Stratigraphy and structure of Sarda, Manil, Changpur and Naghal areas, district Kotli, Jammu & Kashmir

The Chauki, Mandi, Manil colony, Changpur, Khawas and Naghal areas are situated in between the limbs of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis (HKS). HKS is the part of Himalayan fold and thrust belt that lies in sub-Himalayan domain. Seismically, this is an active zone. Early Miocene to Recent sedimentary rocks are exposed in the area. The stratigraphic units in Kashmir basin are the cover sequence of the Indian plate. These non-marine lithostratigraphic units are molasse deposits formed by the deposition of sediments coming from north carried by the rivers originated from higher Himalayas. Murree Formation of early Miocene age is the oldest rock unit in the studied area. Siwalik Group; Chinji, Nagri, Dhok Pathan and Soan formations of early Miocene to Pliocene and Mirpur Formation of Pleistocene age is exposed. The area is structurally deformed into folds and faults. The Sarda Sarhota syncline, Mandi syncline and Fagosh anticline are major folds in the area. These folds are isoclinal to open in nature, southwest or northeast verging and thrust direction is southwest or northeast. Major reverse faults are Riasi fault and Fagosh fault. The Changpur fault is a normal fault. Primary sedimentary structures present in the area are load cast, ripups and cross bedding. The facing of beds have been marked on the basis of these sedimentary structures.     

江南造山带北部早中生代岳阳—赤壁断褶带构造特征及变形机制研究

早中生代(晚印支-早燕山期)岳阳-赤壁断褶带位于江南造山带与中扬子前陆盆地交界地带.作者对该构造带进行了地表地质调查,以此为基础探讨了构造剖面结构及构造变形动力机制.岳阳-赤壁断褶带自南而北可分为岳阳-临湘基底滑脱-逆冲带,桃花泉-肖家湾盖层滑脱褶皱带,以及赤壁-嘉鱼前陆盆地断-褶-盆构造带.岳阳-临湘基底滑脱-逆冲带自南而北依次有郭镇向斜、官山背斜、临湘倒转向斜和聂市背斜,组成隔槽式褶皱组合.褶皱轴面多向南倾,褶皱变形面为南华系盖层与冷家溪群褶皱基底间的角度不整合面和顺界面的滑脱断裂面.桃花泉-肖家湾盖层滑脱褶皱带主要发育轴面南倾倒转褶皱,褶皱波长较小,卷入地层为南华系-志留系以及上石炭统-中三叠统沉积盖层.赤壁-嘉鱼前陆盆地断-褶-盆构造带以南倾蒲圻断裂(江南断裂)为南部边界,发育T3-J2前陆盆地沉积,带内褶皱与断裂卷入地层包括沉积盖层以及T3-J2地层:南部断裂与褶皱轴面南倾.北部轴面近直立.自南西至北东,研究区内构造线走向由EW向渐变为NEE-NE向.上述构造分带及变形特征反映出自南向北的运动指向,表明岳阳-赤壁断褶带具前陆冲断带构造性质.从断裂相关褶皱理论出发,以地表构造特征为依据,厘定了岳阳-赤壁地质剖面结构并进行了变形动力机制分析,认识如下:①自南而北、自下而上的多个滑脱层及其间的南倾逆断裂或断坡(主要为江南断裂)组成近似台阶状的逆冲断裂系统,从总体上控制了构造块体的滑移、逆冲以及相应的构造格架或变形分区.②郭镇向斜为基底滑脱褶皱,官山背斜具滑脱褶皱和断裂传播褶皱双重成因,聂市背斜为断裂转折褶皱;临湘向斜为受两侧背斜控制的被动向斜,由于弯滑褶皱作用在其两翼沿不整合界面形成滑脱断裂.③岳阳-临湘基底滑脱-逆冲带隔槽式褶皱的形成主要受控于褶皱基底的滑脱和基底整体的水平压缩,其形成机制类似于肿缩式褶皱.最后讨论认为湘东北-鄂东南地区不存在大规模、长距离的逆冲推覆构造.     

