资料通讯

资料通讯国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部南京气象学院大气资料服务中心第４卷第１期（总第１０期）１９９７年１２月ＥＣＭＷＦ数值模拟资料ＣＤ┐ＲＯＭ和ＣＭＡＰ降水资料介绍１ＥＣＭＷＦＣＤ┐ＲＯＭ这些ＣＤ－ＲＯＭ上存放着选自ＥＣＭＷＦ（欧洲中期预报中心）“...     

修正的ECMWF质量通量积去参数化方案的预报试验

用一个有限区域业务预报模式，以１９９５年７－８月西北地区几次大范围的降水天气过程为试验个例，对经过修改的ＥＣＭＷＦ质量通量积云参数化方案和模式中的原Ｋｕｏ型积云型数化方程进行了１３例４８ｈ的批量对比预报试验。     

1998年中国科学院大气物理研究所气候与环境预测研究中心汛期暴雨短期数值预测

对１９９８年夏季汛期（６～８月）天气过程进行了分析;在６～８月期间用ＩＡＰ－ＥＴＡ暴雨数值预报模式进行了每天的２４小时的降水实时预报;首次采用从Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ网上获取的ＮＣＥＰ资料,作为初值。预报的结果表明,ＥＴＡ坐标有限区域模式对暴雨预报有较好的参考价值;ＮＣＥＰ资料是有用的,尤其是在高原和广大海洋资料稀少地区。     

A NEW COMPUTER RETRIEVAL SYSTEM FOR METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

ＡＮＥＷＣＯＭＰＵＴＥＲＲＥＴＲＩＥＶＡＬＳＹＳＴＥＭＦＯＲＭＥＴＥＯＲＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮ￥ＢｅｉＧａｎｇ（贝刚）ＡＮＥＷＣＯＭＰＵＴＥＲＲＥＴＲＩＥＶＡＬＳＹＳＴＥＭＦＯＲＭＥＴＥＯＲＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮＢｅｉ...     

修正的ECMWF质量通量积云参数化方案的预报试验

用一个有限区域业务预报模式，以１９９５年７—８月西北地区几次大范围的降水天气过程为试验个例，对经过修改的ＥＣＭＷＦ质量通量积云参数化方案和模式中的原Ｋｕｏ型积云参数化方案进行了共１３例４８ｈ的批量对比预报试验。结果显示：质量通量方案能给出比Ｋｕｏ型方案更合理的积云降水落区；质量通量方案对模式预报≥１０．０ｍｍ的降水有一定的改进，并提高了各种降水等级的预报效率评分值     

AN OVERVIEW ON THE RESEARCH PROGRESS OF SOME ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES IN CAMS DURING LAST FIVE YEARS

ＡＮＯＶＥＲＶＩＥＷＯＮＴＨＥＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＰＲＯＧＲＥＳＳＯＦＳＯＭＥＡＳＰＥＣＴＳＯＦＡＴＭＯＳＰＨＥＲＩＣＳＣＩＥＮＣＥＳＩＮＣＡＭＳＤＵＲＩＮＧＬＡＳＴＦＩＶＥＹＥＡＲＳＣｈｅｎＬｉａｎｓｈｏｕ（陈联寿）ＡＮＯＶＥＲＶＩＥＷＯＮＴＨＥＲＥＳ...     

用于ENSO预测的一种广义典型混合回归模式及其预报试验

提出一种基于主分量典型相关分析（ＰＣ－ＣＣＡ）的广义典型混合回归模式，用于建立ＮＩＮＯ海区ＳＳＴ预报方案．该模式引入ＥＥＯＦ、ＰＲＥＳＳ准则和集成预报等技术思想，在优选物理因子，确定最佳模式参数的基础上，对ＮＩＮＯ海区海温指数所作的超前１—４季度预报试验取得优良效果．试验表明，该模式方案性能稳定，其总体预报技术水平已达到美国ＮＯＡＡ／ＮＷＳ／ＮＣＥＰ／气候诊断公报（ＣＰＣ）所用同类模式水平．而本模式方案预报同类产品所需因子数远少于ＣＰＣ方法。这就有可能为建立我国的ＥＮＳＯ业务监测系统提供有益的基础。     

