青岛观象台海尔—波普慧星观测

中国科学院紫金山天文台青岛观象台从1996年4月开始到1995年5月1日结束,在138个观测夜,共拍摄Hale-Bopp彗星底片508张。发现:Hale-Bopp彗星在1996年9月24日的一次爆发,1996年10月26日,11月13日的两次可能爆发。在1996年9月23日的底片上,Hale-Bopp呈现巨大的喷流。在1997年2月8日至5月1日期间,Hale-Bopp彗星彗头内存在大量壳层结构。     

Hale-Bopp彗星自转轴指向的确定

根据上海天文台1．56米望远镜提供的Hale-Bopp彗星近核观测资料,利用两种不同的方法对该彗星的自转轴指向进行了测定．两种方法求出的自转轴指向结果非常接近,Hale-Bopp彗星自转轴指向点的赤经为0h14m32s,赤纬为-49°09′35″(2000年历元)．     

Hale-Bopp彗星的短期非引力效应与彗核活动

对于Hale-Bopp彗星在1997年2月底到4月初的几次彗核活动中，分析了它的同时期天体测量资料，发现它有活动时的观测位置与由彗星历表计算的位置偏差明显地超过观测误差，也超过彗星质心与光心的偏差。因此，这些结果表明彗核活动的确造成了可观测的短期非引力效应，对几次彗核活动及其相应的非引力效应作了讨论。     

1997年3月4日海尔-波普彗星的小规模分裂

１　引言彗核分裂是彗星的最重要特征之一．至１９８２年止文献记录共观测到２２个彗核分裂,３３个次核［１］．１９８６年哈雷彗星回归时观测到彗核的分裂［２］．１９９６年紫金山天文台２００ｍｍ赤道望远镜和青岛观象台同时观测到百武彗星的分裂［３］．海尔波普彗星从１９９５年８月到１０月曾爆发５次［４］．１９９６年３月至１２月不断有喷流射出,彗核活动日趋剧烈［５］．１９９７年３月４日我们观测到彗核的小规模分裂及喷流特征,３月３日我们观测到海尔波普彗星近核照片上有喷流,这可能是３月４日彗核小块分裂的前奏．３…     

海尔—波普彗星的CO（J=1—0）谱线的观测

使用紫金山天文台青海观测站13．7米毫米波射电望远镜,于1996年12月10日至1997年1月2日和1997年3月25日至1997年4月4日对海尔－波普彗星的CO分子J＝1—0转动跃迁谱线（频率为115．27120GHz）进行了观测．观测谱线表明,CO分子相对于地心的速度比彗星整体相对于地心的速度要小些,即有蓝移现象．这反映了CO分子是由该彗星迎着太阳的面以一定的速度产生出来的．从观测谱线中还初步估算了该彗星CO分子的产生速率．     

3月9日漠河日全食和彗星观测

３月９日漠河日全食和彗星观测中国天文学会理事长，北京天文台台长李启斌队伍庞大规模空前１９９７年３月９日日全食和彗星同现，本来就是数百处一遇的罕见天象，加之这次日全食是我国在本世纪可以看到的最后一次日全食，而又有人估计海尔一波普彗星是本世纪最亮了“世纪...     

2008年彗星前瞻

2007年对于天文爱好者而言是属于彗星观测的一年。年初白日大彗星麦克诺特横亘南半球星空。年末爆发历史上最强烈的彗星——“福尔摩斯”,整夜肉眼可见,留下谜团重重。但转眼间,2007年已经过去,那么在新的一年中,又会有哪些彗星如约回家,哪些彗星闪耀星空呢？ 笔者在本文中罗列了到目前为止已知的将在2008年度亮度达到10等以上的彗星,以供读者们参考。也希望在新的一年中,会有越来越多的爱好者参与到彗星观测中来。最后希望大家一如既往的支持我们自己的彗星网站http：//cmcn．y234．com。     

苏梅克—利维9号彗星撞击木星事件的光学观测

本文给出了１９９４年７月１７日至２２日，彗星碰撞期间，福州和乌鲁木齐两个观测点所取得的部分光学观测材料。     

业余天文学家周兴明再次发现新慧星:SOHO—422

4月12日(周五),我国业余天文学家周兴明在通过在因特网上观看太阳观测卫星SOHO网上发布的实时太阳影像时,发现了一颗新彗星:SOHO—422(见下图中部亮斑)。这颗彗星是一颗新彗星,不属于任何已知的彗星族。预计在4月20日之前,都可以从SOHO的     