印度与欧亚板块碰撞以来东喜马拉雅构造结的演化

在野外填图,构造观察及前人研究的基础上,本文识别并描述了东喜马拉雅构造结中的推覆断裂、正断裂及走滑断裂、背斜(形)和向斜(形)等构造类型,讨论了这些构造位置及与印度板块挤入,印支地块旋转的关系,还探讨了东喜马拉雅构造结对印度板块持续向北推挤下的特殊应变调节方式。在印度大陆部分,东喜马拉雅构造结由3个向外逐渐变新的构造结组成,即北东向的南迦巴瓦峰复式背斜、北西向的桑复式向斜及北东向的阿萨母复式向斜。上述3个构造结是协调印度板块的挤入、喜马拉雅弧的扩展及印支地块的旋转的构造。在欧亚大陆内部的冈底斯岛弧,在派区及阿尼桥走滑断裂协调下,高喜马拉雅结晶岩的基底挤入冈底斯岛弧内部,在大拐弯顶端形成向上的挤出构造。在南迦巴瓦峰构造结的北西侧,由于掀斜式抬升及重力滑动,使得冈底斯盖层与结晶基底脱耦,上盘盖层沿东久向北西方向滑动。在南迦巴瓦峰构造结北东侧,由于印支地块的挤出和旋转,形成一系列的北西向走滑断裂,如实皆断裂、嘉黎-高黎贡断裂、澜沧江断裂及红河断裂等。     

A Reinterpretation of the Oldest Himalayan Foreland Basin Sediments: a Revised Age for the Balakot Formation, Pakistan

A REINTERPRETATION OF THE OLDEST HIMALAYAN FORELAND BASIN SEDIMENTS: A REVISED AGE FOR THE BALAKOT FORMATION, PAKISTAN1　BossartP .1986 .PhDthesisno .2 6 0 ,ETHZurich ,Switzerland . 2　BossartP ,OttigerR .EclogaeGeologicaHelvetica[j],1989,82 :133～ 16 5 . 3　BurbankDW ,BeckRA ,MulderT .TheTectonicevolutionofAsia[M ],A .Yin ,T .M .Harrison ,eds . 4　CritelliS ,GarzantiE .SedimentaryGeology[J],1994,89:2 6 5～ 2 84. 5　DeCelle…     

重新厘定“四川运动”与青藏高原初始隆升的时代、背景:黄陵背斜构造形成的启示

迄今为止对华南地区古—中生界褶皱构造变形形成时期的主流认识是晚中生代的燕山期,但是笔者近年通过对黄陵背斜露头剖面的观察、地质图分析和前人认识的资料汇总,认为黄陵背斜经历过早白垩世以前印支—晚燕山运动的构造变形,晚白垩世、古—始新世经历了伸展隆升或变质核杂岩的形成过程,最终的挤压褶皱构造变形发生在渐新世末大约24.6Ma,即新生代的喜山运动中期。通过研究得到两点启示:(1)引起华南地区NNE走向挤压褶皱与推覆构造最后定型的"四川运动"不是发生在早年谭锡畴和李春昱根据当时资料定位的晚白垩世的燕山期,而应该是古近纪渐新世末的喜山期;形成"四川运动"的宏观背景是始新世中期—渐新世太平洋板块运动的转向,即从43～36Ma以前的太平洋板块向NNW俯冲转为向NWW俯冲,以致构成对中国东部包括扬子—华南板块在内的NWW向挤压,形成中国东部从华南到东北以NNE走向为主的挤压褶皱、推覆构造变形及相应的盆-山地貌,和李四光早年提出挽近时期形成的"新华夏系"构造地貌轮廓一致。(2)中新世印度洋中脊快速扩张,引发印—澳板块向NNE俯冲、推挤引起青藏高原的初次隆升,形成NWW向展布的青藏—闽粤初始高原,黄陵背斜是初始高原与"新华夏系"盆-山地貌的构造结点,具有双重构造特征,经历了中—上新世高原隆升剥蚀和夷平,现今山-盆起伏的构造地貌是上新世晚期至早更新世晚期(3.6～0.8Ma)以来快速隆升的产物。     

