Inversion and III-Posed Problem Solutions in Atmospheric Remote Sensing

With the swift advances in earth observation,satellite remote sensing and application of atmospheric radiation theory have been developed in the past decades,atmospheric sensing inversion with its algorithms is getting more and more importance.It is known that since a remote sensing equation falls into an integral equation of the first kind,thus leading to the fact that it is ill-posed and particularly the solution is unsteady,tremendous difficulties arise from the retrieval.This paper will present a simple review on the inversion techniques with some necessary remarks,before introducing the successful efforts with respect to such equations and the encouraging solutions achieved in recent decades by researchers of the world.     

Study on Microwave Remote Sensing of Atmosphere,Cloud and Rain

In this paper, recent research of microwave remote sensing of atmosphere, cloud and rain in China is presented. It includes the following aspects:(1) Progress in the development of multifrequency radiometer and its characteristics and parameters;(2) Application of microwave remote sensing in prediction of atmospheric boundary layer. The atmospheric temperature profiles are derived with 5 mm (54.5 GHz) radiometer angle-scanning observations. Due to the fact that microwave radiometer could monitor the atmospheric temperature profile continuously and make the initialization of numerical model any time, it is helpful for improving the accuracy in prediction of the evolution of atmospheric boundary layer;(3) Theory and application of microwave radiometers in monitoring atmospheric temperature, humidity and water content in cloud. The field experiment of International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) at Shionomisaki and Amami Oshima of Japan for studies of cloud and weather has been described;(4) S     

Recent Progress in Atmospheric Observation Research in China

Recent progress in atmospheric observation techniques, observational systems and their application in China are reviewed. According to different observational platforms, the review is presented in three sections, i.e., satellite remote sensing （SRS）, ground-based observation technologies and applications, and aircraft/balloon measurements. The section ＂satellite remote sensing＂ presents advances in SRS techniques, SRS of clouds and aerosols, and SRS of trace gases and temperature/moisture profiles. The section ＂groundbased observation technologies and applications＂ focuses on research such as lidar systems and applications, sun/sky radiometer and broadband radiation observations, weather radar and wind profilers, GPS measurements, and some new concept systems. The section ＂aircraft/balloon measurements＂ presents some newly developed aircraft- and balloon-based sounding techniques.     

On Lidar Application for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere

This paper introduces some advanced subjects on lidar remote sensing of the atmosphere, emphasizing recent studies and developments in lidar application for measuring ozone, cloud, aerosol, atmospheric temperature, moisture, pressure and wind.     

Establishment of Winter Wheat Regional Simulation Model Based on Remote Sensing Data and Its Application

Accurate crop growth monitoring and yield forecasting are significant to the food security and the sus- tainable development of agriculture.Crop yield estimation by remote sensing and crop growth simulation models have highly potential application in crop growth monitoring and yield forecasting.However,both of them have limitations in mechanism and regional application,respectively.Therefore,approach and methodology study on the combination of remote sensing data and crop growth simulation models are con- cerned by many researchers.In this paper,adjusted and regionalized WOFOST (World Food Study) in North China and Scattering by Arbitrarily Inclined Leaves-a model of leaf optical PROperties SPECTra (SAIL-PROSFPECT) were coupled through LAI to simulate Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) of crop canopy,by which crop model was re-initialized by minimizing differences between simulated and synthesized SAVI from remote sensing data using an optimization software (FSEOPT).Thus,a regional remote-sensing- crop-simulation-framework-model (WSPFRS) was established under potential production level (optimal soil water condition).The results were as follows:after re-initializing regional emergence date by using remote sensing data,anthesis,and maturity dates simulated by WSPFRS model were more close to measured values than simulated results of WOFOST;by re-initializing regional biomass weight at turn-green stage,the spa- tial distribution of simulated storage organ weight was more consistent with measured yields and the area with high values was nearly consistent with actual high yield area.This research is a basis for developing regional crop model in water stress production level based on remote sensing data.     

