气候变暖对石家庄春季物候的影响

利用统计方法分析了1965-2007年石家庄春季物候特征,研究了春季物候期与日平均气温稳定通过指示温度日期之间的关系,探讨了气候变暖对石家庄春季物候的影响。结果表明：石家庄春季物候期呈提前趋势;物候期与日平均气温稳定通过指示温度日期的关系是正相关,即日平均气温稳定通过指示温度的日期提早,则物候期提前,反之则物候期推迟;早春、仲春物候与2-4月气温相关性最大,晚春物候与春季气温相关性最大,春季物候对温度的响应不同;春季物候发生转折的时期与气温突变（或转折）的时期同步或紧随其后;春季物候异常偏晚年主要分布在20世纪90年代之前,异常偏早年主要分布在90年代之后,物候异常偏早年通常是气候异常偏暖年,物候异常偏晚年不一定是气候异常偏冷年,但通常是气候异常度为负值的年份。     

内蒙古东部地区小叶杨物候变化与气象条件的关系

利用数理统计方法对近20-30 a内蒙古东部主要牧业试验站的气候变化及小叶杨的物候变化进行探讨,研究小叶杨的物候变化与气象条件的关系。结果显示：近20-30 a来大于等于0℃的初日提早,终日推后,积温显著增加。上半年的物候现象(花芽开放期、展叶始期、展叶盛期和开花始期)提前;下半年物候现象(叶全变色期、落叶末期)及开花盛期均推迟。小叶杨自然物候现象存在着明显的地域性差异。小叶杨上半年的物候期与气温呈显著负相关,而下半年的物候期与气温呈显著正相关;物候期变化对温度的响应较强,其关系有可能是非线性的。日照和降水对物候期变化的影响,由于其地理位置和生育时段的不同而呈现各不相同的关系。小叶杨物候期的变化对降水和日照的响应不明显。     

木本植物物候变化及其对气候变化的响应

选取青海省4个农气观测站的木本植物物候期及气候资料，分析物候期变化及其对气候变化的响应关系。结果表明：（1）木本植物物候现象存在着明显的地域性。（2）呈现出作物生长季延长的趋势。（3）对气温的响应：上年9月至当年4月的平均气温升高1℃，全省小叶杨平均叶芽开放期提早5d，展叶普期提早4d，开花始期提早4d；上年9月至当年6月的平均气温升高1℃，全省平均种子成熟提早3d左右；上年9月至当年8月的平均气温升高1℃，全省平均叶全变色期约推迟4—5d，叶芽开放至秋季叶全变色期平均间隔日数延长12d。（4）小叶杨对降水的响应不明显。对日照的响应：日照时数增多10h，物候气提早或推迟小于1d。     

气温对巴楚县乔木物候的影响

利用新疆巴楚气象站1987—2013年物候资料和气象资料,运用线性回归、t检验、相关分析等方法,分析了巴楚县气温和乔木物候期的变化特征,以及气温对植物物候期的影响。结果表明：近27a巴楚县乔木春季展叶始期表现出明显提前趋势,秋季叶变色始期表现出推迟趋势,生长季明显延长;3月份气温对展叶始期的影响最显著,巴楚县3月份气温每上升1℃,乔木展叶始期提前2.6d。     

青海草本植物物候期变化与气象条件影响分析

利用青海省8个农气观测站草本植物物候期观测资料,分析了草本植物物候期变化及其对气温、降水、日照变化的响应。结果表明:①草本植物物候期有明显的地域性。②青海草本植物物候现象生长期除河南、互助等地呈现出缩短趋势外,其余大部地区呈现出作物生长季延长的趋势。③草本植物物候对气温、降水、日照的响应:气温,对上年黄枯期月至当年各物候出现期上月平均气温升高1℃,草本植物物候期除个别地、个别物候期推迟(1~11 d),生长期缩短(5~9 d),绝大部分地区草本植物物候期提早(2~12 d),生长期延长(3~13 d);降水,对上年黄枯期月至当年各物候出现期上月降水量增多10 mm,曲麻莱、互助萌动期提早2 d,湟源萌动期推迟1 d,甘德展叶期推迟3 d,其余响应微弱;日照,对上年黄枯期月至当年各物候出现期上月的日照时数增多10 h,各地个别物候期提早1 d,其余响应微弱。     

