黔东南地区褶皱构造样式及其断层突破模式

黔东南地区发育隔槽式褶皱组合和逆冲断层.通过对褶皱和地层的平面展布、断层的产状和性质以及滑脱层的分析, 结合典型地震剖面解释和平衡剖面恢复, 对黔东南地区构造特征及其成因进行了探讨.结果表明, 隔槽式褶皱的发育不仅与滑脱深度和剥蚀差异有关, 而且与逆冲断层的推覆距离、逆冲断层的产状、断坪断坡长度比、断层突破方式和多层次滑脱等方面存在着密切联系.结合区域构造演化和推覆距离的制约, 建立了黔东南地区的隔槽式褶皱构造样式的几何学和运动学模型, 确定其主要影响因素是断坪断坡长度比较小、多种方式断层突破和多层次滑脱.      

川东侏罗山式褶皱构造带的物理模拟研究

川东地区发育一系列NE走向的侏罗山式褶皱构造,按照褶皱的组合形态,自东向西发育隔槽式褶皱和隔档式褶皱,齐岳山断裂是二者的分界线。本文采取物理模拟手段对川东侏罗山式褶皱形成的控制因素进行实验研究,选取硅树脂模拟滑脱层,石英砂和微玻璃珠模拟沉积盖层,改变盖层与基底之间摩擦力、盖层的物性、滑脱层的埋藏深度等因素。模拟实验研究表明,滑脱层的深度和盖层性质是川东侏罗山式褶皱形成的主要控制因素。齐岳山断裂以东地区主要是下寒武统膏页岩充当滑脱层,滑脱层埋深较大,地表构造形态表现为隔槽式褶皱;齐岳山断裂以西地区,下二叠统泥质灰岩充当滑脱层,埋深较浅,盖层表现为隔档式褶皱。微玻璃珠是模拟侏罗山式褶皱较好的实验材料,推测川东薄皮构造带形成时候以塑形变形为主。     

川东“侏罗山式”褶皱的数值模拟及成因探讨

本文通过采用有限差分法（FLAC）对“侏罗山式”褶皱进行数值模拟发现,层间粘聚力差异和上覆压力是控制隔档式褶皱、隔槽式褶皱样式的主要因素,即层间的能干性差异和埋深的控制。当地层在埋深较浅时,层间能干性差异对褶皱样式起主控作用,能干性差异小时出现隔槽式褶皱,差异大时出现隔档式褶皱。随着埋深加大,压力逐渐起主要作用,这时仅出现隔槽式褶皱。川东东带褶皱地层总体上层间能干性差异小,因而盖层的深部与浅部皆出现隔槽式褶皱,与模拟结果一致。西带褶皱地层总体层间能干性差异大,因而浅部出现隔档式褶皱。而其深部的下古生界地层主要受上覆压力控制,根据模拟推测应为隔槽式褶皱。     

中国南方侏罗山式褶皱及其形成机制

侏罗山式褶皱起源于欧洲侏罗山区的褶皱,以背斜紧闭向斜开阔和向斜紧闭背斜开阔为特征。这类褶皱在形态上与褶皱造山带的强烈紧闭褶皱和地台盖层的极其平缓开阔的褶皱明显不同。所以本世纪初的阿尔卑斯构造研究者就注意到这类构造,布克斯多夫(Buxtorf1916)进行了研究并提出了侏罗山式褶皱,认为这类褶皱是盖层在海西基底上剪切滑动的结果。别洛马索夫和张文佑以区域构造为基础的褶皱分类中,都把侏罗山式褶皱与阿尔卑斯式褶皱(地槽型全形褶皱)和日尔曼式褶皱(地台型断续褶皱)并列为三大褶皱类型。 株罗山式褶皱两种基本型式:隔档式褶皱和隔槽式褶皱。区域构造研究确定,在地质背景、形成机制和形态特证上与这两种基本型式相同和近似的褶皱广泛发育。一些学者据其     