DRAFT PROPLSAL FOR THE SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON EXPERIMENT(SCSMEX)

ＤＲＡＦＴＰＲＯＰＯＳＡＬＦＯＲＴＨＥＳＯＵＴＨＣＨＩＮＡＳＥＡＭＯＮＳＯＯＮＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴ（ＳＣＳＭＥＸ）ＣｈｅｎＬｏｎｇｘｕｎ（陈隆勋）ＤＲＡＦＴＰＲＯＰＯＳＡＬＦＯＲＴＨＥＳＯＵＴＨＣＨＩＮＡＳＥＡＭＯＮＳＯＯＮＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴ（ＳＣ...     

STUDY OF OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS AT LIN’ANREGIONAL BACKGROUND STATION DURING THE PEM－WEST－A EXPERIMENT

ＳＴＵＤＹＯＦＯＺＯＮＥＡＮＤＩＴＳＰＲＥＣＵＲＳＯＲＳＡＴＬＩＮ’ＡＮＲＥＧＩＯＮＡＬＢＡＣＫＧＲＯＵＮＤＳＴＡＴＩＯＮＤＵＲＩＮＧＴＨＥＰＥＭ－ＷＥＳＴ－ＡＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＬｕｏＣｈａｏ（罗超），ｍｎｇＧｕｏａｎ（丁国安），Ｔａｎｇｊｉｅ（汤...     

世界气象网站园地(十一)

一ＤＥＰＡＴＭＥＮＴＯＦＡＴＭＯＳＲＨＥＲＩＣＳＣＩＥＮＣＥＳＵＮＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＹＯＦＷＡＳＨＩＮＧＴＯＮ华盛顿大学大气科学系。这是华盛顿州立大学大气科学系的网站。网站分学术问题、天气气候信息以及大气科学系简介三个栏目。其中在天气气候信息栏目中包括了天气观测气候资料和预报、西北环境预报和观测以及太平洋西北区域ＭＭ５模式预报等三个栏目。该网站提供了大量的各类多普勒雷达观测产品、各类卫星探测产品、ＭＭ５模式的降水、温度、风场的预报图以及气候资料信息等。其资料的丰富以及共享程度，都应当引起我们…     

High resolution re-analysis for the Baltic Sea region during 1965–2005 period

Regional reanalysis database BaltAn65+ comprising meteorological data for Baltic Sea region for the time period 1965–2005 is described. For data assimilation and hindcasts, the numerical weather prediction model HIRLAM 7.1.4 is applied, with 11 km horizontal and 60-layer vertical resolution. Reanalysis includes three-dimensional weather analysis data. Standard surface observations and meteorological soundings together with ship and buoy measurements from WMO observational network are used in analysis. Boundary fields are obtained from ECMWF ERA-40 global re-analysis. The BaltAn65+ can be considered as a regional refinement of ERA-40 for Baltic Sea region, providing the historical weather and climate data with enhanced spatial resolution, which is main motivation for creation of this novel reanalysis database.     

ON THE SENSITIVITY OF PRECIPITATION FORECASTS TO THE MOIST PHYSICS AND THE HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION OF NUMERICAL MODEL*

The impacts of the enhanced model's moist physics and horizontal resolution upon the QPFs(quantitative precipitation forecasts) are investigated by applying the HIRLAM(high resolution limited area model) to the summer heavy-rain cases in China.The performance of the control run,for which a 0.5°×0.5°grid spacing and a traditional "grid-box supersaturation removal+Kuo type convective paramerization" are used as the moist physics,is compared with that of the sensitivity runs with an enhanced model's moist physics(Sundqvist scheme) and an increased horizontal resolution(0.25°×0.25°),respectively.The results show:(1) The enhanced moist physics scheme(Sundqvist scheme),by introducing the cloud water content as an additional prognostic variable and taking into account briefly of the microphysics involved in the cloud-rain conversion,does bring improvements in the model's QPFs.Although the deteriorated QPFs also occur occasionally,the improvements are found in the majority of the cases,indicating the great potential for the improvement of QPFs by enhancing the model's moist physics.(2) By increasing the model's horizontal resolution from 0.5°×0.5°,which is already quite high compared with that of the conventional atmospheric soundings,to 0.25°×0.25°without the simultaneous enhancement in model physics and objective analysis,the improvements in QPFs are very limited.With higher resolution,although slight amelioration in locating the rainfall centers and in resolving some finer structures of precipitation pattern are made,the number of the mis-predicted fine structures in rainfall field increases with the enhanced model resolution as well.     

