湖北宜昌超级单体风暴发生的环境条件分析

利用Micaps高空、地面实况资料以及雷达基数据产品资料,分析2004—2009年湖北宜昌境内出现的10例强对流天气过程中的超级单体风暴生成的环境条件和回波结构。结果表明:产生冰雹的湿层相对浅薄,产生强降水的湿层较深厚。使用雷暴发生前地面温度和露点进行订正后的CAPE值可判断午后是否有冰雹发生:若订正后CAPE值有较大幅度增长,其值超过1000J.kg-1以上,则出现冰雹的可能性较大;反之则小。0—6km中等到强的垂直风切变有利超级单体风暴生成和发展,垂直风切变越大,越有利出现极端大风。若超级单体风暴高度的特征值和特征底有迅速下降迹象,则未来0.5h内很可能出现8级以上大风。超级单体风暴中正负速度对的切变值越大,风力越大,风灾越明显。超级单体风暴反射率因子的低层或表现为钩状、或向着入流方向突起、或密实块状等回波特征,中高层有强度达55dBz的强回波。超级单体风暴中,中气旋大多从逆风区或切变区中发展而来,且其在垂直气流结构上表现为低层气旋式辐合,中层辐合逐渐增强,为气旋式旋转,有时出现气旋式旋转与反气旋式旋转共存的双涡结构,至高层,则转为反气旋,表现为辐散。VIL密度(DVIL)对大冰雹有一定的指示意义,当DVIL≥3.5g.m-3时,出现直径超过2cm的大冰雹的可能性非常大。     

山东中西部一次长生命史超级单体雷达回波特征和触发机制分析

利用常规观测资料、多普勒雷达产品、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和加密自动站等资料分析了2016年6月14日山东中西部地区一次长生命史超级单体的环境条件和雷达回波结构演变。结果表明,强对流发生在华北冷涡天气背景下,中层有中空急流配合的冷槽叠加在低层低空急流配合的暖脊上,中低层之间水汽和热量的平流差异不断增大。地面露点锋生和中尺度辐合线触发的对流云团在深厚的垂直风切变和强的垂直不稳定层结作用下逐渐发展成超级单体风暴。超级单体低层反射率因子呈现明显"V"型缺口,反射率因子垂直剖面呈现典型的有界弱回波区,回波悬垂和回波墙,相应的中高层径向速度呈现出一个强中气旋,旋转速度达29 m/s,中气旋的发展和维持使得超级单体发展和维持。6月,当最大反射率因子值达到60 dBZ,出现中等强度以上中气旋且VIL值和VIL密度分别达59 kg/m2和4.7 g/m3以上时,在强对流预报业务中需要注意大冰雹的出现。冰雹发生在风暴单体强中心所在高度和回波顶高下降期间。     

四川一次超级单体风暴的多普勒雷达观测分析

利用常规天气资料和多普勒天气雷达等资料对2015年7月27日发生在四川资阳的一次伴随冰雹大风的超级单体进行综合分析。结果表明:(1)该超级单体具有较大的CAPE值,适宜的0℃层和-20℃层高度,有利于雹粒的增长,为大暴雨和冰雹提供了不稳定能量。(2)此次风暴具有超级单体风暴的典型特征,在雷达反射率因子上,中低层有“钩状回波”、弱回波区、三体散射长钉,中高层有回波悬垂现象,速度图上是气旋式流场,后发展为中气旋,中气旋首先出现在中低层,随后向上向下发展。(3)垂直累计液态水含量(VIL)在发生冰雹前会有一个跃增变化,在30分钟内从5kg/m2跃增到75kg/m2,VIL跃增变化提前冰雹发生,对冰雹具有警示作用。(4)三体散射长钉是预示冰雹的一个重要特征,此次风暴的三体散射出现在高度5~10km,只在2个体扫时间内出现过。      

