多酚氧化酶的固定化及其酶学性质的研究

以壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物为载体,采用吸附法和戊二醛交联法固定多酚氧化酶(PPO),考察了固定化酶的最佳制备条件及其酶学性质。结果表明,吸附法固定化多酚氧化酶(A-PPO)的最佳制备条件为pH=5.0,酶与载体质量比20mg/g,固定化时间6h,固定化酶的载酶量为12.12mg/g,单位载体酶活为12.76×103 U/g,酶活回收率为81.7%。交联法固定化酶(C-PPO)的最佳制备条件为pH=4.0,酶与载体质量比75 mg/g,固定化时间6h,固定化酶的载酶量为18.33mg/g,单位载体酶活为2.78×103 U/g,酶活回收率为12.9%。A-PPO和C-PPO的最适酶促反应条件为pH=8.0,温度分别为40和30℃。与游离多酚氧化酶相比,固定化酶的操作稳定性、贮存稳定性均有所提高。固定化酶重复使用5次后,可保留37.6%以上的相对酶活。PPO,A-PPO和C-PPO的米氏常数Km值分别为0.48,0.56和3.06mmol/L,较游离酶的Km值均有所增加;最大反应速率Vmax分别为2.70,2.08和0.18U/g,较游离酶的Vmax值均有所减小。     

树脂固定化海洋脂肪酶ADM47601的研究

以海洋脂肪酶ADM47601为研究对象,以树脂为载体,进行了固定化酶的研究。筛选了21种树脂,确定D316型阴离子交换树脂为载体。通过正交试验得到了固定化的最佳条件,每克载体加脂肪酶10 000 U,pH7.5,25℃,150 r/min,固定化时间3 h,固定化酶活力回收率可达65.53%±1.06%。固定化脂肪酶最适作用pH为7.5,在pH6.0~9.0的范围内能够保持85%的活力。最适作用温度40℃,在50℃下贮存1 h后依然保持66%的活力。25℃保存半衰期为55 d,操作8次仍然能维持60%以上的活性,且在多种有机试剂中能够稳定的保持活性。固定化脂肪酶Km和Vmax值分别为4.86×10~(–5) mol/L和1.31×10~(–5) mol/(L·min),对底物亲和性较好。     

氨基多糖多孔微球载体制备及其脲酶固定化特性

以脱乙酰度为 95 % ,分子量分别为 98KDa和 1 1 30 KDa的氨基多糖为载体材料 ,采用三聚磷酸钠固定的方法制成氨基多糖微球 ,并以此氨基多糖微球为载体用戊二醛交联法进行脲酶固定化研究。结果表明 :在 3%复合氨基多糖溶液中大、小分子量氨基多糖质量比为 1∶ 5时微球载体机械强度较好 ,表面光滑。用 Ca CO3 (w/w=1 /1 )处理则可得到表面具有蜂窝状结构的多孔微球载体 ;光滑表面微球载体与多孔微球载体对脲酶的固定化效率分别是 5 1 .5 %和 6 8% ;用 1 .5 cm× 1 5 cm柱进行尿素转化时间 1 2 min,光滑表面微球载体固定化脲酶和多孔微球载体固定化脲酶对尿素溶液(30 0 mg/L)转化率分别为 91 .8%和 99.99%。这一结果说明 ,利用多孔微球载体可有效地提高载体对脲酶的固定化效率 ,并且能彻底的分解尿素 ,提高尿素转化率     

吸附交联法和包埋法固定壳聚糖酶的比较研究

采用吸附交联和包埋法对假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)CUY8产壳聚糖酶进行固定,并对游离壳聚糖酶和2种固定化酶的特性进行比较。游离壳聚糖酶的最佳pH值为5.0,最佳温度为55℃;采用吸附交联方法所获得的壳聚糖酶的最佳pH值为4.0,最佳温度65℃;采用包埋法获得的壳聚糖酶的最佳pH值为5.5,最佳温度为35℃。壳聚糖游离酶,吸附壳聚糖酶和交联壳聚糖酶的米氏常数依次分别为1.92 mg/mL,14.71 mg/mL和5.91 mg/mL;半衰期为18 d,45 d和37 d。实验结果显示,采用吸附交联法所得的壳聚糖酶的半衰期是最长的。     

海洋脂肪酶ADM47601固定化方法的研究

采用海藻酸钠、壳聚糖、聚乙烯醇和明胶等材料, 进行对脂肪酶ADM47601的固定化研究。结果表明, 使用壳聚糖固定化脂肪酶, 在最优条件为2% (W/V)壳聚糖, 10% NaOH, 1%乙酸, 0.25%戊二醛, 每克载体添加840U脂肪酶时, 最大固定化酶活力回收率为87.06%。使用海藻酸钠-明胶固定化脂肪, 在最优固定化条件下, 最大固定化酶活力回收率为54.45%。使用聚乙烯醇固定化脂肪酶, 在最优固定化条件下, 最大固定化酶活力回收率为33.22%。使用海藻酸钠固定化脂肪酶, 在最优固定化条件下, 最大固定化酶活力回收率为17.11%。对比四种不同固定化酶方法, 脂肪酶活力回收率高度高低顺序为: 壳聚糖吸附交联法>海藻酸钠明胶协同包埋法>聚乙烯醇-硼酸法>海藻酸钠包埋法。     