中国木本植物物候对气温变化的响应

本文利用全国21个站的木本植物物候资料和全国599个站的逐日气温资料,分析了1963~1988年中国木本植物物候对气温变化的响应,研究表明:26年来,植物春季物候期与春季气温在全国总体呈负相关,气温越高,物候期越提前;植物秋季物候期与秋季气温在全国呈正相关,但相关性没有春季物候期显著;我国木本植物物候生长季长度有明显的南-北向梯度,早春气温对植物物候生长季的影响比秋末气温对其影响更大。      

青海诺木洪地区芦苇物候现象变化规律分析

利用1984-2007年柴达木盆地诺木洪地区自然环境中芦苇草本物候现象及同期气象资料,用气候统计学方法进行分析研究其变化规律及气候变化对芦苇草本物候现象的影响得出:芦苇草本物候现象随气候变暖、变干的变化也发生着较明显的阶段性变化。年际变化特征:萌动期1984-1990年变化趋势不明显,90年代、2001-2007年变化趋势较明显提早。黄枯期1984-1990年间变化趋势较明显推迟,生长期1984-1990年变化趋势较明显延长,90年代黄枯期变化趋势微弱提早、生长期变化趋势微弱延长,2001-2007年间黄枯期变化趋势较明显提早、2001-2007年间生长期变化趋势较明显缩短;平均气温、日照,降水中对芦苇生长期影响最明显的气温,其次是日照,降水影响不明显。     

1986-2010年巴楚木本植物物候变化特征及其对气候变化的响应分析

利用巴楚国家基本气候站1986-2010年的气象观测数据和地面物候观测资料,采用气候倾向率和气候趋势系数方法,分析气温、降水、日照时数的变化特征;木本植物选用新疆杨(Populus bolleanalanche),垂柳(Salix babylonica),杏树(Prunus armeniaca),苹果树(Malus pumila),沙枣树(Fdeagnys Qxycarpasehlecht),对植物物候期与气候变化的相互关系进行研究。研究表明：近25年来巴楚气候增暖现象较明显,增温率为0.18～0.95℃/10a,春、秋季变暖的趋势大于冬、夏季;降水量变化趋势不明显,整体呈现减少趋势,气候倾向率为-0.61 mm/10a,春、夏降水量呈减少趋势,冬、秋两季降水量均呈增多趋势;年日照时数呈减少趋势,气候倾向率为-30.34h/10a。除春季日照时数表现为增加趋势外,其他季节均表现为不同程度的减少趋势。其中,以冬季减幅最显著,平均减少-27.09h/10a。近25a来喀什木本植物芽开放期、展叶始期、开花始期表现为一致的提前趋势, 叶变色始期和落叶始期表现推迟的趋势;影响植物物候期的主要气候因子为气温和日照时数,随气温升高、日照时数增多,植物生长季延长。木本植物春季物候期与春季气温和春季日照时数呈负相关,且相关性显著,而与冬季气温和冬季日照时数几乎没有显著相关性。木本植物物候与秋季温度呈正相关,秋季气温升高,物候期推迟。在生产生活中,根据植物的物候期变化安排农、林业生产有重要的意义。     

青海草木植物物候对气候变化的响应及其应用

对青海省8个农气观测站的草本植物物候期现象的变化及及其对气候变化响应的回归分析。结果表明：①草本植物自然物候现象存在着明显的地域性。②草本植物最初至最后的自然物候现象出现期呈现出作物生长季延长的趋势。③草本植物物候对气温的响应：上年10月至当年4月平均气温升高1℃，全省草本平均萌动期提早2．2d左右，平均展叶期提早3．9d；上年10月至当年9月平均气温升高1℃，平均黄枯期提早0．4d，萌动期至黄枯期平均间隔日数延长约4．5d，①草本植物物候对降水的响应：上年10月至当年4月降水量增多10mm，全省草本平均萌动期提早1．5d，平均展叶期提早0．9d；上年10月至当年9月降水量增多10mm，萌动期至黄枯期平均间隔日数缩短0．8d.（5）草本植物物候对日照的响应：各物候均不明显。     