Impact of ECMWF,NCEP, and NCMRWF global model analysis on the WRF model forecast over Indian Region

The global model analysis has significant impact on the mesoscale model forecast as global model provides initial condition (IC) and lateral boundary conditions (LBC) for the mesoscale model. With this objective, four operational global model analyses prepared from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS), NCEP Global Forecasting System (GFS), and National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) are used daily to generate IC and LBC of the mesoscale model during 13th December 2012 to 13th January 2013. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 3.4, broadly used for short-range weather forecast, is adopted in this study as mesoscale model. After initial comparison of global model analyses with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) retrieved temperature and moisture profiles, daily WRF model forecasts initialized from global model analyses are compared with in situ observations and AIRS profiles. Results demonstrated that forecasts initialized from the ECMWF analysis are closer to AIRS-retrieved profiles and in situ observations compared to other global model analyses. No major differences are occurred in the WRF model forecasts when initialized from the NCEP GDAS and GFS analyses, whereas these two analyses have different spatial resolutions and observations used for assimilation. Maximum RMSD is seen in the NCMRWF analysis-based experiments when compared with AIRS-retrieved profiles. The rainfall prediction is also improved when WRF model is initialized from the ECMWF analysis compared to the NCEP and NCMRWF analyses.     

Variational data assimilation experiments of mei-yu front rainstorms in China

The numerical forecasts of mei-yu front rainstorms in China has been an important issue. The intensity and pattern of the frontal rainfall are greatly influenced by the initial fields of the numerical model. The 4-dimensional variational data assimilation technology (4DVAR) can effectively assimilate all kinds of observed data, including rainfall data at the observed stations, so that the initial fields and the precipitation forecast can both be greatly improved. The non-hydrostatic meso-scale model (MM5) and its adjoint model are used to study the development of the mei-yu front rainstorm from 1200 UTC 25 June to 0600 UTC 26 June 1999. By numerical simulation experiments and assimilation experiments, the T106 data and the observed 6-hour rainfall data are assimilated. The influences of many factors, such as the choice of the assimilated variables and the weighting coefficient, on the precipitation forecast results are studied. The numerical results show that 4DVAR is valuable and important to mei-yu front rainfall prediction.     

用多普勒雷达反射率调整模式大气的云微物理变量

一种简单云分析方案, 用于由多普勒天气雷达反射率反演中尺度大气模式初值分析中的云微物理变量（云水混合比和雨水混合比）和空气湿度变量（比湿），使模式积分初始场反映出观测空间的云微物理特征以及哪些空间位置上的大气处于饱和状态。应用于2002年6月梅雨期安徽省马鞍山市一次降水过程的临近数值预报试验结果表明，模式预报的大气综合反射率与雷达观测的回波图像相近，由云微物理变量变化表示的模式云系演变与雷达观测的回波图像一致, 伴随模拟的中小尺度云系, 模式大气能很快调整出合理的中小尺度流场辐散、辐合结构；它们明显好于模式初始场不引入雷达反射率时的结果，即这种方法对改进临近数值天气预报准确率是有效的。     

The active tropical cyclone season of 2005–2006 over Northwest Australia: Operational model performance and high resolution case studies