A Review of Atmospheric Electricity Research in China from 2019 to 2022

Atmospheric electricity is composed of a series of electric phenomena in the atmosphere. Significant advances in atmospheric electricity research conducted in China have been achieved in recent years. In this paper, the research progress on atmospheric electricity achieved in China during 2019–22 is reviewed focusing on the following aspects:(1) lightning detection and location techniques,(2) thunderstorm electricity,(3) lightning forecasting methods and techniques,(4)physical processes of light...     

Study on Microwave Remote Sensing of Atmosphere, Cloud and Rain

In this paper, recent research of microwave remote sensing of atmosphere, cloud and rain in China is presented. It includes the following aspects:(1) Progress in the development of multifrequency radiometer and its characteristics and parameters;(2) Application of microwave remote sensing in prediction of atmospheric boundary layer. The atmospheric temperature profiles are derived with 5 mm (54.5 GHz) radiometer angle-scanning observations. Due to the fact that microwave radiometer could monitor the atmospheric temperature profile continuously and make the initialization of numerical model any time, it is helpful for improving the accuracy in prediction of the evolution of atmospheric boundary layer;(3) Theory and application of microwave radiometers in monitoring atmospheric temperature, humidity and water content in cloud. The field experiment of International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) at Shionomisaki and Amami Oshima of Japan for studies of cloud and weather has been described;(4) Satellite remote sensing of atmosphere and cloud. The TIROS-N TOVS satellite data are used to obtain at-mospheric temperature profile. The results are compared with those of radiosonde, with rms deviation smaller than that of the current operational TOVS processing;(5) Microwave remote sensing and communication. The atmospheric attenuations are derived with microwave remote sensing methods such as solar radiation method etc., in order to obtain the local value instantaneously. The characteristics of Beijing’s rainfall have been analysed and the probability of microwave attenuation of rain is predicted;(6) For improvement of the accuracy of rainfall measurement, a radiometer-radar system (λ= 3.2 cm) has been developed. The variation of rainfull distribution and area-rainfall may be obtained by its measurements, which may be helpful for hydrological prediction.The prospect of microwave remote sensing in meteorology is also discussed.     

Fog Research in China： An Overview

Fog can adversely affect human activity directly and indirectly,resulting in large losses both in terms of the local economy and lives.Much effort has been devoted to studies of fog across many areas of China,and in that context this paper aims to summarize climatic characteristics and review fog field experiments and their major results relating to fog mechanisms,physical properties and chemical characteristics.Progress in the application of remote sensing techniques and numerical simulation in fog research are also discussed.In particular,the effects of urbanization and industrialization on fog are highlighted.To end,perspectives on future fog research are outlined.The goal of this review paper is to introduce fog research in China to the global academic community and thus promote international collaboration on fog research.This is important because most papers on fog in China are published in Chinese,which are unreadable for the vast majority of non-Chinese researchers.     

Numerical Experiment of Combined Infrared and Ultraviolet Radiation Remote Sensing to Determine the Profile and Total Content of Atmospheric Ozone

A new remote sensing method is described to determine the vertical distribution and total content of atmospheric ozone. The method combines surface infrared, satellite infrared and ultraviolet channels. The width of the infrared channels is 0.01 cm-1, less than Lorentz half-width at the earth's surface, rather than the present width, because these channels can obtain information about variations in the ozone profile below the profile main-peak. The numerical experiments show that the method has a satisfactory precision in determining total ozone content, just about I percent error, and vertical distribution from the earth to 65 km space. In addition, some semi-analysis functions lor calculating backscattered ultraviolet and a relaxation equation are described in this paper.     