气候变暖对呼和浩特地区自然物候的影响

分析了1982—2007年气候变暖对内蒙古呼和浩特、武川自然物候的影响,结果表明:①春季,土壤表层解冻呼和浩特晚于武川,其余物候呼和浩特早于武川;秋季物候均为武川早于呼和浩特。且两地物候间距均为"豆雁始(绝)见>气象水文物候期>植物始花(落叶)";两地植物物候间呈显著的正相关,豆雁始(绝)见呈显著负相关,气象水文物候期间相关不显著;②两地年、春、秋季平均气温呈增加趋势,植物物候春季提前,秋季延迟趋势显著,与气温有很强的响应关系;豆雁在呼和浩特始见提前,绝见延迟,武川与此相反,豆雁与气温有一定的响应关系;气象水文物候期也具有春季提前,秋季延迟的趋势,与气温相关不显著。     

江苏春季霜冻气候变化特征及其未来可能变化趋势

在利用江苏省35站1961-2008年气象观测资料分析春霜冻发生时空演变特征的基础上,利用“WCRP”的耦合模式比较计划一阶段3的多模式未来气候数据,分析了未来不同气候变化情景下江苏省春霜冻变化趋势。结果表明：近48a来,江苏省终霜冻期显著提早、春霜冻日数明显减少;终霜冻期和春霜冻日数均在20世纪90年代后期发生气候突变。在未来全球气候变化背景下,江苏的终霜冻期将进一步明显提前,其中在中排放情景下（A1B）,2020s终霜冻期将比1961-1999平均终霜冻期提前4．6～9．6d,至2060s将提前14．6～17．7d;在高排放情景下（A2）,2020s将提前7．3～11．3d,至2060s将提前12．8～16．5d;在低排放情景下（B1）,2020s将提前5．3～10．2d,至2060s将提前9．4～14．2d。     

基于遥感数据的内蒙古草原灌丛物候变化研究

植被物候研究是全球气候变化研究的重要内容,但国际上有关干旱半干旱区灌丛物候变化的研究还很缺乏。为了探讨气候变化对内蒙古草原灌丛物候的影响,利用2000~2011年的MODIS EVI时间序列影像,采用动态阈值法得到6种灌丛12 a物候年际变化情况,结合样点附近气象站的气温和降水数据,分析了灌丛物候与气候变化的动态关系。结果表明：（1）内蒙古中西部草原灌丛返青期、枯黄期都呈现提前的趋势,生长季长度缩短;（2）春季均温升高和前一年秋冬降水增加可以提前灌丛返青期,是影响返青期的主要因素;（3）秋季降水减少和夏秋均温上升都利于枯黄期提前,夏季降水的作用则因灌丛种类不同而略有差异;（4）夏秋均温上升缩短了生长季长度,夏秋降水量、春季均温则多与生长季长度呈正相关。     

新疆乌兰乌苏物候变化规律及其对气候变化的响应

分析新疆乌兰乌苏农业气象试验站1980—2002年物候与相应气候因子资料,得出乌兰乌苏23a来气温增高,降水增多,气候增暖增湿;候鸟停留时间增长,与积温、日照时数和降水量的年变化趋势一致,除降水外,其他均存在显著正相关关系;木本植物生育期延长,与4—10月平均气温、平均相对湿度、总日照时数和总降水量趋势一致;初霜和终霜均推迟,无霜期缩短;初雪和初次积雪提前,终雪推迟,冬季雪日增长;积雪开始融化提前,完全融化推迟,融化时间增长;土壤表面开始解冻日期趋势提前,而土壤表面开始冻结日期趋势推迟。另外,通过物候与气象因子建立的最优回归方程,获得物候对气候响应的定量关系,为生态环境研究提供一定的理论依据。     

Inter-Annual Variability and Decadal Trends in Alpine Spring Phenology: A Multivariate Analysis Approach

