~(14)C测定地质年代数据(三)

本报告发表~(14)C测定地质年代数据56个,系本实验室1983年底以前所测。方法基本同前(原思训等,1980),只是在用CO_2、Ca合成CaC_2时不再掺入镁粉,其它步骤不变。测定时采用经1981年9月全国第一次~(14)C学术会议推荐的我国统一的现代碳标准物质——中国糖碳标准。该标准物质经考古研究所~(14)C实验室、本实验室和贵阳地球化学研究所~(14)C实验室标定,其放射性比度为国际现代碳标准的1.362±0.003倍,δ~(13)C     

东亚季风增强加剧中国南部富Mg上地壳化学风化及其全球意义

渐新世-中新世之交的亚洲气候重组伴随着东亚季风北向推进到中国亚热带地区是一个重要的大气CO_2消耗过程,但是目前对该过程知之甚少.本研究近似计算了这次气候重组通过加强中国亚热带地区硅酸盐化学风化和有机碳埋藏导致的大气CO_2消耗.依据侵蚀通量的重建结果,晚渐新世以来硅酸盐风化导致的长期大气CO_2消耗为0.06×10~(12)～0.87×10~(12)mol a~(-1),并且其中约50%的贡献来自于Mg硅酸盐风化.有机碳埋藏导致的大气CO_2消耗约为同时期硅酸盐风化的25%.本研究强调了中国东部富Mg上部大陆地壳风化对于晚渐新世全球大气CO_2含量下降和新近纪海水Mg含量增加的显著影响.如果这次气候转型主要与青藏高原隆升有关,那么本研究揭示了喜马拉雅-青藏高原的生长通过改变构造欠活跃的东亚地区水循环格局间接调控全球碳和镁循环.     

温泉气体氦碳同位素在云南地区重危区年度跟踪中的应用

正为跟踪_2017年度云南地区的震情发展,对滇南滇西南、滇东北、滇西北3个重点危险区14个温泉进行了现场测量和气体样品采集。经色谱和质谱分析测试,获得了14个温泉逸出气体全化学组成(He、H_2、Ar、O_2、N_2、CH_4、CO_2)及He、Ne同位素和CH_4、CO_2的C同位素组成数据。利用氦氖比,对氦同位素组成进行了大气污染校正和幔源比例百分比计算。利用CH_4、     

封管法制备有机碳同位素质谱分析样

本文介绍了在分析有机质中稳定碳同位素时制备CO_2的一种简单方法。该方法可用于湖泊沉积物样品及各种物态的石油分馏物,并且对其它有机化合物有很好的潜力。有机物样品在高温中灼烧生成CO_2和H_2O,然后进行分离转移。该方法所需材料极其便宜,设备简单,并且在8h内可制备近30个样品,适合我国一些中小实验室。     

14C 测定地质年代数据(五)

本报告发表14C测定地质年代数据64个,系本实验室1986年9月以前所测的一部分。方法同前。据告中所用14C半衰期为5568年,距今年代以公元1950年为起点。样品层位为送样者所提供。数据误差仅为放射性测量的绕计偏差,取1σ     

新疆14C年代测定及数据集（I＊）

主要介绍新疆维吾尔自治区地震局放射性同位素碳测年实验室的１４Ｃ测年原理,样品的前处理、样品的化学制备,低水平放射性测量方法及测定年代。首次公布一批１４Ｃ年代测定数据。     

14C测定地质年代数据(二)

本文公布的14C年代数据52个(表1),其中除CG112、CG113、CG114、CG115、CG117样品,应用乙炔气体计数法测定外,其余样品皆为液体闪烁计数法测定。实验方法同我实验室于“地质科学”1974年第四期和1978年第四期发表的报导。 计算年代所采用的14C半衰期为5570年,距今计年以1950年为起点。采样地点和层位是根据送样单位提供的资料整理。所标误差是测量结果按泊松分布计算的标准偏差     

台湾北部地下水中氡含量的变化及其与地震活动的相关性

从1980年7月至1983年12月,每周从台湾北部四个测点取双样测定地下热水和富含CO_2的冷泉中的氡(~(222)Rn)浓度。在三个测点上观测到七次脉冲式氡异常(其增长超过均值的2～3倍标准误差),每次异常(一次除外)后4至51天内均发生M_1 4.6级以上地震。震中距为14到45公里,震源深度小于10公里。具有氡异常前兆的地震分布,偏向于氡测点的某一方向。对其它方向发生的地震,氡测点似乎不敏感。在邻近火山地区的第四个测点上,大量气体(主要是CO_2)同热水一起从井孔排出。从排出的气体中检测到的氡浓度很高。因此,水中气体的分离可能导致高的氡含量异常。据有限的测定,水氡浓度相对于气氡似乎没有饱和。这表明热水很容易损失氡。因此,更需要监测气氡。     

