除了加热赤道地区臭氧层外,还抑制了北半球的B-D环流,造成赤道平流层温度增加和纬向风梯度在垂直方向的变化,从而改变了对流层两支行星波波导的强度;冬末时在太阳活动调制下,行星波向极波导增强,B-D环流逐渐恢复,造成北半球极地平流层明显增温,同时伴随着赤道区域温度的下降.     

外热带大气扰动对ENSO的影响

合成分析了20世纪80年代以来5次主要的ENSO事件，发现外热带大气扰动通过经向风异常不仅对ENSO的发生起到重要的触发作用，而且影响到ENSO的发展和衰减. 因此，尽管ENSO对外热带大气扰动有影响，但同时外热带大气扰动又与ENSO有相互作用. 在ENSO发生前，南印度洋中纬度为反气旋异常，并通过Rossby波的频散作用加强了澳大利亚附近的反气旋异常；同时，澳大利亚东部沿海的南风异常与菲律宾附近的北风异常在赤道辐合，促进了赤道西太平洋西风异常的爆发和其后ENSO的发生. 在ENSO发生之后，东南太平洋上的气旋异常及相关的南风异常进一步增强了赤道中东太平洋的西风异常和ENSO的发展. 当ENSO达到成熟时，澳大利亚东部的反气旋异常东移，使东南太平洋的气旋异常减弱，南方涛动型环流异常亦随之减弱；同时，阿留申气旋异常加强，尤其是副热带北太平洋的风场异常可加强赤道中东太平洋海水的涌升，使该地区海表温度降低，加速ENSO的消亡.     

纬向非均匀基流对大气长波调整的作用

大气长波的发展和演变影响着大气的可预报性,并对提高天气预报和气候预测水平有重要的意义.在影响大气长波演变的因子中,除波与波非线性相互作用外,基流的作用也非常重要.本文利用非均匀基本场下Rossby波运动方程,通过数值求解,分析了基本场结构和初始场对Rossby波演变的影响,揭示了纬向非均匀基本场对长波调整的作用.研究结果表明:基流纬向非均匀时,线性Rossby波也会出现长波调整现象,基流随纬向变化是长波发生调整的又一个重要机制;大气长波调整对波动的初始振幅不敏感,但基本场振幅影响着长波调整能否出现和出现的时间;基本场纬向平均西风基流的大小除影响波动传播的速度和方向外,还影响长波调整出现的时间和规律;长波调整的出现还与基本场和初始场的结构有关,不同基本场时,波动是否发生调整、向高波数还是向低波数调整都决定于基本场结构,相同基本场时,不同初始结构的波动也有着不同的演变过程.     

卫星测高揭示的海面变化经纬向耦合特征及其对ENSO事件响应

本文引入3阶主张量分析方法对1993～2008年赤道太平洋地区卫星测高数据进行解析,前两个主张量可有效表征海面变化的经、纬向耦合特征,重构与对比了该时段内6次ENSO事件海面变化的经、纬向演化的空间构型与耦合作用过程.结果表明:海面的经向变化可表征ENSO强度变化,纬向变化表现为受ENSO影响的年周期波动;经、纬向张量...     

1998年长江流域洪水期大气季节内振荡特征及机理研究

1998年夏季长江流域洪涝灾害的发生与低纬和中高纬低频气旋在长江流域附近地区的汇合过程有关. 用包含18个动力热力因子及南北边界效应的局地经向环流线性诊断模式将各因子作用分解开来, 并根据1998年的NCEP再分析资料找到造成不同纬度低频气旋的产生、经向传播及相互作用的主要过程. 基于数值模式的定量分析结果, 表明低纬地区低频气旋的产生和传播主要与强积云对流有关的潜热加热、反映越赤道气流影响的边界效应及热量垂直输送作用有关; 而中高纬地区低频气旋的产生和传播则主要与反映西风带扰动的西风动量水平输送和温度平流作用有关, 西风带扰动主要体现为鄂霍次克海阻塞高压及东南侧的切断低压. 高低纬低频气旋在长江流域附近地区的合并, 不但为长江流域发生洪涝提供所需的抬升条件, 也为南海地区低层低频反气旋的形成创造了有利条件. 在来自南海低频反气旋西北侧的暖湿气流和位于长江流域的低频气旋上升运动的共同影响下, 长江流域发生了百年一遇的特大洪水.     

热带扰动在大尺度经圈中的行为

在赤道β平面上经圈流的背景流场内,利用等值浅水模式来分析波动的不稳定性.结果显示,在经圈半地转假设下,扰动信号通过变性的Rossby波来传递.对于大洋西部,由于向极地方向经圈流的引入,赤道对称的扰动模态对所有的波数k都是不稳定的.对于大洋东部的向赤道流,对赤道对称的扰动却是稳定的.由于一般来讲,扰动倾向于对赤道对称,因此西边界的向极流,如黑潮,比东边界的向赤道流,如加尼福尼亚洋流,更易因扰动的不稳定而产生涡旋.     