华南地块雪峰山中生代板内造山带构造样式及其形成机制

华南大地构造核心问题之一是江南—雪峰山造山带的属性。在前人工作基础上,对横切雪峰山造山带的地质剖面进行了详细的区域地质、构造变形和部分重点区段地震反射剖面深部构造解释,划分出5个大地构造单元:(1)湘中复合逆冲构造带。该带位处雪峰山造山带东部,以龙山复合构造穹隆等为代表,是近EW向加里东造山带与NE向燕山造山带复合叠加的结果;其中燕山期构造样式总体为倾向SE逆冲断层控制的尖棱背斜构造。(2)雪峰山厚皮逆冲构造带。该带西以大庸逆冲断裂为界,带内板溪群浅变质褶皱基底大面积出露,总体发育指向NW的断层-褶皱组合。断坪-断坡式逆冲断层从板溪群内部薄弱层发育,向浅部产状明显变陡,并导致新元古界板溪群逆冲于古生界之上,控制了沅麻等中生代盆地的形成,沿断坡形成紧闭背斜和沿断坪形成宽缓向斜;表明其为典型的断层相关褶皱。断层褶皱组合与地表剥蚀共同作用,形成飞来峰和构造窗。(3)以梵净山构造穹隆为代表的梵净山—走马构造穹隆带。该带呈NE向长垣状,核部出露新元古界下部梵净山群。断坪-断坡式逆冲断层深切梵净山群,在断层上盘形成不对称箱状背斜。因此总体为典型的厚皮逆冲作用下的断层相关褶皱。(4)隔槽式逆冲构造带。此带主要发育一系列轴向NE的箱状背斜和尖棱向斜。箱状背斜核部为寒武系,向深部卷入震旦系—板溪群,形成基底卷入的断层-褶皱组合,其浅部形成叠瓦状逆冲断层-褶皱组合,从而构成主动双重逆冲构造。(5)华蓥山断裂与齐岳山断裂间的隔档式薄皮构造带。带内以发育尖棱背斜和箱状向斜为特征,是倾向SE断坪-断坡控制下的断展褶皱组合。上述5个构造单元变形区域卷入了上三叠统—下侏罗统,但为上白垩统角度不整合覆盖,表明变形时间为中生代中晚期,并且有从SE向NW渐次变新的趋势。将各构造单元及不同构造层次构造组合联系起来,建立起以断层相关褶皱为基本构造样式,从SE向NW,从深部向浅部发展的雪峰山中生代板内造山带的递进演化运动学新模式。     

中上扬子地区构造变形带成因机制及有利油气勘探区域预测

中上扬子地区构造变形带的形成,与扬子、华夏板块的碰撞有关,其内部岩层中4个滑脱层的存在为本构造带的形成提供了物质基础;在其形成过程中,隔挡式褶皱首先形成,然后逐步完成向隔槽式褶皱的转变,并最终在造山带根部形成基底挤出式变形带。受构造带控制,各变形区的油气勘探应有所差别：隔挡式褶皱带内次级背斜、具备较好盖层的隔槽式褶皱带及逆冲推覆体之下具有较好石油地质条件地区成为有利勘探靶区。     

长江中下游南部逆冲变形样式及其机制

长江中下游长江以南地区发育燕山早期(J1-J2)逆冲推覆事件,形成的断裂-褶皱构造在纵向和横向上都表现出了鲜明的特征。纵向上,逆冲变形具有分带性,本文将长江以南的中下扬子逆冲变形划分成根部带、中部带、前锋带三个次级分带,它们的运动学特征是由南向北的逆冲,变形从根部带的厚皮构造变为中部带、前锋带的薄皮构造。野外考察和地球物理资料揭示,根部带断裂陡,叠瓦式逆断层为主,向下收敛于基底和盖层之间的深部滑脱层;中部带逆冲断裂具叠瓦式和双冲式特征,断裂产状相对较缓,深部滑脱层较根部带变浅,浅部的志留系滑脱层也十分发育,带内构造不对称性不明显,褶皱样式Ω为""和"Ω"型为主;前锋带断裂组合为叠瓦状,发育大量反冲断层及倒转褶皱,其滑脱层主要是志留系或三叠系内部的软弱层。横向上,逆冲变形具有不均一性,体现在中下扬子的差异变形上:中扬子逆冲构造在中部带、前锋带卷入变形主体地层为志留系-三叠系,而下扬子中部带和前锋带却大量出露震旦-寒武系;中扬子在前锋带主要为向北倒转的不对称褶皱,前锋带Ω到根部带都是隔槽式褶皱组合,而下扬子逆冲构造前锋带为""和"Ω"式褶皱,前锋带、中部带、根部带分别为上古生界-三叠系体现的隔档式、下古生界体现的隔档式、隔槽式褶皱组合。另外,中、下扬子深部滑脱层的深度也有显著差别。在变形的动力学上,中、下扬子燕山早期逆冲作用同古太平洋板块向东亚大陆下俯冲有关。中、下扬子逆冲变形的差异性表现可能是由于J3-K1后期赣江断裂走滑逆冲造成的不均一的隆升导致的。赣江断裂以东的下扬子逆冲抬升剥蚀严重,导致深部层次构造剥露,而中扬子保留了J1-J2时期逆冲构造的浅部构造原始样式。这种模式也符合在J3-K1东亚属于安第斯型大陆边缘的观点。     

