基于多特征指标和层次聚类分析的河源区范围自动划分方法研究

河源区边界是重要的国家基础地理信息之一,但除长江、黄河等大江大河外的我国大部分其他中小流域仍缺乏确切的河源区边界信息,需要科学划定河源区边界以支持流域水生态保护相关政策的规划与实施。对此,本文在确立河源区划分原则、明确划分依据的基础上,提出了基于多特征指标和层次聚类分析法的河源区边界划定方法。以沁河流域为研究案例,首先利用均值变点分析法计算沁河流域子流域提取的最佳汇流累积量分位数阈值为0.15%,再基于子流域的多特征指标运用层次聚类分析法最终确定河源区范围边界,并将该方法应用于长江、黄河流域进行验证分析。结果表明：① 基于多特征指标和层次聚类分析提取的沁河流域河源区范围处于河底比降法、水文站点方法得到的源区范围面积之间;② 该方法在长江、黄河流域河源区划分结果的交并比分别达到85.40%和79.99%,侧面验证了本文方法进行河源区边界划分的合理性与适用性。基于多特征指标和层次聚类分析的河源区边界自动划分方法可以简捷高效地识别缺乏明确河源区边界信息的流域河源区范围,为我国河源区生态安全屏障识别、水资源保护相关政策的规划和实施提供科学支撑。     

基于深度神经网络的蒙古国色楞格河流域水体信息提取

蒙古高原地处干旱半干旱地区,河流水系对该区域的资源环境格局及其生态环境影响重大。发源于蒙古国的色楞格河是蒙古高原最主要的水资源来源,准确掌握该流域的水体信息对东北亚地区生态环境问题及资源保护具有重要意义。本文以蒙古高原色楞格河流域为研究对象,基于谷歌地球引擎（Google Earth Engine,GEE）云平台,使用 Sentinel-2 多光谱卫星遥感影像,利用深度神经网络（Deep Neural Network, DNN）方法对色楞格河流域的水体信息进行提取,并与支持向量机方法进行对比;利用全球30 m SRTM数据生成水系分布矢量图,通过空间分析形成河流提取目标区,结合深度神经网络分类结果,绘制蒙古国色楞格河流域2019年河流分布图。研究结果表明：① 该方法能够准确地完成大流域范围内的水体制图,提取结果能够体现色楞格河流域河流的空间分布,且能够减少河流断流、空洞现象;② 深度神经网络模型中批量大小设置为8时,在处理数据速度与精度中达到最优,而神经网络结构中隐含层数达到4层时,在精度评价指标测试数据集上达到0.9666,保证了模型特征挖掘能力;③ 经样本点的验证,结果总体精度达到97.65%,可以满足实际应用需求。本研究预期可以为蒙古高原的水体提取提供方法支持和相关数据支持。     

山东省耕地资源差异化保护研究

山东省耕地资源分布区域差异明显,经济发展水平也存在较大差异,耕地保护要因地制宜,发挥不同地区耕地资源的优势,合理保护耕地资源。该文分析了山东省耕地资源的区域分布差异,明确了分区方法和分区原则,采取聚类分析方法,将山东耕地资源分为5个区域,并提出差异化保护措施。     

STUDY ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WETLAND RESOURCES IN THE USSURI /WUSULI RIVER BASIN

1 INTRODUCTION The Ussuri / Wusuli River watershed is located in the southeast part of Heilongjiang Province of China, which joins remote regions of Russia. The watershed consists of approximately 26 000 000 ha, which is about two thirds of the watershed ecosystem in Russia, one  third in China. The Ussuri River forms part of the border between Russia and China, the shared border stretches more than 1100 km. Khanka/Xingkai Lake lies within both China and Russia. Its total area …     

鄱阳湖地区土地覆盖空间分布格局与景观特征分析

 鄱阳湖是我国第一大淡水湖,具有洪水调蓄、水源涵养等重要生态服务功能。掌握鄱阳湖地区土地覆盖的空间分布格局和规律,对于评价其环境保护和生态服务功能具有重要作用。本文利用环境卫星影像、2005年鄱阳湖地区土地覆盖数据,经遥感解译分析获取了鄱阳湖地区2010年土地覆盖现状数据及其空间分布格局图。研究表明:(1)采用2010年的环境星影像结合2005年土地覆盖数据,人工目视解译得到的2010年土地覆盖数据的精度为80.4%。(2)景观生态学、GIS及统计学的思想和方法可以为土地覆盖空间特征的定量分析提供技术支持。文中采用的斑块面积指数、斑块形状指数、不同土地覆盖类型的邻接指数,从不同角度反映了鄱阳湖地区土地覆盖的空间分布格局及景观特征。(3)景观指数能定量说明土地覆盖景观的形状、大小、数量和空间组合,能反映景观的生态环境特点、人类活动及社会经济状况。面积特征指数显示研究区农村聚落的离散度及破碎度最高;斑块形状指数反映出研究区水体形状趋于规则化,其受到人类的"围湖造田,围湖造地"及防洪工程建设的干扰。(4)不同土地覆盖类型的邻接指数能定量说明相邻类型在物质交换、结构与功能的相互影响及土地资源形成机制、演替过程等。水田与常绿阔叶林的邻接关系反映了人类"毁林开荒"活动对林地与水田演替关系的影响;水田与农村聚落的邻接关系,表明研究区耕地保护的重点是城镇及农村周边耕地的保护;城镇建设用地的邻接关系表明了人类生活所需的生活条件,为"移民建镇"工程提供了科学依据。分析认为:鄱阳湖地区是以耕地为主的农业区,并且有丰富的水资源及森林资源,但今后要重视农村土地的集约化利用、水资源保护、耕地资源保护和自然资源的合理开发利用。     