四川盆地元坝-通南巴地区关键构造期构造特征及陆相致密砂岩天然气成藏响应

中国多旋回叠合盆地陆相致密碎屑岩层系油气资源丰富,多期、多属性构造作用使其具有复杂而特殊的油气地质特征,四川盆地元坝-通南巴地区位于多旋回、多属性构造作用交接部位,是揭示叠合盆地内多期复杂构造作用与陆相致密碎屑岩油气成藏作用关系和油气富集规律的典型地区.基于地震资料、磷灰石裂变径迹年代学和成藏特征对比,厘定元坝-通南巴地区陆相层系存在燕山晚期（晚白垩世100~70 Ma）和喜山早期（始新世-渐新世40~25 Ma）两个关键构造期.陆相致密砂岩天然气富集主要受这两次关键构造作用的控制,燕山晚期形成NE向主体构造,是NE向弱变形区、NW-SN向过渡变形带（通南巴西部）和NW向密集变形带的关键成藏期,构造-成藏响应模式为早期成藏、陆源充注、背斜控藏、褶皱控缝.喜山早期形成NW向构造和局限在早期NE向构造之间的近SN向构造,是SN向过渡变形带和NW-SN向过渡变形带（元坝东部）的关键成藏期,也是NW-SN向过渡变形带（通南巴西部）和NW向密集变形带的关键改造期,构造-成藏响应模式为晚期成藏、海相混源、断裂控藏、断裂控缝.      

老挝万象平原盐类矿床控矿构造研究

老挝万象平原盐类矿层赋存于古近纪古新统塔贡组中,主要含钾矿物为光卤石,少量钾石盐。成矿期塔贡组及盐类矿层主要受北西向的边界断裂及塔贡向斜控制;成矿期后盐类矿层主要受褶皱（盐向斜、盐背斜）控制。在盐类矿层沉积后,先在水平应力作用下形成宽缓褶皱。由于向斜部位相对沉降,沉积速度较快,盐类矿层上部的碎屑岩较厚;而背斜部位相对上升,其上沉积的碎屑岩较薄。盐类矿层与碎屑岩存在较大的密度差,加之向斜与背斜上部的碎屑岩厚度不同,背斜与向斜的盐类矿层之间产生"差异负载"。向斜部位的盐类矿层受到较大的载荷向背斜塑性流动,使背斜部位矿层增厚,形成盐背斜,而向斜部位的矿层厚度明显变小。盐背斜部位往往盐类矿层厚度巨大,埋藏浅,上覆地层常常缺失,甚至于盐背斜进一步发育使钾盐矿层刺穿上覆泥岩层而暴露于相对的淡水环境中而遭受溶蚀。      

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷构造变形对沉降中心迁移的控制

海拉尔盆地是叠置于内蒙-大兴安岭古生代碰撞造山带之上的中、新生代盆地,乌尔逊凹陷是海拉尔盆地中部的1个二级构造单元,自早白垩世开始,经历了3次伸展作用、2次挤压作用,盆地中地层厚度和沉降中心的迁移主要受同生断层和与之伴生的断层相关褶皱所控制。在伸展作用时期：当发育1个犁式正断层,在其上盘形成1个箕状断陷,沉降中心位于断层上盘、靠近断层的区域,在伸展量较大的部位形成1个或多个沉降中心;当发育多个控陷正断层,在其上盘形成多个相互独立的箕状断陷,但每一个断陷都有各自的沉降中心,不同方向断层的交汇部位往往就是断陷的沉降中心。随着伸展量的增大,断陷的沉降中心不断向控陷正断层滑动的相反方向迁移,盆地的规模也随之增大。在第一次挤压作用中,早期NS向控陷断层F₁发生反转作用,其上盘靠近断层的部位发生隆升,远离断层的部位作为大型断层传播褶皱背斜前翼也发生旋转式隆升,乌尔逊凹陷成为NS向大型断层传播褶皱背斜的前翼向斜,地层的沉积厚度在靠近断层的部位和远离断层的部位都很薄;向大型断层传播褶皱背斜前翼向斜部位,地层的沉积厚度逐渐增大,盆地的沉降中心向向斜的低洼区域迁移。在第二次挤压作用中,早期NS向控陷断层F₂发生反转作用,在乌尔逊凹陷中部形成1个规模较大的NS向断层传播褶皱背斜或突发构造,背斜或突发构造的顶部被剥蚀,盆地的沉降中心位于中部背斜带前、后翼向斜的低洼区域。     