Hale—Bopp彗星喷流结构的周期变化

通过对上海天台佘山观测基地１９９７年３月３至５月 初期间所得到的Ｈale－Ｂｏｐ ｐ彗星喷流观测流观测资料的处理和分析，发现该彗星的喷流结构有周期性变化，其周期为８－９天，这种周期变化可能与彗星的自转轴在空间的进动周期有关。     

Polarimetric Study of Comets C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) and C/2000 Wm1 (Linear)

We made polarimetric observations of comet Hale–Bopp covering awide phase angle range, from 18.8 to 47°. At certain phase angles the heliocentricdistance of the comet was less than 1 AU during its pre and post perihelion passages. Oneof the important findings, based on the data in the visual bands, is the higher polarizationwith stronger wavelength dependence compared to comet Halley, indicating the presenceof much finer grains in comet Hale–Bopp. It may also be noted that comet Hale–Bopphas shown highest degree of polarization known so far for any comet and hence fallsin the class of high polarization comets. Polarimetric observations were made of cometC/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)using narrow band (IHW) filters 4845 Å and 7000 Åand broad bands filters BVR during November 23–26, 2001 when the phase angle rangedfrom 15 to 22°. Some of the results based on these observations are presented anddiscussed.     

Hale-Bopp彗星的一次爆发观测

使用上海天文台的１．５６ｍ望远镜和Ｓｅｒｉｅｓ２００ＣＣＤ照相机发现ＨａｌｅＢｏｐｐ彗星于１９９６年４月２１日至４月２３日期间有一次爆发,４月２２日彗星星等比前一天增亮了０２等,但一天后其亮度又大致恢复原来的亮度．这段时间内,彗头的半强度处的直径也有相应的变化．     

Silicates in Hale–Bopp: hints from laboratory studies

The recent passage of the Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1) comet has provided the first opportunity to analyse the infrared spectral properties of a bright comet both from the ground and by the ISO space observatory. Previous works have already been dedicated to study the potential candidates to reproduce the cometary feature at 10 μm observed for different comets. We have applied a similar approach to compare the Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1) spectra with laboratory data. The best fit has been obtained by using a mixture of crystalline Mg-rich olivine (forsterite), amorphous olivine and amorphous carbon grains. Some constraints on the possible cometary grain types derive from our simulation. Aggregates of submicron particles, composed of amorphous and crystalline olivine and amorphous carbon materials seem to be compatible with the cometary emission. Moreover, the possibility of fitting observational data on a wide IR spectra range, offered by ISO, provides interesting hints about the size distribution of grains responsible for the detected features.     

Photographic observations of comet Hale–Bopp at the Zvenigorod Observatory

We describe the archive of scans of the astronomical plates obtained in the observations of comet Hale–Bopp. The observations were carried out from August 17, 1996, to April 29, 1997, at the Zeiss-400/2000 astrograph of the Zvenigorod Observatory of the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INASAN). The archive contains the images that can be used in astrometric, photometric, and astrophysical studies. In some of the plates, the size of the comet reaches 6.3° (23 cm). In many scans, the details of the cometary tail, including individual jets, vortexes, etc., are clearly distinguishable. The archive of the images is available free.     

The Near-Nuclear Study of Comet Hale Bopp

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｏｍｅｔＨａｌｅ Ｂｏｐｐ(Ｈａｌｅ,1 995 )ｉｓａｎｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙｂｒｉｇｈｔｃｏｍｅｔ.Ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｃｔｉｖｅｗｈｅｎｄｉｓｃｏｖ ｅｒｙａｔ 7ＡＵｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＳｕｎ(Ｓｅｋａｎｉｎａ ,1 996 ) .Ｔｈｅｌｏｃａｌｉｚｅｄｅｊｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｕｓｔａｎｄｇａｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｃｏｍ ｐｌｅｘｃｏｍａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｔｈａｔｃａｎｂｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｓｔｕｄｙｔｈｅｅｊｅｃｔｉｏｎｓｐｅｅｄａｎｄｎｕｃｌｅｕｓｒｏｔａｔｉｏｎｐｅｒｉｏｄ .Ｆｕｒ ｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ…     

