大连两次台风暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规气象资料、加密气象自动观测站资料及NCEP再分析资料对2017年8月3日和2012年8月3日发生在大连地区的“海棠”(1710)和“达维”(1210)两次台风暴雨过程进行对比诊断分析。通过对台风路径、环流形势、双台风相互作用等方面进行对比分析。结果表明:这两次台风暴雨过程的降水系统为典型的双台风降水模型,在两个台风的北部都有不同强度的冷空卷入,触发对流不稳定,有利于中尺度暴雨云团的发展。低层850hPa上均有不同程度的切变辐合,高空有急流的建立;两次过程主要降水时段内强降水中心从低层到高层均出现了强烈的上升运动,暴雨中心上空维持着高层辐散、低层辐合。日本海南部存在台风迫使副热带高压转为径向型或形成阻塞高压,双台风或三台风与副热带高压之间形成的低空急流为暴雨的生成和维持提供了有利的动力条件和水汽条件。台风“海棠”残余环流与高空槽相结合,高空槽带来的冷空气更加强烈,锋生效果更加明显,这种情况更有利于强对流的发生发展。台风“苏拉”与影响大连的台风“达维”相互作用导致强降水阶段暖湿气流更加旺盛,降水持续时间更长,范围更广。     

湖北十堰“05．8台风倒槽特大暴雨的多尺度分析

受“珊瑚”台风倒槽的影响,2005年8月14日晚至15日凌晨在十堰市的房县、竹山和丹江口部分地区出现了一次特大暴雨天气过程。利用常规气象资料、卫星云图资料、地面加密气象资料,对此次强降水过程进行了多尺度分析。结果表明：（1）副热带高压的阻挡、地面弱冷空气的扩散、中低纬度环流系统的相互作用及低空急流对水汽的输送,是影响此次强降水过程的主要大尺度环流背景;（2）暴雨发生前存在较为明显的中尺度露点锋和地面中尺度辐合线;（3）卫星云图上有组织的中尺度对流系统（MCS）的发生、发展、成熟与消散对强降水临近预报预警有着重要的指示作用。     

湖北十堰“05．8台风倒槽特大暴雨的多尺度分析

受“珊瑚”台风倒槽的影响,2005年8月14日晚至15日凌晨在十堰市的房县、竹山和丹江口部分地区出现了一次特大暴雨天气过程。利用常规气象资料、卫星云图资料、地面加密气象资料,对此次强降水过程进行了多尺度分析。结果表明：（1）副热带高压的阻挡、地面弱冷空气的扩散、中低纬度环流系统的相互作用及低空急流对水汽的输送,是影响此次强降水过程的主要大尺度环流背景;（2）暴雨发生前存在较为明显的中尺度露点锋和地面中尺度辐合线;（3）卫星云图上有组织的中尺度对流系统（MCS）的发生、发展、成熟与消散对强降水临近预报预警有着重要的指示作用。     

2010年8月8-10日辽东半岛暴雨过程的中尺度特征分析

利用自动气象站资料、卫星资料、GTS1型数字式探空仪资料和常规气象观测资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对辽东半岛地区2010年8月8-10日3次暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,研究了该地区暴雨发生的天气尺度背景、中尺度对流系统发展过程及其发展的中尺度环境和触发机制。结果表明:(1)副热带高压位置偏北且稳定为此次强降水提供了有利的大尺度背景,切变线上生成的β或γ中尺度雨团发展的中尺度对流复合体是造成强降水的直接系统。(2)辽东半岛地区与低空急流水汽输送通道相连,并形成水汽辐合中心,有利于该地区强降水的产生。(3)暴雨发生前暴雨区域对流层低层的增温增湿、对流性不稳定层结及抬升凝结高度和对流自由高度的明显降低,是导致暴雨的重要条件。(4)切变线附近对流层低层的强正涡度中心和中高层的强正散度中心的耦合有利于上升运动的维持和水汽的向上抬升,促使中尺度对流系统生成,并沿切变线向东北方向移动和迅速发展,产生暴雨。强降水出现在切变线前方低空急流上的风速脉动区。     

秋季台风“纳沙”大范围暴雨的机制研究

利用T213、ECMWF数值预报资料和热带气旋历史资料,对1117号强台风“纳沙”造成广西持续大范围暴雨的成因进行分析,造成广西大范围暴雨的主要原因是:“纳沙”登陆后,副热带高压强大,台风环流与副热带高压之间气压梯度增大,其右侧辐合加强,深厚偏东气流给台风输送了大量的水汽和能量,西南风急流与副高西侧强东南气流形成辐合,北方冷空气从低层南下,东北风与台风后部的东南风形成切变产生对流降水;加上台风自身带来的降水、急流降水以及冷空气入侵降水三部分相接,组成了“纳沙”影响期间的持续性强降水过程.     

