Dynamic changes in urban land spatial inequality under the core-periphery structure in urban agglomerations

Relatively coordinated development among cities can typically promote the integration of the whole urban agglomeration, while urbanization of land has been found important to economic development in developing countries. Numerous studies have measured the urban land expansion in urban agglomerations. However, urban land spatial inequality under a specific spatial structure remains poorly understood. Here, we combined the β-convergence model and the core-periphery structure to explore the dynamic...     

基于重心-GTWR模型的京津冀城市群研究

Research into urban expansion patterns and their driving forces is of great significance for urban agglomeration development planning and decision-making.In this paper,we reveal the multi-dimensional characteristics of urban expansion patterns,based on the intensity index of the urban expansion,the differentiation index of the urban expansion,the fractal dimension index,the land urbanization rate,and the center of gravity model,by taking the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(Jing-Jin-Ji)urban agglomeration as an example.We then build the center of gravity-geographically and temporally weighted regression(GTWR)model by coupling the center of gravity model with the GTWR model.Through the analysis of the temporal and spatial patterns and by using the center of gravity-GTWR model,we analyze the driving forces of the urban land expansion and summarize the dominant development modes and core driving forces of the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration.The results show that:1)Between 1990 and 2015,the expansion intensity of the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration showed a down-up-down trend,and the peak period was in 2005-2010.Before 2005,high-speed development took place in Beijing,Tianjin,Baoding,and Langfang;after 2005,rapid development was seen in Xingtai and Handan.2)Although the barycenter of cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration has shown a divergent trend,the local interaction between cities has been enhanced,and the driving forces of urban land expansion have shown a characteristic of spatial spillover.3)The spatial development mode of the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration has changed from a dual-core development mode to a multi-core development mode,which is made up of three functional cores:the transportation core in the northern part,the economic development core in the central part,and the investment core in the southern part.The synergistic development between each functional core has led to the multi-core development mode.4)The center of gravity-GTWR model combines the analysis of spatial and temporal nonstationarity with urban spatial interaction,and analyzes the urban land expansion as a space-time dynamic system.The results of this study show that the model is a feasible approach in the analysis of the driving forces of urban land expansion.     

区域尺度城市增长时空动态模型及其在京津唐都市圈应用

Dynamic urban expansion simulation at regional scale is one of the important re-search methodologies in Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) and global environmental change influenced by urbanization.However,previous studies indicate that the single urban expan-sion simulation for future scenarios at local scale cannot meet the requirements for charac-terizing and interpreting the interactive mechanisms of regional urbanization and global en-vironmental change.This study constructed a regional Dynamic Urban Expansion Model (Reg-DUEM) suitable for different scenarios by integrating the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Cellular Automaton (CA) model.Firstly we analyzed the temporal and spatial character-istics of urban expansion and acquired a prior knowledge rules using land use/cover change datasets of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan metropolitan area.The future urban expansion under different scenarios is then simulated based on a baseline model,economic models,policy models and the structural adjustment model.The results indicate that Reg-DUEM has good reliability for a non-linear expansion simulation at regional scale influenced by macro-policies.The simulating results show that future urban expansion patterns from different scenarios of the metropolitan area have the tremendous spatio-temporal differences.Future urban ex-pansion will shift quickly from Beijing metropolis to the periphery of Tianjin and Tangshan city along coastal belt.     

1990-2015年中国山地城市的扩张特点及其驱动机制研究（英文）

Land expansion of mountain cities in China is not systematically studied yet.This study identified 55 major mountain cities at and above prefecture level,and analyzed the land expansion characteristics and driving forces,based on visually interpreted data from TM images in 1990,2000,2010 and 2015.From 1990 to 2015,total built-up land area of the mountain cities increased by 3.87 times,5.56%per year.The urban land growth was apparently accelerated after 2000,from 4.35%per year during 1990–2000 increased to 6.47%during 2000–2010 and 6.2%during 2010–2015.Compared to the urban population growth,the urban land expansion rate was 44% higher.As a result,the urban land area per capita increased,but it was still within the government control target,and also was much lower than the average of all cities in China.Urban development policy,changes to administrative divisions,GDP and population growth,and road construction were identified as the major driving forces of land expansion.Terrain conditions were not found a relevance to the urban land expansion rate during 1990–2015,but had a significant impact on the layout and shape,and also probably on the urban land efficiency.     