江西省水库温室气体释放及其影响因素分析

对江西省柘林、白云山、陡水、洪门、仙女湖5个水库表面N_2O、CH_4和CO_2这3种温室气体的溶存浓度进行测定,估算出这3种温室气体在水-气界面的释放速率分别为0.29~1.05、3.65~39.42和-51.56~1383.21μg/(m~2·h).与其他环境因素的相关性分析表明,总氮浓度是控制N2O释放速率的决定性因素;CH_4的释放速率与水体温度、透明度以及总磷浓度的相关性显著;而CO_2的释放速率与叶绿素a、总有机碳浓度等环境因素均未发现单一的相关性.根据温室气体的全球变暖潜能值计算得到5个水库温室气体总的CO_2等效释放速率(TFeq-CO_2)范围为237.83~2267.83μg CO_2-e/(m~2·h).N2O、CH_4和CO_2的CO_2等效释放速率在TFeq-CO_2中所占比例范围分别为13.94%~83.26%、20.54%~175.21%和-140.43%~60.99%.N_2O和CH_4的CO_2等效释放速率对TFeq-CO_2的贡献基本相当;在柘林和仙女湖水库中CO_2的贡献为负值,而在其余3个水库中CO_2是水库所释放的最为主要的温室气体.本实验中5个水库温室气体的TFeq-CO_2相当于10.52~377.10 t C/a的碳排放,占产生相同电能燃煤发电站年碳排放量的0.05%~1.12%.     

蓄水初期三峡水库草堂河水-气界面CO2和CH4通量日变化特征及其影响因素

为查明三峡水库蓄水初期典型支流水-气界面CO_2和CH_4通量的日变化特征,采用LGR在线分析仪-通量箱法,于2015年9月初在库腹一级支流草堂河回水区开展连续24 h的定位观测.结果表明,24 h监测期内,支流库湾水-气界面CO_2通量变幅为-81.642~180.991 mg/(m~2·h),呈"昼吸夜放"特征,均值为17.346 mg/(m~2·h),总体为释放特征;CH_4全天均表现为释放状态,释放通量均值为0.064 mg/(m~2·h),呈"昼弱夜强"变化.相关分析结果表明,CH_4和CO_2释放通量与风速呈正相关,与表层水温、溶解氧浓度、叶绿素a浓度呈负相关,说明风速物理扰动、浮游植物光合作用是控制草堂河水-气界面气体通量最重要的环境因素.同时,干-支流相互作用形成的特殊水环境(如异重流、水温分层)也与水-气界面温室气体通量过程密切相关,但是其作用机制更为复杂,应开展进一步系统观测和深入研究.     

Glacial atmospheric CO_2 decline in association with decrease of marine sedimentary phosphorus

Since the discovery from the ice-core record of South Pole revealed that atmospheric concentration of CO2 of the last glacial was 80―100 ppm less than that of Holocene[1], many researchers[2―6] have obtained a series of important findings to seek the dominant fac- tors controlling its change from marine physical, chemical and biological processes, among which the view has gained increasing attention that phosphorus, as a macronutrient, is a crucial limitation to marine primary production, a…     

Thermal simulation experiments of saturated hydrocarbons with calcium sulfate and element sulfur: Implications on origin of H<Subscript>2</Subscript>S

Temperature-programmed simulation experiments of saturated hydrocarbons with calcium sulfate and element sulfur were compared in this study. Based on the variation analysis of the yields and evolvement features of gaseous hydrocarbon (C1-C5) and inorganic gaseous CO2, H2 and H2S, the reaction mechanisms were analyzed and discussed. In the calcium sulfate-saturated hydrocarbon system, H2S was produced by a small quantity, which indicates this reaction belongs to the low-degreed thermal sulfate reduction (TSR...     