郯庐断裂走滑活动与辽河盆地构造古地理格局

渐新世晚期 ,郯庐断裂的右行走滑活动控制了辽河盆地的构造古地理格局。研究认为 ,岩石圈断块沿郯庐断裂的走滑活动与大型板块构造的活动方式有一定的相似之处 ,即伴随着郯庐断裂的右行走滑 ,从断裂的增压弯曲部位到断裂的释压拉张部位将发生岩石圈断块的汇聚与离散现象 ,由此造成了走滑断裂带上增压弯曲部位与释压拉张部位局部应力场性质的不同 :增压弯曲部位应力相对集中 ,岩石圈断块发生汇聚、挤压、隆升 ;而释压拉张部位由于应力释放 ,岩石圈断块发生离散、伸展、沉降。岩石圈断块的隆升与沉降造成了渐新世晚期辽河盆地构造古地理格局的巨大差异。     

凹陷向斜区岩性类油藏油富集主控因素及成藏模式--以松辽盆地升西-徐家围子向斜葡萄花油层为例

凹陷向斜区岩性类油藏是油气勘探的新领域,以松辽盆地升西-徐家围子向斜葡萄花油层为解剖对象,在向斜区构造单元细分基础上,对不同构造部位油藏类型和油水分布规律进行剖析:向斜外缘缓坡区主要发育油水界面相对统一的构造-岩性油藏;向斜过渡陡坡区主要发育上油下水或油水互层的断层-岩性油藏;向斜中心深洼区主要发育油水到置的岩性油藏;油平面上受断层密集带背形构造控制呈“条带状”分布,垂向上受沉积演化序列和微相物性差异影响“择层”分布。进而对向斜区油成藏主控因素与成藏模式进行了研究,得出向斜区成藏的4个主控因素:①有效烃源岩匹配古构造决定南北构造单元油富集差异;②油源断层组成油优势输导通道;③微相物性差异造成高孔渗分流河道砂体为油聚集优质储层;④断层密集带背形构造构成油富集主要部位。最终建立了向斜区4种成藏模式:①向斜中心深洼区断层密集带背形构造控藏模式;②向斜中心深洼区断层密集带间油选择性充注分流河道控藏模式;③向斜过渡陡坡区反向断层遮挡控藏模式;④向斜外缘缓坡区正向构造圈闭控藏模式。     

鄂西利川齐岳山高陡背斜带的古应力分析

鄂西利川地区位于湘鄂西构造带与川东构造带的过渡部位,叠加褶皱发育,地处两大构造带分界处的齐岳山高陡背斜带断裂发育。本文以利川地区褶皱和断裂为研究对象,在野外观测和分析的基础上,采用断层滑动数据反演方法,对构造应力场进行了恢复;结合区域构造演化历史,提出该区侏罗纪以来经历了五期构造应力作用,从早到晚分别为:北西-南东向挤压(J3-K1)、近东西向挤压(K1)、近南北向挤压(K1-K2)、北西-南东向引张(K2)和北东-南西向挤压(E3)。该区侏罗纪以来构造变形序列的建立,为深入认识齐岳山高陡背斜带地质灾害形成的地质背景提供了构造地质学证据。     

山西南部燕山期类隔挡式褶皱构造特征

晋南地区自西向东发育一系列NNE向背斜与向斜。背斜地区主要出露太古代结晶基底或早古生代地层,向斜核部出露的最新地层则是三叠系。在宁武-静乐盆地、太原西南水浴贯等地可见零星或成片分布的侏罗系残存,部分地区可见残留的白垩系,与侏罗系呈不整合接触。根据卷入地层时代分析,这些褶皱应为燕山期变形产物。背斜区域地层相对较陡,核部或翼部发育大量NNE向逆冲断裂,太古代结晶基底同样卷入变形;而向斜核部地层非常平缓,产状近于水平。山西南部整体构造表现为一种类隔挡式褶皱构造特征。在吕梁山区、霍山背斜带及太行山沿晋获断裂一带均可见燕山期岩浆岩体分布。根据这些岩体的同位素年龄及前人节理统计结果,可知该区在晚侏罗世至早白垩世于NW-SE向的挤压应力场下发生了剧烈的构造运动。同时期,华北地区及整个中国东部都表现出相似的构造特征,而古太平洋板块正NW向往亚洲板块下俯冲,因此,晋南地区的类隔挡式褶皱的形成可能与太平洋板块俯冲有关。     