Preface

Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation （LAGEO） was established in 1995 and became one of the Key Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） in 2008. LAGEO emphasizes both fundamental research and high-tech research and development, and sets the major research directions as middle atmosphere and global environmental observation, which include the following four aspects： 1） middle atmosphere process and its weather and climatic effects, 2） atmospheric radiation, atmospheric and environmental remote sensing, 3） global atmospheric electricity, lightning and thunderstorm electricity, and 4） high-tech devel- opment and application for atmospheric observation.     

Meteorological Satellite TIROS-N TOVS Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Property and Cloud

In this paper, a new retrieval method, i.e., the Statistical-Physical Retrieval Method (STPRM) has been developed. It is a combination of both statistical and physical method. On this basis, a retrieval system of temperature-humidity profiles and cloud parameters has been developed. By use of the developed TOVS STPRM the distribution of atmospheric temperature, humidity and geopotential height on isobaric surface can be obtained. In comparison with the statistical method and physical method, the TOVS STPRM system not only has the advantage of convenience in use, quickness in data processing and accuracy in retrieval result, but also can display cloud evolution on screen.     

LABORATORY STUDY ON MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF GROUND TRUTH

In order to improve the interpretation of the earth system microwave remote sensing, the research of microwavespectrum characteristics of the ground truth (earth objects) was carried out in laboratory. A laboratory formicrowave remote sensing of the earth objects has been constructed to improve the remote sensing level, thelaboratory consists of four parts: the measuring system of dielectric constants, the microwave emissivity meter,the microwave reflectometer and the microwave remote sensing simulation experiment in field. In this paper,the principle of measurement, the correction of near field process, the structure of instrument, the calibrationmethod and the measurement of the earth substances, including soil, water and oil, are discussed. The labora-tory may supply the condition for measuring the parameters of thc earth substance remote sensing and help tointerpret the remote sensing data.     

Simultaneous Non-linear Retrieval of Atmospheric Temperature and Absorbing Constituent Profiles from Satellite Infrared Sounder Radiances

Based on Zeng’s theory (1974), a successive linearized form of radiative transfer equation (RTE) is derived for simultaneous retrieval of atmospheric temperature and absorbing constituent profiles from satellite infrared observa-tions. It contains the temperature component weighting function and absorbing constituent (H2O, O3, CH4 etc.) com-ponent weighting functions. All these weighting functions reach maximum at their own “optimum information levels”, and make the remote sensing equations well-conditional. Then the atmospheric profiles are derived by Newton’s non-linear iteration method. Experiments of retrieval from both TIROS-N operational High Resolution Infrared Sounder (HIRS) and the simulated Atmospheric infRared Sounder (AIRS) show an significant improvement.     

Study on Clouds and Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer

A set of remote sensing instruments of Peking University, which includes mainly a dual-channel(22.235GHz and 35.5GHz) microwave radiometer, a 8mm microwave and a 5mm microwave radiometer, has been developed for the Western North-Pacific Cloud-Radiation Experiment (WENPEX). The instruments were used to observe the cloud and marine atmospheric boundary-layer in the southwest sea area of Japan in winter time from 1989 to 1991.In the weather change process, the characteristics of the marine atmospheric boundary-layer and liquid water content in cloud of this area in winter time are studied from observation data. A one-dimensional mixed layer model is presented for the growth and evolution of a cloud-topped marine boundary-layer. The model is used to study in the WENPEX. The simulation results are in agreement with observation data, especially the integral water in cloud.     

Interannual and Interdecadal Variations in Atmospheric Circulation Factors and Rainfall in China and Their Relationship

Wavelet analysis is used to study the interannual and interdecadal variations of rainfall in China and atmospheric circulation factors, including the key atmospheric oscillations, W, C, E patterns and subtropical high. Regression analysis and correlation analysis are both used to study the relationship of atmospheric circulation factors and China rainfall on different time scale and spatial scale. The results are as follows: (1) The variations of atmospheric circulation and rainfall in China are characterized by interannual and interdecadal scales. The variations of atmospheric circulation and rainfall are composed of interannual and interdecadal variations. It is necessary to separate those two time scales when climate changes and forecast are studied. (2) The variations of China rainfall are due to the interaction of multi-factors rather than single factors. The marked factors which influence the interannual and interdecadal variations are various. Subtropical high is one of the marked factors which influence interannual variations of rainfall, while AO, NAO, and NPO are one of the marked factors which influence interdecadal variations of rainfall. (3) The longer the time scale is, and the larger the spatial scale is, and the more remarkable the relationships between atmospheric circulation and rainfall are.     

