2003年7月8～9日江淮流域暴雨过程中涡旋的结构特征分析

2003年淮河流域梅雨期 (6月29日～7月11日) 的强降水过程有三次: 6月29日～7月1日、 7月3～5日及7月8～11日。本文对7月8日12时～9日12时期间湖南、 安徽和江苏发生的强降水过程的中尺度数值模式MM5的输出资料进行了诊断分析。分析结果表明: 除大尺度系统的配置有利于此次降水的发生以外, 此次降水主要发生在由西南及偏南暖湿气流与偏北气流辐合形成的梅雨锋切变线上, 切变线上辐合中心处生成并发展的两个中尺度低涡是造成降水的直接系统。低空西南风急流形成了从孟加拉湾、 南海至华东地区的强水汽输送带以及湖南、 安徽和江苏的水汽辐合中心, 为暴雨创造了十分有利的水汽条件。在低层切变线的辐合中心处有两个低涡分别生成或发展, 并沿切变线向东北方向移动, 这两个低涡生成的位置是低空急流左前侧急流达到极值的区域 (也是正涡度中心区), 其生成可能与低空急流的加强有关。在低涡附近, 低层水汽辐合较强, 且对流层中低层形成了强正涡度中心和强散度中心相耦合的动力结构, 并有强上升运动维持, 使得低层辐合的水汽被抬升到对流层高层, 有利于暴雨的发生。     

一次低空急流加强下的暴雨过程成因分析

基于地面、高空常规气象观测资料及风廓线雷达资料和WRF模式资料,分析江西一次低空急流加强下暴雨过程的环境场及成因。结果表明:(1)暴雨发生在副热带高压(简称"副高")北抬、西南急流加强的天气背景下,此次暴雨是副高、西风带短波槽、中尺度辐合系统、低层切变、季风等多系统作用的结果。(2)低层增湿、增暖和对流层中层冷平流的侵入以及异常的各项热力不稳定指数,使江西北部成为高能、高湿、高不稳定区,并在江西东北部形成中尺度假相当位温θ_(se)能量锋区和露点锋区,而锋生正是此次暴雨过程原因之一。(3)低空急流加强一方面带来了充沛水汽,另一方面,中尺度辐合系统沿着急流发展形成中尺度能量、温度锋区,而对流性降水释放的凝结潜热反馈又促使中尺度对流系统进一步加强,利于强降水发生。1.5～3 km 16 m·s~(-1)以上急流可提前1～3 h指示西南风下风方向地区有强降水。(4)500 hPa正涡度平流的发展使得对流层中层气旋性涡度增加,导致正涡度柱发展,并与涡度柱北侧下沉运动构成次级环流。同时高位涡中心向下发展,有利于低层气旋性涡度加强、锋生加剧,促进上升运动,有利于暴雨维持。     

2013年辽东半岛2次切变线暴雨的对比分析

利用NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)再分析资料、常规观测资料、FY-2E(0.1°×0.1°)云顶亮温资料、大连地区逐时自动气象站降雨量资料及雷达资料,对2013年7月28日和30日辽东半岛的2次切变线暴雨过程进行对比分析,研究了半岛地区暴雨中尺度对流系统(MCS)发生与发展过程的环流特征和触发机制。结果表明:(1)在有利的大尺度背景下,沿切变线生成的中尺度对流复合体(MCC)或中尺度云团是造成降水的直接影响系统。但2次过程的切变线与其北侧高空槽的相对位置不同,辽东半岛强降水的动力、热力条件及触发的关键因素不同;(2)当切变线位于北支槽前,水汽输送持续时间长,辽东半岛获得较多的水汽能量,低层水平辐合较强,上升运动和湿层深厚。低空或超低空西南气流的加强是触发MCC发展的主要因子,暴雨区出现在地面辐合线南侧的偏南急流极值区;(3)当切变线位于北支槽后,水汽输送带快速东移,获得的水汽补充相对少。暴雨区的水平辐合不强,湿层浅薄,但较大的水平风垂直切变有利于MCC发展。北槽后南下的冷空气是触发因子,暴雨区出现在地面辐合线北侧。     