Mixed-layer water oscillations in tropical Pacific for ENSO cycle

The main modes of interannal variabilities of thermocline and sea surface wind stress in the tropical Pacific and their interactions are investigated,which show the following results.(1) The thermocline anomalies in the tropical Pacific have a zonal dipole pattern with 160°W as its axis and a meridional seesaw pattern with 6-8°N as its transverse axis.The meridional oscillation has a phase lag of about 90° to the zonal oscillation,both oscillations get together to form the El Ni?o/La Ni?a cycle,which be-haves as a mixed layer water oscillates anticlockwise within the tropical Pacific basin between equator and 12°N.(2) There are two main patterns of wind stress anomalies in the tropical Pacific,of which the first component caused by trade wind anomaly is characterized by the zonal wind stress anomalies and its corresponding divergences field in the equatorial Pacific,and the abnormal cross-equatorial flow wind stress and its corresponding divergence field,which has a sign opposite to that of the equatorial region,in the off-equator of the tropical North Pacific,and the second component represents the wind stress anomalies and corresponding divergences caused by the ITCZ anomaly.(3) The trade winds anomaly plays a decisive role in the strength and phase transition of the ENSO cycle,which results in the sea level tilting,provides an initial potential energy to the mixed layer water oscillation,and causes the opposite thermocline displacement between the west side and east side of the equator and also between the equator and 12°N of the North Pacific basin,therefore determines the amplitude and route for ENSO cycle.The ITCZ anomaly has some effects on the phase transition.(4) The thermal anomaly of the tropical western Pacific causes the wind stress anomaly and extends eastward along the equator accompanied with the mixed layer water oscillation in the equatorial Pacific,which causes the trade winds anomaly and produces the anomalous wind stress and the corresponding divergence in favor to conduce the oscillation,which in turn intensifies the oscillation.The coupled system of ocean-atmo-sphere interactions and the inertia gravity of the mixed layer water oscillation provide together a phase-switching mechanism and interannual memory for the ENSO cycle.In conclusion,the ENSO cycle essentially is an inertial oscillation of the mixed layer water induced by both the trade winds anomaly and the coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction in the tropical Pacific basin between the equator and 12°N.When the force produced by the coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction is larger than or equal to the resistance caused by the mixed layer water oscillation,the oscillation will be stronger or maintain as it is,while when the force is less than the resistance,the oscillation will be weaker,even break.     

Numerical studies of transient planetary circulations in a wind-driven ocean

Summary The time-dependent primitive equations for a shallow homogeneous ocean with a free surface are solved for a bounded basin on the sphere, driven by a steady zonal wind stress and subject to lateral viscous dissipation. These are the vertically integrated equations for a free-surface model, and are integrated to 60 days from an initial state of rest by an explicit centered-difference method with zero-slip lateral boundary conditions. In a series of comparative numerical solutions it is shown that at least a 2-deg resolution is needed to resolve the western boundary currents adequately and to avoid undue distortion of the transient (Rossby waves. The -plane formulation is shown to be an adequate approximation for the mean circulation in the lower and middle latitudes, but noticeably intensifies the transports poleward of about 50 deg and both slows and distorts the transients in the central basin. The influence of the (southern) zonal boundary on the transport solutions is confined to the southernmost gyre, except in the region of the western boundary currents where its influence spreads to the northern edge of the basin by 30 days. The total boundary current transport is shown to be approximately proportional to the zonal width of the basin and independent of the basin's (uniform) depth, while the elevation of the free water surface is inversely proportional to the basin depth, in accordance with linear theory. The introduction of bottom friction has a marked damping effect on the transient Rossby waves, and also reduces the maximum boundary-current transport. The solutions throughout are approximately geostrophic and are only slightly nonlinear.The root-mean-square (rms) transport variability during the period 30 to 60 days is concentrated in the southwest portion of the basin through the reflection of the transient Rossby waves from the western shore and has a maximum corresponding to an rms current variability of about 3 cm sec^–1. The transport variabilities are about 10 percent of the mean zonal transport and more than 100 percent of the mean meridional transport over a considerable region of the western basin (outside the western boundary current regime). Some 99 percent of the total kinetic energy is associated with the zonal mean and standing zonal waves, which are also responsible for the bulk of the meridional transport of zonal angular momentum. Although the transient Rossby waves systematically produce a momentum flux convergence at the latitude of the maximum eastward current, much in the manner of their atmospheric counterparts, this is only a relatively small contribution to the zonal oceanic momentum balance; the bulk of the mean zonal stress is here balanced by a nearly stationary net pressure torque exerted against the meridional boundaries by the wind-raised water. In an ocean without such boundaries the role of the transient circulations may be somewhat more important.     