850hPa低空急流影响下的一次雅安暴雨天气过程分析

利用地面、探空和雷达实况观测资料,以及ECMWF-ERA5逐小时再分析资料,分析了雅安地区2020年8月29～30日一次区域性大暴雨天气过程。结果表明：台风和副热带高压配合下的低纬环流对此次暴雨天气的低层水汽输送有重要影响。850hPa偏东风低空急流的建立触发了强对流的产生,低空急流的稳定维持为持续性强降水输送了水汽和不稳定能量;低空急流和喇叭口地形的共同影响在雅安东部地区形成了稳定的低涡,并使中尺度对流系统在该地区稳定少动,从而导致了此次区域性大暴雨天气过程。     

“6.23”梅雨锋西段贵州南部大暴雨诊断分析

利用贵州国家观测站和区域自动站数据,结合NCEP再分析资料、FY-2G卫星云图及多普勒雷达资料,对2020年6月23~24日在贵州南部地区发生的梅雨锋西段持续特大暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:（1）此次持续特大暴雨过程是在南亚高压控制、西太平洋副热带高压北界稳定维持在华南北部背景下,短波槽东传及中低层切变和梅雨锋共同影响的结果;（2）来自孟加拉湾的西南暖湿气流与副高西侧的偏南气流在贵州中东部到长江流域一带交汇,促使低空急流建立,为持续性暴雨天气提供充足的水汽输送;（3）高空辐散、中低层切变线南侧与低空急流北侧的正垂直螺旋度为中尺度涡旋迅速发展和水汽辐合抬升凝结提供了动力条件;（4）高原槽引导弱冷空气南下有利于梅雨锋锋生,午后至傍晚生成若干γ、β尺度的中尺度对流系统导致了此次降水过程的发生;（5）暴雨过程中存在明显“列车效应”,贵州南部受对流系统叠加影响形成较强降水。      

“苏拉”台风引发福建西部大暴雨成因分析

利用常规天气资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、地面降水资料以及福建新一代天气雷达资料对2012年"苏拉"台风登陆后引发福建西部大暴雨天气成因进行分析,结果表明:"苏拉"登陆后高空涡旋受大陆高压东侧偏北气流引导向偏南方向移动,同时,台风登陆后进入大的环境风垂直切变区并向切变左侧倾斜,使得台风南倾结构进一步加大。台风结构南倾为福建西部大暴雨区提供了良好的动力条件,"苏拉"自身带来的水汽及台风南侧西南气流为暴雨区提供了充足的水汽来源,高空冷空气入侵与低层的高温高湿区形成上冷下暖结构呈现出条件不稳定层结,有利于深厚湿对流产生,结合充分的水汽供应,出现大暴雨天气。大范围暖平流配合风速辐合,中高层冷空气入侵与低层西南暖湿空气结合以及低层的西南急流建立是三个强降水阶段对应的中尺度天气特征。     

台风Polly（9216）和Matmo（1410）对辽东半岛降水影响的对比分析

台风Matmo(1410)和Polly(9216)影响辽东半岛时的路径近乎重合,但台风Polly造成了大范围的暴雨和大暴雨,而台风Matmo仅个别测站出现暴雨。利用中国气象局热带气旋年鉴、FY-2D卫星的黑体亮度温度(TBB)产品(0.1°×0.1°)、日本气象厅TBB资料、大连地区逐时自动气象站降雨量资料、常规观测资料和欧洲中期数值预报中心ERA-Interim全球再分析资料(0.125°×0.125°),对两个台风影响辽东半岛的降水过程进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)两个台风均进入西风槽区而变性,在其西侧和北侧分别具有冷锋和暖锋锋生,辽东半岛的降水均发生在台风低压环流北侧的锋生区和环境风垂直切变明显增大过程中。但两个变性台风的大尺度环流背景却差异显著,台风Polly与西北侧较强冷空气相互作用,锋区随高度增加向西北倾斜,且与低空东南急流相连获得丰富水汽供应,强降水持续时间长,而台风Matmo与东北部对流层低层冷空气相互作用明显,锋区随高度增加略向东北倾斜,但其低空急流水汽通道被快速隔断,不稳定度和动力抬升条件减弱,强降水持续时间短。(2)台风Polly和Matmo的降水分布非对称明显,均出现在顺垂直切变方向的左侧,但台风相对于高空槽的位置不同,对流活动发展的方位有所差异。台风Polly中尺度对流活动在其北侧发展旺盛,且向西南弯曲,而台风Matmo对流活动仅发生在台风环流东北侧。(3)台风的强降水落区还与其低层环流内冷、暖平流的活动密切相关。台风Polly西北侧的冷平流加强,辽东半岛位于台风北侧低层冷暖平流交汇区,水平辐合加强,深厚的上升运动维持,而台风Matmo东北侧的冷平流加强,辽东半岛逐渐位于台风西侧,低层为冷平流控制的下沉运动区,大气层结趋于稳定。     

“菲特”台风暴雨成因分析

201323号台风“菲特”是建国以来登陆我国的最强秋季台风,给浙江省带来暴雨天气。利用NCEP再分析资料从天气形势、动力、热力等方面对此次暴雨的成因进行了分析,结果表明：1）此次强降水可以分为两个阶段：第一阶段主要由“菲特”本身的环流引起;第二阶段由“菲特”残留云系长时间维持及其与弱冷空气的相互作用引起,且弱冷空气对降水的增幅作用十分明显。2）第一阶段水汽主要由其本身的环流提供,由“菲特”南侧的偏南风低空急流和东侧的偏东风低空急流从南海和西太平洋输送水汽,第二阶段水汽主要由“丹娜丝”外围的偏东风急流从西太平洋输送水汽。3）弱冷空气的扩散使斜压性增强,并使斜压位能释放转化为动能,促使台风残留低压环流加剧,并在台风外围东偏南暖湿气流之间形成中尺度辐合带,为暴雨天气的产生提供了良好的动力条件。4）弱冷空气叠加在950 hPa以下较强的暖平流之上,加剧了上冷下暖的不稳定层结,同时也使低层辐合加强．为暴雨区中尺度对流云团的发展提供了动力抬升机制。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on