北京城市空间发展和土地利用—伦敦经验启示

Beijing is facing a huge challenge to manage the growth of its built-up area whilst also retaining both productive arable land and land for conservation purposes in order to simultaneously realize the three aims of economic development,protecting arable land and generating environmental improvements. Meanwhile,London,as a world city with more than 200 years of industrialization and urbanization,has accumulated rich theoretical and practical experiences for land use planning in a major urban area,such as the creation of Garden Cities,a designated Green Belt and New Towns. This paper firstly analyzes the main characteristics of the spatial distribution of the built-up area,arable land and conservation land in Beijing. Then,some of the key aspects of urban fringe planning in the London region are examined. Lastly,several implications from the experience of London are provided with respect to land-use planning for Beijing,concentrating on a re-appraisal of land-use functions around Beijing,measures to improve the green belt,the development of small towns to house rural-urban migrants and urban overspill,and effective implementation of land-use planning.     

1987–2010年中国新增建设用地占用耕地格局演变研究（英文）

Over the past few decades,built-up land in China has increasingly expanded with rapid urbanization,industrialization and rural settlements construction.The expansions encroached upon a large amount of cropland,placing great challenges on national food security.Although the impacts of urban expansion on cropland have been intensively illustrated,few attentions have been paid to differentiating the effects of growing urban areas,rural settlements,and industrial/transportation land.To fill this gap and offer comprehensive implications on framing policies for cropland protection,this study investigates and compares the spatio-temporal patterns of cropland conversion to urban areas,rural settlements,and industrial/transportation land from 1987 to 2010,based on land use maps interpreted from remote sensing imagery.Five indicators were developed to analyze the impacts of built-up land expansion on cropland in China.We find that 42,822 km2 of cropland were converted into built-up land in China,accounting for 43.8% of total cropland loss during 1987–2010.Urban growth showed a greater impact on cropland loss than the expansion of rural settlements and the expansion of industrial/transportation land after 2000.The contribution of rural settlement expansion decreased;however,rural settlement saw the highest percentage of traditional cropland loss which is generally in high quality.The contribution of industrial/transportation land expansion increased dramatically and was mainly distributed in major food production regions.These changes were closely related to the economic restructuring,urban-rural transformation and government policies in China.Future cropland conservation should focus on not only finding a reasonable urbanization mode,but also solving the "hollowing village" problem and balancing the industrial transformations.     

Land cover changes in the rural-urban interaction of Xi＇an region using Landsat TM/ETM data

Landsat ETM/TM data and an artificial neural network （ANN） were applied to analyse the expansion of the city of Xi＇an and land use/cover change of its surrounding area between 2000 and 2003. Supervised classification and normalized difference barren index （NDBI） were used respectively to retrieve its urban boundary. Results showed that the urban area increased by an annual rate of 12.3%, with area expansion from 253.37 km^2 in 2000 to 358.60 km^2 in 2003. Large areas of farmland in the north and southwest were converted into urban construction land. The land use/cover changes of Xi＇an were mainly caused by fast development of urban economy, population immigration from countryside, great development of infrastructure such as transportation, and huge demands for urban market. In addition, affected by the government policy of “returning farmland to woodland”, some farmland was converted into economic woodland, such as Chinese goosebeerv garden, vineyard etc.     

1987-2007年土耳其伊斯坦布尔黑海沿岸土地利用变化(英文)

Recently,important land use changes have occurred in the Black Sea coastal regions of stanbul due to urban growth and population increases.The objective of this study was to determine changes in land use in the Black Sea coastal regions of stanbul between 1987 and 2007.Landsat 30 m satellite images from 1987 and 2007 are used in the study.The study area is 1000 m in width from the coastline to the land and the study has been carried out using the controlled classification method to classify areas into residential,agricultural,forest,bare land,brush/grassland,and lake/pond land classes.Land use changes between 1987 and 2007 were analysed in detail.Residential areas of the Black Sea coastal regions of stanbul increased by 122% over the two decades.Also an increase of 55% in agriculture areas was observed,while there were decreases of 26% in forest areas and 15% in free land.A 21% increase in the area of brush and grassland took place.Furthermore 79% of the study area was covered by residential areas in 2007.It is probable that pressure on the stanbul coastal regions will continue due to migraton and rapid urbanization.Therefore,Istanbul’s Black Sea coastal regions should be maintained using a sustainable coastal management plan.     