Study on the processing method of nighttime CO_2 eddy covariance flux data in ChinaFLUX

At present, using Eddy Covariance (EC) method to estimate the "true value" of carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystem arrests more attention. However, one issue is how to solve the uncertainty of observations (especially the nighttime CO2 flux data) appearing in post-processing CO2 flux data. The ratio of effective and reliable nighttime EC CO2 flux data to all nighttime data is relatively low (commonly, less than 50%) for all the long-term and continuous observation stations in the world. Thus, the processing method of nighttime CO2 flux data and its effect analysis on estimating CO2 flux annual sums are very important. In this paper, the authors analyze and discuss the reasons for underestimating nighttime CO2 flux using EC method, and introduce the general theory and method for processing nighttime CO2 flux data. By analyzing the relationship between nighttime CO2 flux and air fraction velocity u., we present an alternate method, Average Values Test (AVT), to determine the thresholds of fraction velocity (u.c) for screening the effective nighttime CO2 flux data. Meanwhile, taking the data observed in Yucheng and Changbai Mountains stations for an example, we analyze and discuss the effects of different methods or parameters on nighttime CO2 flux estimations. Finally, based on the data of part ChinaFLUX stations and related literatures, empirical models of nighttime respiration at different sites in ChinaFLUX are summarized.     

Extended probit mortality model for zooplankton against transient change of PCO(2)

The direct injection of CO(2) in the deep ocean is a promising way to mitigate global warming. One of the uncertainties in this method, however, is its impact on marine organisms in the near field. Since the concentration of CO(2), which organisms experience in the ocean, changes with time, it is required to develop a biological impact model for the organisms against the unsteady change of CO(2) concentration. In general, the LC(50) concept is widely applied for testing a toxic agent for the acute mortality. Here, we regard the probit-transformed mortality as a linear function not only of the concentration of CO(2) but also of exposure time. A simple mathematical transform of the function gives a damage-accumulation mortality model for zooplankton. In this article, this model was validated by the mortality test of Metamphiascopsis hirsutus against the transient change of CO(2) concentration.     

Comparison of the acid-base responses to CO2 and acidification in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

To investigate whether the biological toxicity of aquatic hypercapnia is due to the direct effects of CO2 or to the effects of acidification of seawater by CO2, the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was subjected to seawater equilibrated with a gas mixture of air containing 5% CO2 (pH 6.18) or seawater acidified to the same pH with 1 N H2SO4. All the fish died within 72 h in the CO2 exposure group, whereas no mortality occurred in the acid group. Acid-base parameters as well as plasma ion concentrations were severely perturbed in the CO2 exposure group, whereas they were minimally affected in the acid group. These results clearly demonstrate that the mortality in the CO2 group is a direct result of the elevated levels of dissolved CO2 and not to the effects of the reduced water pH.     

Effects of raised CO2 concentration on the egg production rate and early development of two marine copepods (Acartia steueri and Acartia erythraea)

Direct injection of CO(2) into the deep ocean is receiving increasing attention as a way to mitigate increasing atmospheric CO(2) concentration. To assess the potential impact of the environmental change associated with CO(2) sequestration in the ocean, we studied the lethal and sub-lethal effects of raised CO(2) concentration in seawater on adult and early stage embryos of marine planktonic copepods. We found that the reproduction rate and larval development of copepods are very sensitive to increased CO(2) concentration. The hatching rate tended to decrease, and nauplius mortality rate to increase, with increased CO(2) concentration. These results suggest that the marine copepod community will be negatively affected by the disposal of CO(2). This could decrease on the carbon export flux to the deep ocean and change the biological pump. Clearly, further studies are needed to determine whether ocean CO(2) injection is an acceptable strategy to reduce anthropogenic CO(2).     

沉水植物驱动的水环境钙泵与水体磷循环的关系

水体磷循环是水柱和对应的沉积物中发生的各种非生物和生物的磷迁移转化过程.与此同时,沉积物中钙通过沉水植物吸收和转运,从该类植物的叶面释放至水柱中,释放的Ca2+与水柱中的CO23-一起形成碳酸钙.在这一过程中,水柱中少量溶解性磷分配在碳酸钙中形成CaCO3-P共沉淀,导致水体中可溶性磷向难溶性磷转化,这种由沉水植物驱动的水环境钙泵在水体磷循环中发挥着重要作用.研究证明,沉水植物菹草叶面上有CaCO3-P共沉淀的形成,且这种共沉淀的含磷量变化范围很宽.另一方面,新近沉积物中钙与磷的沉淀物存在一个由聚磷酸盐向磷灰石逐渐演变过程,而沉水植物叶面上的含磷共沉淀作用是否也存在由聚磷酸盐向磷灰石的变质过程,该过程在沉水植物生长期间是否发生关系到沉水植物除磷效果值得深入研究.本文从水体磷循环概述、钙在水体磷循环中的作用和沉水植物驱动的水环境钙泵假说及其在水体磷循环中的意义等方面综述了钙在水环境中的迁移对水体磷循环的贡献.     