伊犁地区一次罕见特大暴雨中尺度系统的数值模拟

利用自动气象站观测资料、FY-2G卫星TBB资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,针对2016年6月16—17日伊犁地区的一次罕见强降水过程,在天气形势和中尺度系统分析基础上,借助WRF模式高分辨率模拟资料对强降水的形成过程进行细致分析。结果表明:中亚低槽、高空偏西急流、低空切变线和辐合线是此次强降水过程的主要天气系统。多个中尺度云团受伊犁北部天山地形抬升作用,长时间维持在沿天山地区,并持续产生强降水。模拟结果显示,不断移至北部沿天山地区的中尺度对流单体是造成此次伊犁地区强降水的直接中尺度系统,其发生发展与低空急流、低层风场辐合和地形有密切关系。低空急流增强引起动力辐合增强,触发不稳定能量释放,加之地形抬升,使得垂直运动维持并快速发展,并在有利的水汽条件配合下引发低层辐合线附近对流系统加强,导致伊犁北部沿天山地区出现强降水。     

长江下游梅汛期中尺度涡旋特征分析

利用2006～2009 年日本再分析资料对长江下游地区梅汛期间(5～7 月)边界层内中尺度涡旋进行普查,并分类统计分析了边界层内中尺度涡旋与暴雨、低空急流的关系。研究结果表明:每年的5～7 月该地区经常在对流层低层或(和)边界层内出现中尺度扰动涡旋,根据中尺度涡旋最初生成的高度不同,可划分为边界层中尺度涡旋、对流层低层中尺度涡旋和对流层低层—边界层中尺度涡旋三类。边界层中尺度涡旋中与暴雨有密切关系的中尺度涡旋称为边界层中尺度扰动涡旋(PMDV),根据涡旋前或后6 小时累积雨量,可以进一步将其分成两类:第一类是暴雨的直接制造者中尺度对流系统(MCS)先于边界层中尺度扰动涡旋发生(MCS-PMDV);第二类是边界层中尺度涡旋产生后,激发了中尺度对流,造成了暴雨过程(PMDV-MCS)。PMDV-MCS 类涡旋暴雨的特点是在对流层低层850 hPa 是一条切变线,其南侧有一支西南低空急流,边界层925 hPa 则是一个闭合的涡旋,暴雨区主要落在涡旋的东北面和东南面。     

豫东北一次春季大暴雨的环境条件与中尺度特征分析

利用常规观测资料以及卫星云图、雷达产品、区域自动站降水量资料与NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料,对2018年5月15日豫东北罕见大暴雨过程的降水特征、环境条件与中尺度特征进行了分析.结果表明:(1)副热带高压西侧西南急流输送、对流层中层短波槽影响、低空急流加强发展及北上、高空强辐散等天气系统合理配置,是这次暴雨过程发生的有利环流背景;强低空急流为暴雨的形成提供了充沛的水汽和位势不稳定条件;低层切变线触发、弱冷空气扩散及地面中尺度辐合线抬升是暴雨形成的动力机制.(2)超低空充足的水汽输送及强辐合、对流不稳定能量偏高、大气层结极不稳定是此次暴雨发生的主要环境特征.(3)强降水过程主要由2个β中尺度对流系统造成,暴雨区上空对流云团新生维持(或移入)是强降水维持较长时间的重要原因.(4)雷达观测显示,在极强对流不稳定环境下,位于对流云团前温度大梯度区的豫北多地不断有γ中尺度回波单体生成,其东移加强并在豫东北强烈发展为线(带)状多单体风暴,形成明显的局地强回波"列车效应",导致豫东北局地大暴雨.     

辽东半岛“达维”（1210）台风暴雨的诊断分析

利用热带气旋年鉴、FY 2E卫星的云顶亮温（TBB）、大连地区逐时自动气象站降雨量资料、常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对北上引发辽东半岛强降水过程的1210号台风达维（Damrey）和1209号台风苏拉（Saola）的环流背景和中尺度特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）副热带高压位置偏北且稳定为此次降水提供了有利的大尺度背景,双台风与副热带高压之间所形成的东南风低空急流为辽东半岛强降水提供了水汽和能量供应。台风“达维”东部和副热带高压西侧低空急流带上由β或γ中尺度雨团发展的中尺度对流复合体（MCC）是造成降水的直接系统。（2）“达维”与其南部台风苏拉环流的长时间相连,一方面有利于“达维”获得源源不断的水汽供应,加强其中尺度对流系统,另一方面有利于水汽在辽东半岛地区形成水汽辐合,使暴雨持续产生。（3）“达维”影响辽东半岛期间,其东北部的冷空气逆时针卷入,在半岛南部出现局地垂直次级环流,触发对流不稳定,有利于中尺度暴雨云团的发展。     