中国流动人口空间格局的演变特征、形成机制及城镇化效应——基于2000和2010年人口普查分县数据的分析（英文）

China has witnessed unprecedented urbanization over the past decades.The rapid expansion of urban population has been dominantly contributed by the floating population from rural areas,of which the spatiotemporal patterns,driving forces,and multidimensional effects are scrutinized and evaluated in this study by using the latest national censuses conducted in 2000 and 2010.Analysis based on the county-level data comes to conclusions as follows.The spatial pattern of floating population has remained stable over the first decade of the new century.The top 1%cities with the largest floating population received 45.5% of all migrants in China.As the rapid development of mega-city regions,the coastal concentration areas of floating population tended to geographically united as a whole,whereas the spatial distribution of migrants within each region varied significantly.The migrant concentration area in the Yangtze River Delta was the largest and its expansion was also the most salient.However,the floating population has growingly moved into provincial capitals and other big cities in the inland regions and its gravity center has moved northward for around 110 km during the study period.The spatial pattern of floating population has been formed jointly by the state and market forces in transitional China and the impacts of state forces have been surpassed by those of market forces in the country as a whole.The attractiveness of coastal cities and counties to the floating population comes mainly from the nonagricultural employment opportunities and public services,reflecting that long-distance and long-term migrants have moved coastward not only to gain employment but also to enjoy city life.By contrast,in the central and western regions,places with a higher economic development level and at a higher administrative level are more attractive to floating populations,demonstrating that the state remains to play an important role in allocating economic resources and promoting regional development in inland China.As the main body of new urban residents,the floating population has contributed substantially to the elevation of the urbanization levels of migrant-sending and-receiving places,by 20.0% nd 49.5% respectively.Compared with extensively investigated interprovincial migrants,intra-provincial migrants have higher intention and ability to permanently live in cities and thus might become the main force of China’s urbanization in the coming decades.The internal migration has also reshaped China’s urban system in terms of its hierarchical organization and spatial structure.     

塔里木河流域绿洲城镇发展与水土资源效益分析(英文)

This paper examines the spatial pattern of land and water resources as well as urbanization and their interactions in the Tarim River Basin, Xinjiang, China. In order to do so, we extract the data associated with efficiency of land and water resources and urbanization for the years of 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2008. Specifically the paper investigates the extent to which agglomeration of population and economic activities varies geographically and interplays with spatial pattern of resources efficiency through computation of Global Moran’s I index, Getis-Ord Gi* index and a coordinated development model. The method used provides clear evidence that urbanization, land and water resources efficiency have shown uneven spatial pattern due to oasis distribution, climate, and initial phase of urban development. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.(1) Agglomeration and dispersion of urbanization are not consistent with those of land and water resources efficiency.(2) Evolution of the hot and cold spots of urbanization, and land and water resources efficiency, in different trajectories, indicate that there are no significant interactions between them.(3) The evidence that numbers of hot and cold spots of the three factors present varying structures reveals the dominance of unequal urban development in the study area.(4) Significant differences are also found between sub-river basins in terms of the three factors, which is a reflection of the complex physical geography of the area.(5) The degree of coordinated development of cities in the Tarim River Basin is generally low in part as a reflection of difference in spatial patterns of the three factors. It is also shown that the pattern of the degree of coordinated development is relatively stable compared with evolution of hot and cold spots of the three factors.     