Petrography,provenance, diaganesis and depositional environment of Murree Formation in Jhelum Valley,Sub Himalayas,Azad Jammu and Kashmir,Pakistan

The clastic sediments of the Murree Formation of Miocene age are exposed in Jhelum valley areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan. Field observations revealed the cyclic deposition in the Murree Formation. The sandstone, siltstone, and shale constitute a single cycle within the formation. This single unit is divided into five different lithofacies which constitute the Bouma sequence in the Murree Formation. The Murree Formation shows faulted contacts with Panjal Formation and Nagri Formation in the study area. The modal mineralogy data obtained from the petrography of sandstone indicates that sandstone is litharenite and lithic greywacke. The mineralogical and textural data suggests that sandstone is compositionally mature and poorly to moderately sorted. The dominantly angular to sub angular quartz grains show nearness of the source area. Fractured and sutured quartz grain reveals tectonodiagentic changes that occurred in Murree Formation. The sandstone experienced diagenetic changes. The pressure solution and cementation reduced the primary porosity of sandstone. However, alteration of feldspar and fractures in grains have produced secondary porosity. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the shale samples indicates that shale of the Murree Formation is argillaceous and dominated by illite clay mineral. The illite crystallinity values indicate very low grade metamorphism of Murree Formation in core of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis. The petrographic data suggests that the provenance of sandstone is recycled orogen. Quartz is of igneous and metamorphic origin. Feldspar (albite and microcline) composition suggests its derivation from acidic igneous rocks. The rock fragments of volcanics, slate, phyllite, and schist suggest igneous and metamorphic provenance. The petrographic data suggests that at the time of deposition of Murree Formation, igneous and low grade metamorphic rocks were exposed. However, presence of some clasts of carbonates indicates that sedimentary rocks were also exposed in the source region. The quartz content and clay minerals in the shale revealed that source region was igneous and metamorphic rocks. Cyclic deposition, lithofacies, and various sedimentary structures like cross bedding, ripple marks, and calcite concretions suggest that deposition of Murree Formation occurred in fluviatile environment by meandering river system having decreasing turbidity current.     

东喜马拉雅构造结快速隆升时期: 来自缅甸中央盆地沉积学证据

东喜马拉雅构造结快速隆升时间以及雅鲁藏布江和伊洛瓦底江是否曾经相连已经争论了超过半个世纪. 采用锆石U-Pb年代学等方法,对缅甸中央盆地新生代地层的“源?汇”路径开展研究. 缅甸中央盆地始新统发育大量铬尖晶石、各坳陷的锆石年龄谱各不相同,表明该时期沉积物以盆地周边隆起为主要物源,不存在统一的源区;渐新世之后,源自区域变质岩的重矿物组合比例逐渐增加,盆地各坳陷碎屑锆石年龄谱特征趋于一致,均以40~ 70 Ma的主峰以及80~110 Ma次峰为特征,表明沉积物源区进入抹谷变质带,伊洛瓦底江雏形已经形成;由于缅甸中央盆地渐新统至下中新统完全没有喜马拉雅造山带信息,认为该时期雅鲁藏布江?伊洛瓦底江并未相连. 晚中新世?更新世,喜马拉雅造山带特征组合十字石和蓝晶石以及110~130 Ma年龄峰的出现,表明伊洛瓦底江已经侵蚀到东喜马拉雅构造结,达到现今流域规模. 因此,东喜马拉雅构造结快速隆升的时间大约在晚中新世.      

Simulation of Paleotectonic Stress Fields and Distribution Prediction of Tectonic Fractures at the Hudi Coal Mine, Qinshui Basin