The Gas Production Rate and Coma Structure of Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)

The University of Wisconsin–Madison and NASA–Goddard conducted acomprehensive multi-wavelength observing campaign of coma emissionsfrom comet Hale–Bopp, including OH 3080 Å, [O I] 6300 Å H₂O⁺ 6158 Å, H Balmer-α 6563 Å, NH₂ 6330 Å, [C I] 9850 ÅCN 3879 Å, C₂ 5141 Å, C₃ 4062 Å,C I 1657 Å, and the UV and optical continua. In thiswork, we concentrate on the results of the H₂O daughter studies.Our wide-field OH 3080 Å measured flux agrees with other, similarobservations and the expected value calculated from published waterproduction rates using standard H₂O and OH photochemistry.However, the total [O I] 6300 Å flux determined spectroscopically overa similar field-of-view was a factor of 3-4 higher than expected.Narrow-band [O I] images show this excess came from beyond theH₂O scale length, suggesting either a previously unknown source of[O I] or an error in the standard OH + ν→ O(¹ D) + H branching ratio. The Hale–Bopp OH and[O I] distributions, both of which were imaged tocometocentric distances >1 × 10⁶ km, were more spatiallyextended than those of comet Halley (after correcting for brightnessdifferences), suggesting a higher bulk outflow velocity. Evidence ofthe driving mechanism for this outflow is found in the Hα lineprofile, which was narrower than in comet Halley (though likelybecause of opacity effects, not as narrow as predicted by Monte-Carlomodels). This is consistent with greater collisional coupling betweenthe suprathermal H photodissociation products and Hale–Bopp's densecoma. Presumably because of mass loading of the solar wind by ionsand ions by the neutrals, the measured acceleration of H₂O⁺ downthe ion tail was much smaller than in comet Halley. Tailwardextensions in the azimuthal distributions of OH 3080 Å,[O I], and [C I] , as well as a Doppler asymmetry in the[O I] line profile, suggest ion-neutral coupling. While thetailward extension in the OH can be explained by increased neutralacceleration, the [O I] 6300 Å and [C I] 9850 Å emissions show 13%and >200% excesses in this direction (respectively), suggesting anon-negligible contribution from dissociative recombination of CO⁺and/or electron collisional excitation. Thus, models including theeffects of photo- and collisional chemistry are necessary for the fullinterpretation of these data.     

海尔-波普彗星的一个可能的巨大等离子体喷流

１９９６年９月１１日，使用上海天文台１．５６ｍ望远镜和Ｓｅｒｉｅｓ２００ＣＣＤ照相机，在Ｂ波段发现海尔波普彗星有一个巨大的喷流，初步认定为等离子喷流．     

THE PHOTOELECTRIC OBSERVATIONS OF TWO EVENTS OF OUTBURSTS OF COMET HALE-BOPP

Two events of outburst of Garnet Hale - Bopp occurred on Oct. 9,1996 and Nov. 13,1996 are observed by means of photoelectric integrating photometer mounted on the 60cm reflector of Purple Mountain Observatory. The results are shown in Tab. 3, Fig. 1 (Oct. 9, 1996) and in Tab.4,Fig.2(Nov.13,1996).     

Observations of Three Stellar Occultations by Comet Hale–Bopp

On June 12 1996 UT, three 11–12 R magnitude stars were occulted by comet Hale–Bopp. The passage of these stars through the cometary atmosphere was monitored at the Observatorio do Pico dos Dias (Brazil) using a 0.6 m telescope. We detected an absorption of starlight by the comet dust implying in a drop of \((6\pm 1) \times 10^{-2}\) magnitude of occulted star XPM 152-0898466 at a minimum distance of (\(4.3 \pm 0.2)\times 10^{4}\) km from the central condensation. This result, combined with magnitude variations of other stars, suggests the detection of a jet in the coma. From our measurement of extinction, we infer that the opacity of the nucleus surface was \(\tau \sim 3\). The mean geometric albedo p of dust grains is \((4.5 \pm 0.7) \times 10^{-3}\). This low albedo may suggest a difference in the grain population associated to coma and jets.     

HaleBopp彗星的爆发活动

９９６ 年９ 月至１１ 月间,对ＨａｌｅＢｏｐｐ 彗星进行了照相和光电观测．给出观测结果,包括几次爆发和可能的爆发活动