厦门岛城市空间扩张特征及其影响因素分析

海岸带是目前世界上城市化最集中的区域,海岛作为海岸带的一个特殊地理组成,其城市空间扩张过程可以理解为城市发展与自然地理环境之间相互耦合作用的结晶。本文以中国东南沿海的厦门岛为例,结合厦门岛城市发展的相关政策、城市规划、人口、产业等历史与现状资料的文本分析,通过图片修整和遥感地理信息分析相结合的方法,首先回顾厦门岛近100 年的城市化历程,分析厦门岛海岸线、岛屿形状、建成区、交通、行政区划及主要土地利用类型历史变化及城市空间扩张特征;然后从行政区划、城市总体规划、产业发展、地形、围填海、交通和人口等方面分别探讨影响海岛城市空间扩张的潜在决定因素;总结各种因素对海岛城市空间扩张的作用;以期为中国甚至世界其它沿海城市合理开发海岛,促进海岸带可持续城市化提供科学借鉴。     

中国城市土地城市化水平与进程的空间评价

土地城市化在中国快速而持续的城市化进程中扮演的支撑与制约角色越来越明显,但目前对土地城市化水平的测度框架依然没有明确统一的认识。基于此,提出了一种可供参考的土地城市化率的概念与测度方法,并确定其阈值。以中国656个城市的城区为研究单元,以2000年和2010年城市建设用地面积为基本数据,采用城市建设用地面积、土地城市化率、城市土地扩展面积和城市土地扩展速度分别评价了中国城市的土地城市化规模、水平、绝对进程和相对进程的空间分异格局。并分析了九大类城市建设用地类型对土地城市化进程的贡献率。结果表明：① 近10年来,中国城市总体土地城市化率提高近一倍,由“金字塔式”等级分布逐渐转为“钥匙式”的分布格局;东部地区城市建设用地规模较大,但城区面积更大,使其土地城市化率的数值较低。② 省会城市和沿海城市群的城市土地扩展面积最大,呈现出行政等级式分异和空间集聚式分异的空间格局;城市土地扩展速度呈现出沿海城市群与其他城市分异的空间格局。规模越大的城市,土地城市化进程越明显。③ 近10年来中国土地城市化进程的两大核心用地增长类型是居住用地和工业用地;规模越大的城市,工业用地增长的驱动作用越显著;中西部地区和中小规模城市以居住用地增长为核心,沿海城市群和重要交通轴线城市以工业用地增长为主。     

半干旱区典型工业城市热岛时空分布及演变特征——以包头市为例

基于2000 年、2008 年和2015 年landsat5 TM影像和Landsat8 OLI影像,以单窗算法反演地表温度,研究包头市区近15 a 的城市热岛时空分布及演变特征,并对下垫面土地利用/覆盖类型、 NDVI 与城市热岛的关系进行了定量分析。研究结论表明：包头城市热岛15 a 来呈逐步扩展趋势,且主要集中于裸地区、工矿区、商业和人口密集区三类区域,空间演变趋势与城市扩张格局呈现出高度的一致性;城市热岛效应强度增强,但2008-2015 年以来,市中心区高温区面积比重大大降低;下垫面土地利用/覆盖类型是影响城市热岛空间分布的重要因子,地表温度呈现出裸地>工矿用地>建设用地>城市绿地>农用地>水体的规律;地表温度与 NDVI 呈现显著的负相关关系,即植被指数越高,城市的地表温度越低。     

1988—2018年中国城市实体地域与行政地域用地扩张对比

城市边界是城市演化认知和城市规划决策的空间依据。中国不少研究实践将地级市等行政地域范围视为城市,与物理上主要由连续人造不透水面构成的城市实体地域相比,存在较大的空间边界差异。然而,鲜有研究定量分析“实体”视角下长时间序列的城市用地演化,特别是对实体和行政两种统计单元视角下的城市扩张差异缺乏系统认识。本文基于30 m空间分辨率的多源遥感产品识别了1988—2018年8期的城市实体地域边界,分析其用地扩张过程,进一步与行政地域相对比,系统识别了两种统计视角下城市用地扩张的认知差异和空间模式。主要结论为：① 1988—2018年间,中国面积5 km²以上的城市实体地域单元数量增长了378%,以华东和华中地区的增长最为显著;城市实体地域中,88%为独立增长型,分布广泛但面积大都小于50 km²;12%为空间聚合型,主要分布在发达地区,面积普遍较大。② 相比行政地域,城市实体地域的位序规模更符合幂律分布,其Zipf指数30年来逐渐上升趋向于1,城镇体系发展愈发均衡;相比城市实体地域,行政地域单元在平原地区的城市扩张面积普遍偏高,在沿海地区的城市扩张强度普遍偏低。③ 和城市实体地域单元在拓扑关系上无法一一匹配的1327个行政单元大多分布在人口密集或发达的平原地区;结合实体和行政边界识别了“跨政区同城化”和“政区内集群化”两种扩张模式,前者多发生在省会区域,后者主要分布在华北平原,两者反映了城市化的空间重构。本文研究结果有助于深化中国土地城镇化时空过程的认识,并可对土地资源的科学配置、统一协调及行政区划的优化整合提供空间依据。     