Study on tectonic fractures based on the inversion of tectonic stress fields is an effective method. In this study, a geological model was set up based on geological data from the Hudi Coal Mine, Qinshui Basin, a mechanical model was established under the condition of rock mechanics and geostress, and the finite element method was used to simulate the paleotectonic stress field. Based on the Griffith and Mohr-Coulomb criterion, the distribution of tectonic fractures in the Shanxi Formation during the Indosinian, Yanshanian, and Himalayan period can be predicted with the index of comprehensive rupture rate. The results show that the acting force of the Pacific Plate and the India Plate to the North China Plate formed the direction of principal stress is N-S, NW-SE, and NE-SW, respectively, in different periods in the study area. Changes in the direction and strength of the acting force led to the regional gradients of tectonic stress magnitude, which resulted in an asymmetrical distribution state of the stress conditions in different periods. It is suggested that the low-stress areas are mainly located in the fault zones and extend along the direction of the fault zones. Furthermore, the high-stress areas are located in the junction of fold belts and the binding site of multiple folds. The development of tectonic fractures was affected by the distribution of stress intensity and the tectonic position of folds and faults, which resulted in some developed areas with level Ⅰ and Ⅱ. There are obvious differences in the development of tectonic fractures in the fold and fault zones and the anticline and syncline structure at the same fold zones. The tectonic fractures of the Shanxi Formation during the Himalayan period are more developed than those during the Indosinian and Yanshanian period due to the superposition of the late tectonic movement to the early tectonic movement and the differences in the magnitude and direction of stress intensity.     

川西坳陷孝泉—丰谷构造带变形特征及成因机制模拟

通过对三叠系不同组段顶面构造图分析和主干地震剖面解释,认为川西坳陷孝泉—丰谷构造带具有走向分带、垂向分层变形特征。该构造带走向上可划分为孝泉、新场、合兴场、丰谷等4排北东东向雁列式滑脱褶皱带,与合兴场—石泉场近南北向背斜构造带近直交;垂向上以雷口坡组内膏盐层为界分上、下两个构造层,上部构造层发育滑脱断层及其相关的褶皱构造,下部构造层产状平缓,断层、褶皱构造不发育。多组平面、剖面模拟实验结果表明：孝泉—丰谷北东东向滑脱褶皱带可能是在龙门山褶皱隆升产生的北西向挤压应力和秦巴山系褶皱隆升产生的近南北向挤压应力联合作用下形成的;合兴场—石泉场近南北向构造带可能是在北西方向的应力单独挤压作用下形成的;雷口坡组内膏盐层在空间上不均衡分布是产生走向分带、垂向分层变形的主控物质因素。     

Geometry and origin of folding in the Neogene sediments of the Gediz Graben,western Anatolia,Turkey

A close relationship between formation of approximately upright folds with axes normal to the extension direction and ramp/flat extensional geometries is established for well exposed Neogene syn-extensional rocks on the presently low-angle Gediz detachment fault, along the southern margin of the Gediz Graben region of western Anatolia, Turkey. Three unconformity-bounded sedimentary sequences and several metamorphic extensional allochthons were mapped in the upper-plate of the Gediz detachment. The oldest sedimentary sequence consists of deformed and folded strata of sandstones and conglomerates that are regarded as being deposited in a supra-detachment basin during the Miocene–Early Pliocene. This unit rests unconformably on the extensional allochthonous, but directly in fault contact with the lower-plate mylonitic rocks. The younger slightly tilted Late Pliocene–Pleistocene sedimentary sequences are post-detachment units that are controlled by EW-trending high-angle normal faults. The youngest alluvium comprises the undeformed present-day basin fill of the Gediz Graben. The supra-detachment sedimentary rocks contain a number of kilometric-scale longitudinal folds that are nearly parallel to the east-west-trending fault system of the Gediz Graben. The folds have a steeply inclined bisecting surface, an interlimb angle of 130–150°, and a plunge of <10°. These folds may be interpreted to form as a result of bending in the underlying Gediz detachment fault. The bending may have an alternation of ramp and flat geometries on which a hanging-wall syncline and rollover anticline formed, respectively. This study again shows the importance of local geology in understanding of some spectacular structures of the extensional basins.     

Oligo-Miocene extension in the Lycian orogen: evidence from the Lycian molasse basin,SW Turkey

The Lycian molasse basin of SW Turkey is a NE-SW-oriented basin that developed on an imbricated basement, comprising the allochthonous Mesozoic rocks of the Lycian nappes and Palaeocene-Eocene supra-allochthonous sediments. The imbricated basement has resulted from a complex history related to the emplacement of different tectonic units from Late Cretaceous to Late Eocene. Following imbrication, extensional collapse of the Lycian orogen resulted in extensive emergent areas, some of which coincide with present-day mountains. These were surrounded by interconnected depressions, namely, the Kale-Tavas, Çardak-Dazk?r? and Denizli subbasins.