川东多套滑脱层褶皱构造带形成物理模拟

川东地区发育典型的"侏罗山式"褶皱构造带,以北东走向的齐岳山断裂为界,南东侧为隔槽式褶皱,北西侧为隔挡式褶皱.中生代川东地区经历了自南东向北西的陆内递进变形,受多套滑脱层（基底拆离面、下寒武统页岩、志留系泥页岩和三叠系膏盐）的共同控制.但是,关于川东褶皱带的形成机制及其整体和分段形成时间仍存在较大争议.应用构造物理模拟方法,再现了川东"侏罗山式"褶皱带的形成过程,并分析了先存断裂及其倾角对川东褶皱构造变形的影响.模拟结果表明,川东褶皱带是齐岳山断裂、华蓥山断裂、志留系滑脱层和基底拆离面组成的阶梯状体系在构造挤压下发生断层相关褶皱作用的结果.基底拆离面（深度约16 km）控制隔槽式褶皱的发育,志留系页岩主要控制隔挡式褶皱的形成.中生代（165~75 Ma）川东地区的构造缩短率约为32%.齐岳山断裂是隔槽式褶皱向隔挡式褶皱过渡的重要枢纽,是先存高角度断裂浅部向北西迁移后的产物.华蓥山断裂的倾角控制着隔挡式褶皱的波长,当倾角较陡时（45°）更有利于发育典型的隔挡式褶皱.      

褶皱相关断裂构造形成条件与发育机制:燕山中部露头尺度变形研究为例

总结了褶皱相关断裂发育机制的3个构造几何学模型:同心圆褶皱模型、膝折带褶皱模型和弯流褶皱模型。基于燕山中部中、新元古界地层中发育的5个露头尺度褶皱及其中、小型断裂构造的实例剖析,探讨了收缩变形过程中褶皱与断裂构造发育时序与褶皱相关断裂构造的产生机制。研究指出,规模与所在褶皱构造相当或略小的断裂构造当中,既有形成时间早于褶皱变形的断层,也有在褶皱变形过程中调节褶皱不同部位应变差异的褶皱相关断裂构造,而且卷入后期变形的早期断裂可能成为制约褶皱成核位置的影响因素,以及成为枢纽叠覆楔构造的形成方式之一。断层位移-距离曲线特征和断层与褶皱变形几何学、运动学关系分析,可用来判断断层、褶皱变形发生相对时序。认为影响褶皱相关断裂构造发育的机制主要有3种:(1)纵弯滑褶皱作用中,翼部顺层滑动受到限制而无法持续时,将通过断层向上切层的方式予以调节,从而形成翼部或转折端揳入逆冲断裂以及背离向斜和指向背斜逆冲断层;(2)各种因素导致的褶皱曲率变化是褶皱相关断裂产生的重要机制之一,褶皱曲率变化可由褶皱轴面的合并和新生直观反映,轴面合并引起褶皱曲率变化的层位,可能是诱发褶皱相关断裂,如背离向斜和指向背斜逆冲构造开始产生的重要部位;(3)能干性差异和强硬层之间距离较大的岩层组合发生纵弯褶皱变形时,软弱岩系在褶皱核部的聚集和逃逸,是迫使递进收缩的强硬层产生褶皱相关断裂构造的重要机制。     