新一代天气雷达超级单体风暴中气旋特征分析

超级单体风暴常伴随着冰雹、雷雨大风等强对流天气,最本质的特征是有一持久深厚的几千米尺度的涡旋——中气旋。利用2003--2009年福建龙岩新一代天气雷达观测到的32次超级单体风暴,分析了超级单体风暴中气旋的时空分布、结构特征以及旋转速度大小、中气旋顶和底的高度、伸长厚度以及切变值等特征量。结果表明：90％以上的超级单体中尺度气旋是与冰雹、雷雨大风、短时强降水等强对流天气相联系的。统计8次有详细灾情的雷雨大风或冰雹天气过程发现,中气旋强度不断加强,中气旋厚度加大,最强切变中心突降时将产生大风或冰雹等强对流天气。     

2010年福建一次早春强降雹超级单体风暴对比分析

利用探空、地面资料以及建阳、龙岩、长乐三部新一代天气雷达资料,对2010年3月5日福建中北部地区5cm强降雹的两个超级单体风暴进行了对比分析。结果表明,干暖盖、强垂直风切变、中高层正涡度区及地面中尺度低压为超级单体的形成提供了良好的环境场。两个超级单体都是由多单体合并后发展起来的,在成熟阶段以右移为主,属长寿命右移风暴:第一个超级单体在发展过程中由于地形作用和新单体的并入经历了3次加强过程,低层出现明显的钩状回波、中高层三体散射特征;第二个超级单体经历了多单体风暴—超级单体风暴—多单体风暴3个阶段,成熟阶段低层呈现出明显的倒"V"形回波特征,中高层有明显向右伸展的云帖。两个超级单体风暴的中气旋都是由中层发展起来,随着中气旋强度不断加强和厚度加大,最强切变中心突降时出现冰雹、大风强对流天气。通过对第一个超级单体中气旋流场分析,发现风暴前、后侧的下沉气流与低层入流形成了明显的辐合旋转作用,下沉的干冷气流进一步推动低层的暖湿入流,形成强烈的上升气流,并在风暴顶形成强辐散,使得风暴长时间维持。第二个超级单体在风暴减弱阶段,风暴右侧出现中气旋分裂,之后减弱、消失。产生强对流天气时,中高层维持高反射率因子,出现三体散射现象、风暴顶强烈辐散以及较大的VIL密度等特征。     

江苏阜宁龙卷超级单体风暴的雷达资料分析

2016年6月23下午,江苏阜宁发生罕见的冰雹、龙卷特大自然灾害,造成了巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡。本文利用盐城SA新一代雷达资料分析此次过程的风暴特征,并与2018年5月12日邢台的冰雹大风天气过程进行简单对比。结果表明:阜宁龙卷发生于200 hPa高空急流出口区右侧,为500 hPa槽前强盛的西南暖湿气流控制,中层存在干冷空气,低层有明显的切变,环境场具有高对流有效位能(CAPE)、较强的垂直风切变(WSR)和较低的抬升凝结高度(LCL);阜宁龙卷产生前,风暴的最大反射率因子强度(Zmax)、强回波中心高度(HT)、回波顶高(TOP)持续增加,垂直累积液态含水量(VIL)激增,龙卷发生前2个体扫,HT和VIL出现骤降;阜宁龙卷过程出现明显的三体散射现象,对大冰雹预警具有指示意义;阜宁龙卷风暴具有经典超级单体的钩状回波和强中气旋特征,并伴有TVS,是一例由庞大的超级单体风暴形成龙卷的特大灾害,相比于邢台冰雹大风过程,其旺盛阶段的风暴参数明显大于后者。     

甘南地区一次强对流天气的多普勒雷达特征分析

针对甘南地区2006年7月12日出现的冰雹天气过程,利用兰州CINRAD/CC多普勒雷达回波资料以及MICAPS资料对此次强对流天气过程进行了初步的分析,分析了冰雹天气过程中雷达回波的形态特征、结构和动态特征,发现在此次强对流天气是雷达回波具有明显的超级单体风暴特征,且呈现出三体散射、有界弱回波、钩状回波等特征;雷达回波强度值55dB;回波顶16km;径向速度图上出现较强的气旋性辐合,在中高层辐合中还存在着中尺度气旋;此外,降雹过程前后垂直液态水含量(VIL)变化较大。     