Progress in Marine Meteorology Studies in China during 1999-2002

The progresses of marine meteorology studies achieved in China during the four year period from 1999 to 2002 are summarized in six directions: air-sea flux, marine meteorology in high latitudes, marine disasters, connection between ocean and weather/climate in China, remote sensing applications and new methodologies in marine meteorology. Compared to the previous ones, these studies adopted much more first-hand datasets, and more scientific issues were involved. As an exciting remark, there were so many contributions done by the young scientists. A brief statement about the research strategy of marine meteorology in China for the coming years is also given.     

SIMPLIFICATION OF THE OXYGEN-ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT FORMULA IN MICROWAVE BAND

Study of the oxygen-absorption coefficient in 5mm wave band is important for remote sensing of theatmospheric temperature profile from satellites or ground.In order to obtain the atmospheric temperatureprofile rapidly and accurately,it is necessary to have a simple,but accurate formula of the oxygen-absorp-tion coefficient.In this paper,formulae of the oxygen-absorption coefficient in a certain range of tempera-ture-pressure and at a standard isobaric surface have been derived.These formulae may substitute for Meeks-Lilley formula in remote sensing of the atmosphere.     

Nonlinear Atmospheric and Climate Dynamics in China （2003-2006）： A Review

Recent advances in the study of nonlinear atmospheric and climate dynamics in China （2003 2006） are briefly reviewed. Major achievements in the following eight areas are covered： nonlinear error dynamics and predictability; nonlinear analysis of observational data; eddy-forced envelope Rossby soliton theory; sensitivity and stability of the ocean＇s thermohaline circulation; nonlinear wave dynamics; nonlinear analysis on fluctuations in the atmospheric boundary layer; the basic structures of atmospheric motions; some applications of variational methods.     

Recent Progress in Cloud Physics Research in China

A review of China cloud physics research during 2003-2006 is made in this paper. The studies on cloud field experiments and observation, cloud physics and precipitation, including its theoretical applications in hail suppression and artificial rain enhancement, cloud physics and lightning, and clouds and climate change are included. Due primarily to the demand from weather modification activities, the issue of cloud physics and weather modification has been addressed in China with many field experiments and model studies. While cloud physics and weather modification is still an important research field, the interaction between aerosol, cloud and radiation processes, which is the key issue of current climate change research, has become a new research direction in China over the past four years.     

The Major Research Advances of Mesoscale Weather Dynamics in China Since 2003

This paper reviews the main theoretical progress of mesoscale weather dynamics since 2003, including： （1） The dynamic mechanisms of balanced and unbalanced flow are applied to study the genesis and development problems of mesoscale circulation. The symmetric instability and transverse-wave instability are analyzed in line and vortex atmosphere convection, and further research has been done on nonlinear convective symmetric instability. The interaction between forced convection and unstable convection and the wave characteristics of mesoscale motion are also discussed. （2） Intermediate atmosphere dynamic boundary layer models are developed. The complicated nonlinear interaction is analyzed theoretically between the atmospheric boundary layer and the free atmosphere. The structure of the topography boundary layer, atmospheric frontogenesis, the structure and circulation of the low-level front and other boundary layer dynamic problems are discussed. （3） The formation and development of meso-β-scale rainstorms under the background of the East-Asia atmosphere circulation are diagnosed with the variation of MPV （moist potential vorticity） anomalies. And some physical vectors are modified and applied in the moist atmosphere.