湘东南印支期褶皱特征及形成机制

湘东南地区以王仙岭-坪石一线为界,分为东部隆起区和西部坳陷区,分别发育两种不同类型和成因的印支期褶皱.东部隆起区大面积出露前泥盆纪褶皱基底并发育隔槽式褶皱,由泥盆纪跳马涧组与褶皱基底间的不整合界面所显示,表明褶皱基底参与了褶皱作用;露头显示褶皱过程中盖层未沿不整合界面产生明显滑脱.基于上述事实,认为隔槽式褶皱形成于基底(厚皮式)横向收缩与压扁作用,并从理论上论证了隔槽式褶皱不可能是盖层沿基底滑脱的产物,修正了前人的薄皮式观点.西部坳陷区主要出露中泥盆世-中三叠世地层并发育类侏罗山式褶皱,褶皱具有波长小且大小不一、垂向上不协调等特征,并伴生大量走向断裂,说明褶皱受不同层位软弱层顺层滑脱作用控制,其深层机制与区域断裂逆冲活动有关.     

江南造山带北部早中生代岳阳—赤壁断褶带构造特征及变形机制研究

早中生代(晚印支-早燕山期)岳阳-赤壁断褶带位于江南造山带与中扬子前陆盆地交界地带.作者对该构造带进行了地表地质调查,以此为基础探讨了构造剖面结构及构造变形动力机制.岳阳-赤壁断褶带自南而北可分为岳阳-临湘基底滑脱-逆冲带,桃花泉-肖家湾盖层滑脱褶皱带,以及赤壁-嘉鱼前陆盆地断-褶-盆构造带.岳阳-临湘基底滑脱-逆冲带自南而北依次有郭镇向斜、官山背斜、临湘倒转向斜和聂市背斜,组成隔槽式褶皱组合.褶皱轴面多向南倾,褶皱变形面为南华系盖层与冷家溪群褶皱基底间的角度不整合面和顺界面的滑脱断裂面.桃花泉-肖家湾盖层滑脱褶皱带主要发育轴面南倾倒转褶皱,褶皱波长较小,卷入地层为南华系-志留系以及上石炭统-中三叠统沉积盖层.赤壁-嘉鱼前陆盆地断-褶-盆构造带以南倾蒲圻断裂(江南断裂)为南部边界,发育T3-J2前陆盆地沉积,带内褶皱与断裂卷入地层包括沉积盖层以及T3-J2地层:南部断裂与褶皱轴面南倾.北部轴面近直立.自南西至北东,研究区内构造线走向由EW向渐变为NEE-NE向.上述构造分带及变形特征反映出自南向北的运动指向,表明岳阳-赤壁断褶带具前陆冲断带构造性质.从断裂相关褶皱理论出发,以地表构造特征为依据,厘定了岳阳-赤壁地质剖面结构并进行了变形动力机制分析,认识如下:①自南而北、自下而上的多个滑脱层及其间的南倾逆断裂或断坡(主要为江南断裂)组成近似台阶状的逆冲断裂系统,从总体上控制了构造块体的滑移、逆冲以及相应的构造格架或变形分区.②郭镇向斜为基底滑脱褶皱,官山背斜具滑脱褶皱和断裂传播褶皱双重成因,聂市背斜为断裂转折褶皱;临湘向斜为受两侧背斜控制的被动向斜,由于弯滑褶皱作用在其两翼沿不整合界面形成滑脱断裂.③岳阳-临湘基底滑脱-逆冲带隔槽式褶皱的形成主要受控于褶皱基底的滑脱和基底整体的水平压缩,其形成机制类似于肿缩式褶皱.最后讨论认为湘东北-鄂东南地区不存在大规模、长距离的逆冲推覆构造.     