海岸带的空间功能分区与管制方法——以宁波市为例

海岸带空间资源的合理开发和利用关系到海洋经济发展质量和优质资源利用效率,成为影响沿海城市区域可持续发展的重要内容。根据区域自然、经济、社会特征,运用相关分区方法,划分海岸线和海岸带开发与保护的适宜性空间,获取较高的空间资源配置效率,成为地理学研究关注的热点。大部分学者从经济和生态两个方面要素构建指标体系,并对分区方法进行了有益探索和尝试,但是由于海岸带具有自然地理的特殊性,所以在指标选择上有较大不同。以宁波海岸带为例,讨论海岸线及海岸带的空间区划指标体系选择和方法应用问题。在借鉴已有区划方法的基础上,重点讨论评价单元划分、评价指标选择与处理等技术方法,在评价海岸线开发适宜基础上,做进一步的海岸带空间功能分区,将宁波市海岸带空间划分为生态空间、生产空间和生活空间,并结合宁波市空间开发现状,提出不同类型区域空间布局调整引导方向和管制要求。     

珠江三角洲海岸线旅游价值评估

从海岸线的自然属性、旅游发展要素、区位因素3个维度构建海岸线旅游价值评估模型,以珠江三角洲为案例,定量评估了海岸线旅游价值并分析其空间差异。结果表明：珠三角滨海旅游优势岸线总占比25.50%,旅游价值中等值段岸线占比40.67%,偏低和低值段岸线占比为30.52%和3.31%。整体来看,珠三角岸线旅游价值东部整体高于西部。大陆岸线旅游价值最高的集中在惠州巽寮湾、深圳大亚湾、大鹏湾和深圳湾,旅游价值较低的集中在黄茅海西部,中部珠江入海口沿岸地区岸线旅游价值中等。岛屿岸线旅游价值空间差异较大,价值最高的集中在大亚湾海域的三门岛、喜洲岛、鸡心岛、大辣甲岛和珠江口的内伶仃岛、江门的上下川岛北部;岸线旅游价值较低的集中在珠海的万山群岛和担杆岛等。     

福建东山岛海岸沙地利用变化及其驱动力分析

受海平面上升和人类活动的双重影响,海岸沙地生态环境日益脆弱;揭示海岛海岸沙地动态变化特征及其驱动机制,对科学制定海岛发展规划,保护海岛自然环境和确保经济社会健康持续发展具有重要的实践意义。东山岛是我国华南海岸典型的海岛沙地分布区,文章基于5次海岸沙地监测成果数据,利用土地转移矩阵、土地利用程度综合指数和土地利用动态度模型等方法,对东山岛1994―2014年间海岸沙地动态变化及其驱动力进行分析。结果表明：1）东山岛海岸沙地总体呈快速减少特点,海岸沙地利用的速度和程度增幅显著。海岸沙地利用结构发生了明显变化,各沙地利用类型转换频繁,沙地利用综合动态度不断升高,沙地整体稳定性显著降低。2）各类型沙地面积总体大幅减少,主要集中在2009―2014年。流动沙地和半固定沙地基本消失,沙化耕地是面积减少最多的类型。3）沙地利用类型转换主要表现为林地、耕地之间的相互转换和林地、耕地向建设用地的转变。4）影响东山岛海岸沙地利用变化的驱动力主要有自然地理因素、政策法规因素和社会经济因素。1994-2014年东山岛旅游产业的快速发展、工业化进程的加速和城镇化大大推动了岛内沙地利用格局的演变,是研究期内海岸沙地利用动态变化的最主要驱动因素。     