Isotopic exchange between carbon dioxide and ozone via O(1D) in the stratosphere

We propose a novel mechanism for isotopic exchange between CO2 and O3 via O(1D) + CO2 --> CO3* followed by CO3* --> CO2 + O(3P). A one-dimensional model calculation shows that this mechanism can account for the enrichment in 18O in the stratospheric CO2 observed by Gamo et al. [1989], using the heavy O3 profile observed by Mauersberger [1981]. The implications of this mechanism for other stratospheric species and as a source of isotopically heavy CO2 in the troposphere are briefly discussed.     

Spatial character of the gaseous and particulate state compound correlation of urban atmospheric pollution in winter and summer

The spatial/temporal variation information of atmospheric dynamic-chemical processes at observation site points of the "canopy" boundary of Beijing urban building ensemble and over urban area "surface", as well as the seasonal correlation structure of the gaseous and particulate states of urban atmospheric pollution (UAP) and its seasonal conversion feature at observation points are investigated, using the comprehensive observation data of the Beijing City Air Pollution Observation Experiment (BECAPEX) in winter and summer 2003 with a "point-surface" combined research approach. By using "one dimension spatial empirical orthogonal function (EOF)" principal component analysis (PCA) mode, the seasonal change of gaseous and particulate states of atmospheric aerosols and the association feature of pollutant species under the background of the complicated structure of urban boundary layer (UBL) are analyzed. The comprehensive analyses of the principal components of particle concentrations,gaseous pollutant species, and meteorological conditions reveal the seasonal changes of the complex constituent and structure features of the gaseous and particulate states of UAP to further trace the impact feature of urban aerosol pollution surface sources and the seasonal difference of the component structure of UAP. Research results suggest that in the temporal evolution of the gaseous and particulate states of winter/summer UAP, NOx, CO, and SO2 showed an "in-phase" evolution feature, however, O3 showed an "inverse-phase" relation with other species,all possessing distinctive dependent feature. On the whole, summer concentrations of gaseous pollutants CO, SO2, and NOx were obviously lower than winter ones, especially, the reduction in CO concentration was most distinctive, and ones in SO2 and NOx were next. However, the summer O3 concentration was more than twice winter one. Winter/summer differences in PM10and PM2.5 particle concentrations were relatively not obvious, which indicates that responses of PM10 and PM2.5 particle concentrations to the difference of winter/summer heating period emission sources are far less distinctive than those of NOx, SO2, and CO. The correlation feature of winter/summer gaseous and particulate states depicts that both PM10 and PM2.5 particles were significantly correlated with NOx, and their correlations with NOx are more significant than those with other pollutants. Through PCA, it is found that there was a distinctive difference in the principal component combination structure of winter/summer PM10 and PM2.5 particles: SO2 and NOx dominated in the principal component of winter PM10 and PM2.5 particles; while CO and NOx played the major role in the principal component of summer PM10 and PM2.5 particles. For winter/summer PM10 and PM2.5 particles, there might exist the gaseous and particulate states correlation structures of different "combinations" of such dependent pollutant species. Research results also uncover that the interaction processes of gaseous and particulate states were also related with the vertical structure of UBL, that is to say, the low value layer of UBL O3 concentration was associated with the collocation of atmospheric vertical structures of the low level inversion,inverse humidity, and small wind, which depicts summer boundary layer atmospheric character, i.e.the compound impact of the dependent factor "combination" of wind, temperature, and humidity elements and their collocation structure on the variations of different gaseous pollutant concentrations. Such a depth structure of the extremely low value of O3 concentration in the UBL accords with its "inverse-phase" relation with other gaseous pollutant species. The PCA of meteorological factors associated with PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations also reveals the sensitivity of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration to the combinatory feature of local meteorological conditions.     

川滇块体边界断裂的CO2释放及其来源

川滇块体边界断裂沿线及附近地区有大量的CO_2泉出露,其分布与1900年以来强震震中的分布大体一致,这表明该区CO_2释放可能与现代地震活动有直接关联。稳定碳、氧同位素证据表明,现代活动断裂释放的CO_2绝大部分来自地壳深部,并有两种主要的释放机制。现代活动断裂既可以直接产生大量的热动力变质成因CO_2,又可以作为通道释放来自下地壳甚至上地慢的CO_2组分。连续监测深源CO_2的释放动态有可能获得反映震源物理化学变化的地震前兆信息。