库车冲断带秋里塔格构造带东段构造样式与构造演化

秋里塔格构造带位于库车褶皱冲断前缘,其东段包括东秋里塔格背斜和库车塔吾背斜。野外调查和地震剖面解释表明:秋里塔格构造带东段盐下发育断层转折褶皱; 盐上东秋里塔格背斜为滑脱箱状背斜,库车塔吾背斜核部为南倾逆冲断层所破坏。演化剖面显示秋里塔格构造带东段在侏罗纪断陷期发育了正断裂,其后为平静期,直到库车晚期后逆冲断层和褶皱快速发育,背斜最终形成。膏盐岩及古构造对构造变形具有重要影响,一方面作为滑脱层,分割了盐下层与盐上层,导致二者形成不同的构造样式; 另一方面塑性流动充填于背斜核部。由于膏盐岩的厚度差异,东秋里塔格背斜盐上发育褶皱,而库车塔吾背斜核部被逆冲断层破坏,膏盐层厚度还影响了膏盐层上下构造高点的相对位置。盐下构造的发育受侏罗纪古构造控制,进而影响了盐上构造的发育。     

Structure and stratigraphy of Rumbli and Panjar areas of Kashmir and Pakistan with the aid of GIS

The project area lies in the southern part of the Hazara Kashmir syntaxis. The Hazara Kashmir syntaxis is an antiformal structure. The project area includes Rumbli, Namb, Chatrora, Chachan, Panjar, Barathian and Utrinna areas of Rawalpindi and Sudhnoti districts. The southeastern limb of the Hazara Kashmir syntaxis is imbricated along Punjal thrust, Main Boundary thrust and Riasi fault. The Jhelum fault truncates the western limb of Hazara Kashmir syntaxis. The core of syntaxis comprises of Himalayan molasse deposits. These molasse deposits represent the part of cover sequence of Indian plate. These Himalayan molasse deposits include the Early to Middle Miocene Kamlial Formation, Middle to Late Miocene Chinji Formation, Late Miocene Nagri Formation and Late Miocene Dhok Pathan Formation. The area is highly deformed resulting folds and faults. The major folds in the project area are the Panjar anticline, Barathian syncline, Barathian anticline, Rumbli anticline, Chatrora antiformal syncline and Namb syncline. The folds are either northwest-southeast trending or southwestnortheast trending. The folds are asymmetric, open, and gentle and close in nature. The folds are southwest, northeast or southeast vergent. The Jhelum fault truncates the northeast and northwest trending structures. The folds and faults are the result of northeastsouthwest or northwest-southeast Himalayan compression.     

The glaciotectonic deformation of Quaternary sediments by fault-propagation folding

Fault-propagation folding is an important yet seldom recognised structural style within sediments affected by glacier-induced deformation. Fault-propagation folds develop in the hanging wall of low angle thrust faults and compensate part of the slip along the fault. Field examples are recognised across northern Europe, in glaciotectonic complexes of north Germany, Wales and the Isle of Man. The recognition of the fault-propagation fold mechanism in glaciotectonic deformation is important because resultant structures are related to exactly the same phase of deformation (i.e. the same phase of ice advance), and thus play a critical role in analyses of the temporal and spatial evolution of glacier-induced deformation. Some field examples show monoclinal geometries that are in good agreement with predictions of trishear kinematic theory. The trishear approach is appropriate to model these structures because the structures analysed in the field and simulated below show characteristics that are compatible with fault-propagation folds that were produced by trishear kinematics. The curved forelimb and the monocline geometry of the fault-propagation folds fit to the trishear model. The occurrence of footwall synclines is also in good agreement with trishear kinematics. These synclines show the typical thickening of the strata in the hinge. With respect to the modelling output, most important factors for the structural evolution of the fault-propagation folds is the ramp angle of the thrust, the position of the tip line and the propagation-to-slip ratio along the fault. This fits to observations made by previous studies at large scale fault-propagation folds in fold-and-thrust belts.     

Structural Analysis of the Multi-layer Detachment Folding in Eastern Sichuan Province

<正>A serial of"comb-like and trough-like"folds developed in eastern Sichuan,controlled by the multi-layer detachment folding,is different from the classical Jura-type structure in their development.The key factor resulting in the development of these structures is the occurrence of detachment layers in different parts of Neoprotozoic to Mesozoic stratigraphy of study area,which, from the bottom to the top,are the lower part of Banxi Group,Lower Cambrian(Niutitang Formation),Lower Silurian(Longmaxi Formation and Luoreping Formation),Upper Permian (Wujiaping Formation) and Lower Triassic(Daye Formation).On the basis of field survey combined with sand-box modeling,this study argued that the detachment layer of the lower part of Banxi Group controlled the development of the"comb-like"folds,and the lower part of Cambrian detachment layer controlled the development of"trough-like"folds.Because of several detachment layers occurring in the study area,the development of duplex structures different scales is an important deformation mechanism,and the duplexes are the important structures distinguished from the typical detachment folding structures.Due to these duplexes,the surface structures and structural highs may not be the structural highs in the depth.Meanwhile,the detachment layers are good channels for oil/ gas migration benefiting the understanding of accumulation and migration of oil and gas.     