Plant phenological observations are of increasing value as indicators of climate change and variability. We developed a robust multispecies estimate for Swiss Alpine spring phenology for the period 1965–2002 by applying empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on a combination of 15 spring phases. The impact of climate parameters such as temperature and precipitation on the phenological development was investigated using a multivariate statistical model. This multispecies estimate proved to be a good approach to assess the pattern of spring appearance during the last 40 years. It revealed an earlier onset of spring in recent years, mainly since 1988 when a clear shift in spring appearance occurred. The mean overall trend of 1.5 days per decade was clearly driven by winter and spring temperatures whereas precipitation showed no significant influence. The dominant EOF patterns suggested a general climate forcing for the observed inter-annual variability independent of single plant phases. A more regional phenology signal was found in the second EOF mode, indicating slightly weaker phenological trends in southern Switzerland as well as in higher altitudes. Both, temperature and precipitation contributed to this pattern significantly. Analysis of single phases confirmed the pattern of the multispecies estimate. All species showed trends towards earlier appearance ranging from −1 to −2.8 days per decade and the appearance dates had a very high covariance with temperature.     

哈密市近30a家燕停留时间与气象因子的关系

通过对哈密气象站1980-2008年家燕物候资料和气象资料的分析,得出当地家燕物候变化规律及停留时间与气象因子的关系。结果表明：（1）家燕始见日期均在4月,其中4月中旬较多,平均日期为4月16日,绝见日期均在9月且集中于中旬,平均日期为9月16日;（2）家燕停留期为4—9月,平均停留153d;（3）停留期与同期≥0℃积温和日照时数均呈显著的正相关关系,而随降水量的变化在不同时段呈现或同向或反向的趋势;（4）≥0℃积温和日照时数均为增加趋势,总体上家燕停留期变化与二者变化趋势一致,但近6a停留期缩短。     

辽宁春季透雨的环流背景及与海温相关分析

利用1961—2008年4—5月辽宁14个站逐日降水资料,分析了春季第一场透雨出现日期与500 hPa的环流背景及海温的相关关系。结果表明：中国辽宁春季透雨出现日期与前一年9—11月500 hPa高度场有较好的相关性,与北半球同年4月500 hPa环流年代际变化有较好的对应关系;透雨出现日期与北太平洋前期海温呈显著的负相关,当北太平洋地区前期海温偏高时,中国辽宁春季透雨出现日期偏早;当北太平洋地区前期海温偏低时,中国辽宁春季透雨出现日期偏迟。     

Variations in cereal crop phenology in Spain over the last twenty-six years (1986–2012)

Over recent years, the Iberian Peninsula has witnessed an increase both in temperature and in rainfall intensity, especially in the Mediterranean climate area. Plant phenology is modulated by climate, and closely governed by water availability and air temperature. Over the period 1986–2012, the effects of climate change on phenology were analyzed in five crops at 26 sites growing in Spain (southern Europe): oats, wheat, rye, barley and maize. The phenophases studied were: sowing date, emergence, flag leaf sheath swollen, flowering, seed ripening and harvest. Trends in phenological response over time were detected using linear regression. Trends in air temperature and rainfall over the period prior to each phenophase were also charted. Correlations between phenological features, biogeographical area and weather trends were examined using a Generalized Lineal Mixed Model approach. A generalized advance in most winter-cereal phenophases was observed, mainly during the spring. Trend patterns differed between species and phenophases. The most noticeable advance in spring phenology was recorded for wheat and oats, the “Flag leaf sheath swollen” and “Flowering date” phenophases being brought forward by around 3 days/year and 1 day/year, respectively. Temperature changes during the period prior to phenophase onset were identified as the cause of these phenological trends. Climate changes are clearly prompting variations in cereal crop phenology; their consequences could be even more marked if climate change persists into the next century. Changes in phenology could in turn impact crop yield; fortunately, human intervention in crop systems is likely to minimize the negative impact.     