海藻酸钠凝胶(C_6H_7NaO_6)_x交联Ca~(2+)包埋风味酶的工艺优化及应用稳定性研究

以海藻酸钠为载体,Ca2+为交联剂,对风味酶进行固定化。以固定化酶活力回收率为指标,在单因素试验基础上,通过响应面分析方法优化了固定化风味酶的工艺,并考察了固定化风味酶使用的稳定性。通过对回归模型进行分析,确定最佳的固定化工艺参数为海藻酸钠浓度2.43%,加酶量(酶液体积/海藻酸钠体积)1:1.76,固定化时间2.89 h,此时固定化酶的活力回收率可达81.88%,考虑到实际操作时对参数精度的控制水平,将固定化酶的优化工艺确定为海藻酸钠浓度2.50%,加酶量(酶液体积/海藻酸钠体积)1:2,固定化时间3.00 h,固定化酶的活力回收率达到80.05%±1.33%。优化工艺下制得的固定化风味酶最适使用温度为60?C,热敏感性降低,稳定性提高;最适p H 8.0,比游离酶向碱偏移了1.0,酸碱适用范围增大;可多次使用,冷藏条件下储藏3周后活力依然保持在80%以上。     

固定化鲅鱼乙酰胆碱酯酶的制备及部分性质测定

酶的固定化是酶传感器制备过程中重要的1个环节.研究采用直接共价法固定鲅鱼乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）.制备方法为：0.1g CNBr活化的Sepharose 4B凝胶用1mmol/L的HCl充分溶胀后,与活力为10U的AChE溶液混合,于4℃下150r/min振荡8h.所制备的固定化酶活力回收率较高（96%）,对pH值和温度变化的适应能力均优于非固定化酶;在3个月保存期内,前者的活力损失13%,而后者的活力则下降89%.这说明固定过程能够大大提高AChE的抗逆性和保持酶活力的稳定,有利于酶传感器的制备.     

硅胶固定的褐藻渣对重金属Cu2+吸附特征研究

褐藻渣是褐藻工业产生的固体废弃物,直接排放到环境中容易破坏水体生态平衡.本研究用硅胶固定的褐藻渣吸附重金属Cu2+,并对其吸附特征进行了检测.结果表明,吸附pH,Cu2+初始浓度以及吸附时间对吸附过程均有很大的影响.该吸附材料对初始浓度在2.0 mmol/L以下的Cu2+溶液吸附率可达85%,25℃时最大吸附容量在0....     

海洋真菌LD8岩藻多糖酶的固态发酵条件研究

对海洋真菌LD8岩藻多糖酶的固态发酵条件进行了研究,主要内容包括氮源、诱导物、起始pH、人工海水盐浓度及温度等。固态发酵最佳培养基组成：麸皮7．5g,葡萄糖0．1g,海带粉0．5g,NaNO3为0．04g;最佳培养条件为培养温度28℃,起始pH6．0。在28℃培养48h,酶活力可达13．6IU/g干培养基,比活力为0．93IU／mg蛋白质。另外对岩藻多糖酶酶学性质进行了研究。     

南美白对虾淡养过程中虾池水质测定与分析

对 4个南美白对虾淡化养殖虾池池水的温度、盐度、p H值、溶解氧、营养盐 (硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵盐、磷酸盐 )、叶绿素 a的变化进行了测定和分析 ,结果表明 :( 1 ) 4个虾池池水的温度为 2 3～ 2 9℃ ,盐度为 1 .1 0 0～ 1 .5 0 0 ,p H值为 8.1～ 8.8,溶解氧质量浓度为 4.84～ 6.95mg/L,基本适合南美白对虾生长过程中对水质的要求 ;( 2 ) 4个虾池池水中的无机氮和无机磷含量几乎全部超过富营养化阈值 ,其质量浓度的平均值分别为 0 .436mg/L和 0 .1 5 3mg/L。硝酸盐是总氮的主要存在形式 ,铵盐与亚硝酸盐在水体中的含量较高 ,但均低于南美白对虾要求的安全质量浓度 ,其质量浓度平均值分别为 82 .2 3μg/L和 5 5 .0 5μg/L。叶绿素 a含量很高 ,但在各虾池池水中的含量变化不一 ,与无机氮含量呈负相关。N/P值为 0 .5 8～ 1 1 .5 8,个别虾池达 32 .5 6,但各虾池绝大部分时间的 N/P值为 5以下。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.