Summary There are three main aims of this study. First, the main features of the active 2005–2006 Australian region tropical cyclone (TC) season are summarized, with particular emphasis on the northwest Australian region. Second, an assessment is made of the skill of the available operational global and regional numerical weather prediction (NWP) models for three of the most significant TCs (TCs Clare, Glenda and Hubert), each of which made landfall on the northwest coast of Australia. Third, high-resolution numerical modelling simulations of these same three TCs are described in detail. The numerical weather prediction (NWP) model used here was developed at the University of Oklahoma, and in this study it utilises initial and boundary conditions obtained from archived analyses and forecasts provided by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, as well as a 4D-Var data assimilation scheme to ingest all available satellite data. The high-resolution numerical model is multiply two-way nested, with the innermost domain having a resolution of 5 km. It was found that unlike the operational models, which were restricted by relatively low resolution and less data, the high resolution model was able to capture most of the major features of all three TC lifecycles including development from initial tropical depressions, intensification, and their tracks, landfall, and associated rainfall and wind fields.     

Operational convective-scale data assimilation over Iran: A comparison between WRF and HARMONIE-AROME

The impact of applying three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3D-Var DA) on convective-scale forecasts is investigated by using two mesoscale models, the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-ARW) and the Hirlam and Aladin Research Model On Non-hydrostatic-forecast Inside Europe (HARMONIE-AROME). One month (1 to 30 December 2013) of numerical experiments were conducted with these two models at 2.5 km horizontal resolution, in order to partly resolve convective phenomena, on the same domain over a mountainous area in Iran and neighboring areas. Furthermore, in order to estimate the domain specific background error statistics (BES) in convective scales, two months (1 November to 30 December 2017) of numerical experiments were carried out with both models by downscaling operational ECMWF forecasts. For setting the numerical experiments in an operational scenario, ECMWF operational forecast data were used as initial and lateral boundary conditions (ICs/LBCs). In order to examine the impact of data assimilation, the 3D-Var method in cycling mode was adopted and the forecasts were verified every 6 hours up to 36 hours for selected meteorological variables. In addition, 24 h accumulated precipitation forecasts were verified separately. Generally, the WRF and HARMONIE-AROME exhibit similar verification statistics for the selected forecast variables. The impact of DA on the numerical forecast shows some evidence of improvement in both models, and this effect decreases severely at longer lead times. Results from verifying the 24 h convective-scale precipitation forecasts from both models with and without DA suggest the superiority of the WRF model in forecasting more accurately the occurred precipitation over the simulation domain, even for the downscaling run.     

BJ-RUC系统模式地面气象要素预报效果评估

利用自动气象站逐小时地面观测资料,采用客观检验方法对北京市气象局快速更新循环预报 (BJ-RUC) 系统在2008—2010年5—9月的预报结果进行检验,初步评估了BJ-RUC系统对地面气象要素的业务预报性能。结果表明:BJ-RUC系统对地面气象要素预报与实况的变化趋势有很好的一致性。其中,2 m温度预报整体偏高,误差范围为-1.5~1.5℃,早上和傍晚偏大,正午偏小;2 m相对湿度的预报整体偏低,误差为-25%~0,白天偏大,夜间偏小;10 m风速预报明显偏大,午后尤为显著,误差为0.6~1.2 m·s-1;6 h累积降水的晴雨预报效果较好,TS评分可达到0.4。系统在初始起报时次的稳定性较差,从第3个起报时次开始逐渐稳定,但预报误差随着预报时效的增长逐渐增大,12 h内的预报误差较小,预报结果较可靠,在短时临近预报中具有参考价值。     

Preliminary Comparison of the CMA, ECMWF, NCEP, and JMA Ensemble Prediction Systems

Based on The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) dataset,using various verification methods,the performances of four typical ense...     

雷达资料对0414号台风“云娜”数值预报的改进

运用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了2004年12月初登陆我国台湾的冬季台风"南玛都"的性质结构特征,结果表明:冬季台风"南玛都"具有与夏季台风相同的暖湿中心和低层辐合、高层辐散的环流特征,不同的是低层辐合气流中西南气流不明显,台风涡旋气流对大气的扰动偏弱.台风过程海平面气压距平场的EOF分析表明,台风生命史中的扰动主要由EOF1和EOF2构成(占90%的方差),EOF1反映台风结构和强度变化,EOF2反映了台风移动过程中的环境状态变化.