Indicators of Climate Warming in Minnesota: Lake ICE Covers and Snowmelt Runoff

Records of hydrologic parameters, especially those parameters that are directly linked to air temperature, were analyzed to find indicators of recent climate warming in Minnesota, USA. Minnesota is projected to be vulnerable to climate change because of its location in the northern temperate zone of the globe. Ice-out and ice-in dates on lakes, spring (snowmelt) runoff timing, spring discharge values in streams, and stream water temperatures recorded up to the year 2002 were selected for study. The analysis was conducted by inspection of 10-year moving averages, linear regression on complete and on partial records, and by ranking and sorting of events. Moving averages were used for illustrative purposes only. All statistics were computed on annual data. All parameters examined show trends, and sometimes quite variable trends, over different periods of the record. With the exception of spring stream flow rates the trends of all parameters examined point toward a warming climate in Minnesota over the last two or three decades. Although hidden among strong variability from year to year, ice-out dates on 73 lakes have been shifting to an earlier date at a rate of −0.13 days/year from 1965 to 2002, while ice-in dates on 34 lakes have been delayed by 0.75 days/year from 1979 to 2002. From 1990 to 2002 the rates of change increased to −0.25 days/year for ice-out and 1.44 days/year for ice-in. Trend analyses also show that spring runoff at 21 stream gaging sites examined occurs earlier. From 1964 to 2002 the first spring runoff (due to snowmelt) has occurred −0.30 days/year earlier and the first spring peak runoff −0.23 days/year earlier. The stream water temperature records from 15 sites in the Minneapolis/St Paul metropolitan area shows warming by 0.11^∘C/year, on the average, from 1977 to 2002. Urban development may have had a strong influence. The analysis of spring stream flow rates was inconclusive, probably because runoff is linked as much to precipitation and land use as to air temperature. Ranking and sorting of annual data shows that a disproportionately large number of early lake ice-out dates has occurred after 1985, but also between 1940 and 1950; similarly late lake ice-in has occurred more frequently since about 1990. Ranking and sorting of first spring runoff dates also gave evidence of earlier occurrences, i.e. climate warming in late winter. A relationship of changes in hydrologic parameters with trends in air temperature records was demonstrated. Ice-out dates were shown to correlate most strongly with average March air temperatures shifting by −2.0 days for a 1^°C increase in March air temperature. Spring runoff dates also show a relationship with March air temperatures; spring runoff dates shift at a rate of −2.5 days/1^°C minimum March air temperature change. Water temperatures at seven river sites in the Minneapolis/St Paul metropolitan area show an average rise of 0.46^°C in river temperature/1^°C mean annual air temperature change, but this rate of change probably includes effects of urban development. In conclusion, records of five hydrologic parameters that are closely linked to air temperature show a trend that suggests recent climate warming in Minnesota, and especially from 1990 to 2002. The recent rates of change calculated from the records are very noteworthy, but must not be used to project future parameter values, since trends cannot continue indefinitely, and trend reversals can be seen in some of the long-term records.     

1990—2019年毕节春季霜冻气候特征及温度关系分析

春季霜冻是农业生产的主要气象灾害之一,该文利用毕节1990-2019年0 cm地温和气温资料,分析春季霜冻特征和霜期内不同天气现象下气温与0 cm地温关系。结果表明:近30 a毕节春季霜冻日数随时间呈显著减少趋势,特别在21世纪10年代减少速率跃增,终霜冻期随时间呈显著提早趋势。空间上春季霜冻日数自西向东递减,终霜冻期自东向西推迟,威宁大部和赫章西部高海拔山区是春季霜冻发生最频繁区域,且终霜冻在该区域显著偏晚。突变检验显示毕节春季霜冻日数的减少趋势呈现2个阶段性下降,在21世纪10年代后减少趋势显著,终霜冻提早明显,存在突变年。周期变化中春季霜冻日数存在准3 a和准8 a周期变化,其中3 a周期变化显著性最高。不同天气现象下春季霜冻期内日最低0 cm地温和日最低气温差异大,晴天辐射霜冻是毕节春季主要霜冻类型,期间日最低气温较日最低0 cm地温平均高出4.2℃,且存在月份差异。