The Lycian molasse sequence contains a relatively complete record of the tectonic history of the Lycian orogenic collapse from which it was derived. The sequence is characterised by interdependence between tectonism and sedimentation, the latter of which includes fining-and coarsening-upward sedimentary cycles with syn-depositional intrabasinal unconformities.

The Denizli subbasin consists of thick, coarse-grained wedges of alluvial fans and fine-grained fan-delta deposits formed in a shallowmarine environment. Some areas of the fan deltas were colonised by corals, red algae and foraminifera, forming patch reefs.

The first phase of extensional collapse in the region is marked by the Lycian orogenic collapse, which may have been initiated by the beginning of the Oligocene (Rupelian), following the main Menderes metamorphism. Starting in the latest Early Miocene or in the Middle Miocene, the area of the molasse basin was subject to deformation with the Lycian nappes, and to erosion as well. At that time, the Lycian nappes, with some ophiolitic assemblages, were thrust over the molasse deposits and thus, NE-SW-trending folds were formed. The molasse deposits and thrust-related deformational structures were then unconformably covered by Upper Miocene continental deposits which belong to the neotectonic period of SW Turkey. The second phase of extensional collapse is marked by granitic intrusions and the formation of Miocene detachment-related extensional basins. This phase may have been related to the exhumation of the gneissic core of the Menderes Massif, from which fragments were derived and incorporated into the upper parts of the Denizli subbasin during the Aquitanian.     

Fault analysis and paleostress evolution in large strain regions: methodological and geological discussion of the southeastern Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt in Pakistan

We document the structure and kinematics of the southeastern part of the fold-and-thrust belt of the Pakistani Himalaya. Field analysis documents the importance of strike–slip faulting associated with folding. Accordingly, a transpression regime is inferred to be responsible for variable amounts of shortening, from fault block to fault block. The analysis of fault populations that affect the Mesozoic to early Miocene sediments allows distinguishing two paleostress tensor directions: a dominant NW–SE compression and a minor E–W compression are compatible with buckling around the N–S axis of the near-by Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis. From the lack of both systematic overprinting-relationships and spatial trend (the two tensors were obtained at different locations) we conclude that in each location any of these two shortening directions can dominate. The distribution of the paleostress tensors substantiates a transpressional regime due to far-field Himalayan compression and a lateral escape component of the allochthonous fold-and-thrust belt away from the growing Hazara-Kashmir anticline.     

The role of the Kazakhstan orocline in the late Paleozoic amalgamation of Eurasia

After the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, we mapped surface ground fractures in Tangdhar, Uri, Rajouri and Punch sectors and liquefaction features in Jammu area lying close to the eastern side of the Line of Control (LOC) in Kashmir, India. The NW trending ground fractures occurred largely in the hanging wall zone of the southeastern extension of the causative fault in Tangdhar and Uri sectors. The principal compressive stress deduced from the earthquake induced ground fractures is oriented at N10°, whereas the causative Balakot–Bagh fault strikes 330°. The fault-plane solution indicates primarily SW thrusting of the causative fault with a component of strike–slip motion. The ground fractures reflect pronounced strike–slip together with some tensile component. The Tangdhar area showing left-lateral strike–slip motion lies on the hanging wall, and the Uri region showing right-lateral strike–slip movement is located towards the southeastern extension of the causative fault zone. The shear fractures are related to static stress that was responsible for the failure of causative fault. The tensile fractures with offsets are attributed to combination of both static and dynamic stresses, and the fractures and openings without offsets owe their origin due to dynamic stress. In Punch–Rajouri and Jammu area, which lies on the footwall, the fractures and liquefactions were generated by dynamic stress. The occurrence of liquefaction features in the out board part of the Himalayan range front near Jammu is suggestive of stress transfer  230 km southeast of the epicenter. The Balakot–Bagh Fault (BBF), the Muzaffarabad anticline, the rupture zone of causative fault and the zone of aftershocks — all are aligned in a  25 km wide belt along the NW–SE trending regional Himalayan strike of Kashmir region and lying between the MBT and the Riasi Thrust (Murree Thrust), suggesting a seismogenic zone that may propagate towards the southeast to trigger an earthquake in the eastern part of the Kashmir region.