云南中部一次出现多个超级单体雹暴的强对流过程环境场和雷达回波特征

利用常规观测、地面加密自动站、多普勒天气雷达、NCEP(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料对2017年8月23日云南中部地区一次强对流风暴的环境参数和雷达回波特征进行分析,结果表明:此次强对流风暴发生在台风低压前侧、中高纬冷槽后部的强不稳定层结背景下,地面辐合线和强垂直风切变有利于对流风暴的维持和加强。强对流风暴受地形影响较为明显,共激发形成6个超级单体或类超级单体,在超级单体发展成熟前10 min,3个降雹超级单体强中心沿地形爬升,未降雹和小雹超级单体沿地形下降。6个超级单体或类超级单体呈现出中气旋或γ中尺度弱涡旋特征,最大速度对转动值超过10 m·s~(-1)时出现不同程度冰雹,冰雹直径15 mm的超级单体在2.4°～3.4°仰角上径向速度值达到中气旋标准,冰雹直径为15～20 mm的超级单体反射率因子质心点较高,回波核前倾,具有悬垂回波、弱回波区、回波墙和三体散射特征,其零速度线后倾,辐合区高度超过- 10℃层,顶部为强辐散区,- 20～0℃层回波最大强度超过55 dBz,50 dBz回波厚度6 km,垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)密度2.2 g·m~(-3)。冰雹直径5～8 mm和未降雹超级单体回波核直立,悬垂回波特征不显著,辐合区高度偏低,辐散区厚度大于辐合区厚度,不同等温层回波强度差别小,但50 dBz回波厚度6 km,VIL密度2.2 g·m~(-3)。     

黔东南州一次冰雹天气过程环境场与雷达特征分析

利用常规气象资料和黔东南三穗C波段多普勒天气雷达资料,分析2013年3月12日黔东南州冰雹天气过程。结果表明：低空急流的建立为黔东南降雹提供良好水汽通道,中等到强的风垂直切变、超过25％的850hPa与500hPa温度差以及一定的sI指数、K指数、CAPE值等物理量加上适宜的0℃与一20cc层高度均指示当天有利的降雹环境;此次冰雹天气过程是由一次飑线活动造成的,飑线移速与其前沿阵风锋移速相匹配,使得飑线持续时间超过6h;给三穗县款场乡带来大冰雹的风暴共经历了普通多单体风暴一非超级单体强对流风暴一超级单体风暴阶段,这3个阶段出现了大小不一的冰雹,其中第3阶段具有钩状回波、弱回波区、高悬的强回波、回波穹窿以及深厚持久的中气旋;VIL值大小与冰雹直径大小没有良好的对应关系,在超级单体阶段VIL值不大,这与风暴的倾斜程度有关。     

低层暖平流强迫下两次大冰雹超级单体风暴结构特征分析

2020年3月21日和5月4日在低层暖平流强迫背景下湖南怀化出现两次罕见的6 cm大冰雹。基于常规气象资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,对这两次大冰雹过程的超级单体风暴的强度结构、动力场结构进行分析。结果表明：(1)两次过程均发生在低层暖平流强迫背景下,中等强度对流有效位能、大的深层垂直风切变和高的能量螺旋度,有利于风暴组织性发展与维持,地面辐合线是主要触发因子。(2) 6 cm冰雹均发生在超级单体风暴强烈发展初期,由无中气旋特征的“类超级单体”造成,出现钩状回波、旁瓣回波以及三体散射和回波悬垂等特征。(3)风暴强烈发展阶段垂直动力场均表现出低层辐合、中层气旋性旋转和反气旋旋转并存的双涡管式旋转、高层辐散特征。(4)大冰雹降落前风暴最大反射率因子和单体垂直累积液态水含量均达到67 dBz和69 kg·m^-2。强中心高度和最强切变高度的下降均反映出冰雹的降落。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on