Structural characterization of deep-water deposits in a foreland basin, Silla Syncline (Chilean Patagonia), with applications to depositional processes

Based on our detailed structural characterization, we examine possible relationships between thrust faults and strike-slip faults and thrust-cored folds and depositional units in the Silla Syncline, a 4 km wide fold composed of fine-grained mudstone, coarse sandstone and conglomerate deposits of the Cerro Toro Formation in the Magallanes foreland basin, Chilean Patagonia. The syncline is bounded on its western flank by an asymmetric anticline and on its eastern flank by a broad zone of thrust faults and associated folds, which are oriented sub-parallel to the syncline axis. Deposition of the coarse-grained units of the Silla Syncline appears to have taken place in this structurally defined trough controlled primarily by thrust fault related growth structures flanking the syncline.The syncline and surrounding area have also been deformed by two sets of strike-slip faults, one right-lateral and one left-lateral. The strike-slip and thrust faulting operated contemporaneously for much of their active periods, although it appears that thrust faulting, confined within the fine-grained units, initiated slightly earlier than strike-slip faulting. In addition, younger igneous intrusions at high angle to bedding generally localize along the strike-slip faults. The cross-cutting relationships among the intrusions, strike-slip faults, and flexural slip faults show that all these structures were active during the same period, which extends beyond mid-Miocene.These conclusions support the premise that structures in deep-water sediments are important for understanding not only the deformation of a foreland basin, but also its depositional architecture.     

西宁湟水河隐伏断裂发育模式探讨

近些年来一些地震表明,强震不仅发生在地表出露的活动断裂上,还发育在一些隐伏的未出露地表的构造上.大陆内部块体间的变形带不只是一条活动断裂,而是具有很大宽度的构造变形带,这已被大量的地震活动性资料所证实.因此,要正确评估地震危险性,就要研究构造带上地层变形的模型,而不仅是单条断裂的变形.湟水河隐伏断裂为一条隐伏在西宁市的断裂,位于西宁盆地中部,长12km,走向EW,浅层地震探测结果表明该断裂由两条正断层组成地堑式构造,横跨西宁地区的地层剖面研究结果指出湟水河隐伏断裂发育在宽缓背斜的核部,而宽缓的背斜和向斜由新近系红色泥岩组成.根据褶皱与断裂的关系认为,湟水河隐伏断裂为在北东向的区域主压应力作用下,褶皱变形过程中,在背斜的核部伴生形成的次级张性地堑式正断层.该褶皱及相关断裂发育在西宁盆地滑脱面之上,属于浅表性的断层,活动性不显著.     

织纳煤田晚二叠世构造煤区域分布及构造控制

为查明织纳煤田构造煤分布规律，通过整理分析贵州织纳煤田比德向斜、三塘向斜、珠藏向斜、阿弓向斜和关寨向斜等14个含煤构造单元共200余个煤田钻孔取心资料，并辅以测井曲线分析，综合分析6、16和27号等主采煤层的煤体结构区域分布特征及构造控制因素。研究表明:自西向东，织纳煤田内构造煤比例逐渐增大，西部主要为原生结构煤和碎裂煤，东部以碎粒煤和碎粉煤为主；构造煤的分布主要受构造演化和4条深大断裂影响，多期性构造运动造成煤体多期次变形，其中，燕山期是煤层发生构造变形的主要阶段，喜马拉雅期对早期构造变形进行了叠加改造；深大断裂影响了区域应力场分布，遵义-惠水断裂对构造煤的形成和分布影响最大，主燕山早期自东向西的区域性应力场受到遵义-惠水断裂阻挡，在煤田东部褶皱、断裂作用剧烈，发育逆冲、逆掩断层等构造，对煤体结构破坏严重，碎粒煤和碎粉煤发育。研究取得的认识对织纳煤田瓦斯灾害防治和煤层气勘探开发具有指导意义。移动阅读