一次梅雨锋暴雨的中尺度对流系统及低层风场影响分析

本文利用常规气象观测资料,地面自动站加密观测资料和FY-2D、FY-2E卫星云图以及NCEP 1°×1°的FNL分析资料、EC 0.25°×0.25°的细网格模式数据等,对2015年6月15—18日梅雨锋暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统(MCS)活动特征、对流层低层风场对MCS发展的影响以及梅雨锋暴雨的垂直环流特征等进行了研究,结果表明:天气尺度梅雨锋上叠加的MCS的产生及向下游移动,以及其在安徽中部到江苏南部正涡度带作用下的发展增强,造成了江苏南部的局地强降水。强降水与中尺度低空急流核的位置吻合较好。在垂直方向上,高空急流入口区右侧与低空急流核左前方叠加,高低空急流耦合作用明显。在降水过程中,对流层低层具有较强的垂直风切变,有利于垂直涡度的增强和MCS的发展。对流层低层的垂直风切变也有利于不同源地的水汽在梅雨锋区汇集。梅雨锋北侧的干冷空气在对流层低(中)层以东北(西北)路径向锋区移动。南侧的暖湿气流沿西南路径移动、抬升,接近锋区后质点在上升过程中逐渐转向东移,在高空急流的抽吸作用下,快速向东流出,近地面层空气存在跨锋面环流。梅雨锋系统垂直方向上的次级环流是高层风场强烈辐散以及空气运动过程中质量补充和循环的结果。     

2017年梅雨期浙江中部连续暴雨过程的环流特征

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP1°×1°的FNL再分析资料和FY-2E卫星云图资料对2017年梅汛期前后浙江中部大尺度环流背景进行分析,同时对梅汛期三次强降水过程的梅雨锋结构、对流层低层风场对中尺度对流系统发展的影响以及中尺度云团特征等进行了诊断分析。结果表明:1)进入梅汛期,贝加尔湖长波脊发展及长久维持,带状分布的西太平洋副热带高压较常年偏强,有利于冷暖空气交汇于浙江一带,形成范围大、持续时间长的强降水;2)在垂直方向上,高空西风急流的入口区右侧与低空急流核左前方相叠加,高低空急流耦合作用明显,为中尺度对流系统维持提供了必备的不稳定机制;3)三次强降水过程均具有正涡度带随时间东移的现象,揭示了梅雨锋区低值系统沿切变线东移的特点。其中,第三次暴雨过程正涡度东移特点最明显,对流层低层的有利动力条件导致中尺度对流系统的发展及强降水的出现;第二次过程的副热带西风急流中心风速明显较第一次和第三次小,但西风急流中心位置南移至30°—35°N,正好位于梅雨锋区上空,补偿了因急流风速减小对高层辐散的影响。     

甘肃陇东南一次大暴雨的中尺度特征分析

2013年6月19-20日在甘肃陇东南出现一次罕见的暖区降水和切变线降水共同造成的区域性大暴雨过程,暖区降水强度大、持续时间长、强降水范围集中、中尺度特征明显。利用常规和非常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料等对此次大暴雨天气过程的成因和中尺度特征进行了分析。结果表明,暖区降水时段:对流层低层高湿有利于降低暖区降水对抬升条件的要求,并与中层温度冷槽配合形成不稳定层结,前期低层的逆温层也有利于不稳定能量的堆积;低层垂直风切变、低空急流和地形抬升在对流触发和维持中具有重要作用,徽成盆地是生成对流单体的主要源地;中尺度对流系统具有暖云降水特点,质心低,降水效率高,且具有明显的后向传播和"列车效应"特征。切变线降水时段:受对流层中层暖平流、正涡度平流和低层冷空气侵入影响,武都涡不断发展加强;对流层湿层厚度增加,热力不稳定条件明显减弱,在低空切变线、武都涡和地面辐合线附近形成大范围的稳定性降水。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.