Rossby wave patterns in zonal and meridional winds

The propagation properties of Rossby waves in zonal and meridional winds are analyzed using the local dispersion relation in its wave number form, the geometry of which plays a crucial role in illuminating radiation patterns and ray trajectories. In the presence of a wind/current, the classical Rossby wave number curve, an offset circle, is distorted by the Doppler shift in frequency and a new branch, consisting of a blocking line with an eastward facing indentation, arises from waves convected with or against the flow. The radiation patterns generated by a time harmonic compact source in the laboratory frame are calculated using the method of stationary phase and are illustrated through a series of figures given by the reciprocal polars to the various types of wave number curves. We believe these results are new. Some of these wave patterns are reminiscent of a “reversed” ship wave pattern in which cusps (caustics) arise from the points of inflection of the wave number curves; whilst others bear a resemblance to the parabolic like curves characteristic of the capillary wave pattern formed around an obstacle in a stream. The Rossby stationary wave in a westerly is similar to the gravity wave pattern in a wind, whereas its counterpart in a meridional wind exhibits caustics, again arising from points of inflection in the wavenumber curve.     

The topographically forced component of the atmospheric motion

Summary The zonally asymmetric stationary component of the general circulation is studied for small Rossby number without the beta-plane approximation. The equations for this component are linearized about a mean flow. An analytic solution for the meridional wind is found when the zonal wind and static stability of the mean flow are independent of the vertical coordinate. The solution is used to compute the transports of angular momentum and heat. The angular momentum transports give rise to a net convergence of the order of Rossby number and are balanced by the zonal mean Coriolis torque. However, the heat transports vanish at this order of magnitude.     

风生边界急流稳定性的渐近理论

观测表明,当冬季盛吹北风时,在南中国海西边界附近将形成一支向南的急流,在一定条件下这支急流可弯曲成波动甚至形成涡旋.本文应用等值浅水模式,采用截断模方法,分析了急流的稳定性,并给出急流上不稳定波出现的条件.分析表明只有当向南的风生急流很强很窄时,由变性的Kelvin波和风应力强迫出的地形Rossby波在长波波段耦合而出现不稳定,不稳定波在波长约200 km时向北传播的相速度约为02 m·s-1,波振幅增长到e倍所需的时间约15天.分析进一步表明,夏季向北的风生流在海洋的西边界附近是稳定的.这些结果在一定程度上解释了观测结果.     

The generation of baroclinic rossby waves by meridional oscillations of a zonal wind stress

Abstract

This paper investigates the generation of linear baroclinic Rossby waves by meridional oscillations of a climatological zonal wind stress in a reduced gravity ocean bounded by an eastern coastline. Using a power series technique an analytical solution is derived for the interfacial displacement. It is found that for a given period of oscillation of the zonal winds, a finite number of propagating Rossby waves will be generated with frequencies equal to a harmonic of the forcing frequency. The number of propagating modes increases with increasing period of the wind stress. In addition to the propagating waves the complete solution for the interfacial displacement consists of a rapidly convergent infinite sum of evanescent terms. The displacement field is calculated for atmospheric forcing parameters typical of those found at mid-latitudes. Further, it is shown that a near resonant response can be generated using atmospheric parameter values typical of those found over the North Pacific.     

Zonal jets and cyclone–anticyclone asymmetry in decaying rotating turbulence: laboratory experiments and numerical simulations

The problem of zonal jet formation and cyclone–anticyclone asymmetry in decaying rotating turbulence is addressed using both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations with a high-resolution shallow water model in a spherical geometry. Experiments are performed at different Rossby and Froude numbers and applying a rigid wall as meridional boundary in the numerical scheme to mimic the experimental apparatus. The formation of a zonally banded flow pattern, i.e. meridionally confined easterly/westerly jets, has observed; both experimental and numerical results confirmed that this tendency is favoured by high-planetary vorticity gradients. Also, in the experiments characterized by large rotation speeds and small Rossby deformation radius, an initial symmetric distribution of relative vorticity is found to evolve towards a dominance of anticyclonic structures, indicating a breaking of the cyclone–anticyclone symmetry. This aspect has deepened by numerically analysing the sensitivity of the temporal variations of the asymmetry index with respect to the position of the meridional confinement as well as the effect of relaxing the divergence of the fluid (i.e. non-divergent case) to zero. Results suggested that experiments characterized by the higher rotation speed and the lower fluid thickness are better reproduced by a divergent model with a high-latitude meridional boundary.     

Planetary Boundary Layer Flows in the Atmosphere and the Ocean at the Equator

—The boundary layer flows created by the frictional dissipation of the wind speed at the surface in the atmosphere and by surface wind stress in the ocean at the equator and in the equatorial region, are obtained by taking the influence of the surface friction on the zonal velocity as being balanced by vertical transport for the long-term mean flow and by a corresponding time variation for time-dependent flow fields. Solutions are expressed in terms of the velocities in zonal and vertical directions and the divergence of the horizontal current in the two media. It is found that under the ever present easterly flow in the lower atmosphere, the boundary layer flow in the atmosphere is convergence and ascending motion in the lower troposphere, and divergence at the surface and uplift in ocean, and in reverse directions for the westerly flow. Similar results are obtained for time-dependent wind fields and they give way to the steady asymptotic solutions when the period of the variation exceeds 10 months.