长江三角洲城市群区域滨海湿地利用时空变化特征

应用遥感和地理信息系统技术,以研究区遥感影像为主要数据源,研究了1990～2000年和2000～2005年间长江三角洲城市群区域围海造地行为下滨海湿地利用的时空演变特征。围海造地在不同城市化发展时期分别为农业用地和建设用地扩张所需。以海岸线为基准,通过分别向陆地和向海洋方向进行滨海湿地分区,每个方向设立7个缓冲带,靠近海岸线的前6个缓冲带宽1km,第7个缓冲带宽10km。结果表明,1990～2000年期间,围海造地以农业用地扩张为主,其平均年扩张速率为48.9km2/a,明显大于建设用地的平均年扩张速率(28.2km2/a);而2000～2005年期间,建设用地成为围海造地的主要目的,建设用地平均年扩张速率大幅增大至91.8km2/a,而农业用地平均年扩张率仅为4.2km2/a。在空间分布上,1990～2000年期间,农业用地平均年扩张百分率最大值出现在距海岸线5km的陆地缓冲区;但在2000～2005年期间,各陆地缓冲区农业用地面积在减少,其平均年扩张百分率为-1.3%/a;而建设用地在各缓冲区的平均年扩张百分率由1990～2000年期间的0.62%/a增大为2000～2005年期间的2.66%/a。对长江三角洲滨海湿地土地流转驱动力的分析表明,城市化是建设用地扩张的重要驱动力;一些天然滨海湿地直接转变为建设用地,两个时期建设用地净扩张区域相同,即距海岸线1～3km和>6km陆地缓冲带;还有一些天然滨海湿地,如滩涂,被用于水产养殖,而转变为人工湿地,在1990～2000年期间,农业用地的扩张区域是距海岸线4～6km的陆地缓冲带,在2000～2005年期间,农业用地的扩张区域是1～3km的近海缓冲带。     

城市餐饮业的空间格局及影响因素分析——以厦门市为例

以厦门市餐饮业普查数据为基础,结合实地考察,运用ArcGIS空间分析,以街道为研究单位分析了厦门市餐饮业的空间格局.结果发现,厦门市的餐饮业分布岛内岛外差异显著,以厦门岛为核心呈现圈层式发展,岛内从城市中心向外递减,各街道内餐饮业主要以组团式集聚和带状分布相结合的方式出现.综合考虑区域经济水平、人口密度、交通便捷程度、城市空间格局等与餐饮业分布有关的影响因素,运用SPSS进行相关性分析,结果表明:餐饮业的空间分布与城镇住宅面积、商业服务用地关联度最高;城市的公共设施用地面积和城中村住宅面积与餐饮业的发展呈     

长三角地区城市人口-绿地面积异速增长特征及驱动机制

人口城镇化的快速推进与生态城镇化的建设滞后是中国快速城镇化进程中面临的重要问题。以长三角地区城市人口与绿地面积为研究对象,构建城市人口-绿地面积异速增长模型分析2000—2018年两者关系的时空变化规律,并运用地理探测器模型揭示异速增长的驱动机制。结果表明：① 长三角地区城市人口呈加速增长态势,绿地建设增长缓慢,城市人口-绿地面积异速关系逐渐由人地基本协调型转变为人口扩张弱型,2000—2008年多数城市表现出绿地扩张的特征,2009—2018年则转变为人口扩张的特征。② 教育投入度、人口集中度、设施供给度、土地开发度和对外开放度是影响长三角地区城市人口-绿地面积异速增长的主要因子,双因子交互解释力均高于单因子,各因子间的影响具有协同增强的特征。③ 长三角地区城市人口-绿地面积异速增长是行政力、市场力和外资力共同驱动的结果,三种驱动力彼此联系、协同作用,主导驱动力逐渐由行政力转变为市场力。