水资源空间分布模型及GIS分析应用

随着社会生产力的持续发展,人类活动范围不断拓宽,不可避免地影响着流域自然水循环过程。因此,在对流域水资源状况进行定量描述时,必须综合考虑自然、人文二元要素的影响。本文选取了近年来水资源短缺和水环境恶化问题严重的京津冀地区为研究对象。根据区内的自然条件和社会发展情况,选取了对水资源空间分布有明显影响的因素。其中距河流远近因素体现了对水资源的开发利用能力;坡度因素代表了土壤的持水能力,对径流和地下水有影响;而土地利用类型因素反映了土壤下垫面的水文特性。通过AHP方法确定上述影响因素的权重,建立水资源空间分布测算模型。根据模型将按流域单元统计的水资源总量数据展布到公里格网上,得到了水资源空间分布结果。最后,通过对空间化水资源数据的分析,剖析了当地的水资源状况,结合"一轴三带"的规划分区思想,对如何进行区域水资源可持续开发利用提出了参考意见。     

最优分区与最优指数联合的水体信息提取

单波段阈值法和水体指数法具有方法简单、耗时少的优点,成为水体信息提取常用的方法,但对于面积较大、类型多样、影响因素复杂的区域,在全局使用任何一种方法均无法满足精度要求。为精确提取地表覆盖类型复杂、水体类型多样的山区水体信息,本文分别对归一化水体指数（MNDWI）、自动水体提取指数（AWEI）和归一化三波段指数（NDTBI）3种指数的阈值进行分析,以最优阈值分区方案进行分区并构建3个单指数决策树,寻找不同水体类型的最优指数,按照最优原则重构联合指数决策树来提取水体信息,其中,3种单指数提取法的Kappa系数分别为：0.863, 0.854, 0.862,最优指数联合决策树法的Kappa系数为 0.881。结果表明,基于3个指数构成的最优指数联合决策树的提取方法可以达到最高精度,由此说明,采用该法用于水体信息提取可得到最佳效果。     

大别山东麓河流阶地初步研究

基于遥感解译、野外调查、光释光(OSL)测年和无人机地形测绘,对大别山东麓桐城-太湖段河流阶地发育特征与变形情况进行初步研究。结果表明：1）大别山东麓河流阶地发育较差,各中小型河流普遍发育一级阶地,少数大型河流发育2级阶地;2）大别山东麓河流T1阶地形成时代为晚更新世晚期至全新世早期(约25 ka BP~12 ka BP),T2阶地形成时代为晚更新世中期(约55 ka BP);3）郯庐断裂带大别山东麓段自河流T2阶地形成以来未发生明显活动,该段最新活动时代为中更新世。     

鉴江下游及其支流小东江和袂花江放射性研究

为了解鉴江放射性含量,分别在鉴江流域布设了5个水质和底泥监测点,取样进行总α和总β分析,并与省内本底调查资料比较,结果表明:鉴江水质中放射性含量上下游都比较低,而底泥的放射性含量则下游略高于上游;鉴江底泥放射性含量也低于省内各地土壤放射性含量的平均值;鉴江水质放射性总α和总β符合生活饮用水卫生标准。     

金沙江流域生态保护与建设决策支持系统

利用地理信息系统对生态保护与建设相关的地理信息进行采集、管理、分析,对政府部门的决策是一种有效的技术支撑。本文主要介绍“金沙江流域(云南部分)生态保护与建设决策支持系统”的体系结构设计和系统实现。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSTRUCTION OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY IN ARID REGIONS

Ｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｙｉｓａｎｅｗｉｎｔｅｒｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎａｒｙｓｃｉ ｅｎｃｅｄｅａｌｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｓｐａｔｉａｌｐａｔ ｔｅｒｎｓａｎｄｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ.Ｔｈｅａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｉｓｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｔｅｒｒｉｔｏ ｒｉｅｓｏｆｈｕｍａｎｓｃａｌｅｏｒｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄａｓｔｈｅｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅｏｆｓｐａｔｉａｌｈｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｉｔ…     

秃尾河流域表生生态环境现状评价

以地下水为主线,开展流域表生生态环境评价的方法研究尚处于发展之中。以秃尾河流域为例,紧紧围绕地下水这条主线,在建立流域表生生态环境递阶层次评价指标体系和评价标准的基础上,尝试采用模糊综合评判方法与模糊迭代自组织数据分析技术相结合,开展流域表生生态环境现状评价。评价结果表明,流域生态环境现状总体较好,其中盖沙丘陵区、河流源头和河谷阶地区及沙漠区是水资源与生态环境保护的重点,这些研究为评价生态环境脆弱区水资源开发利用对表生生态环境的影响以及保护流域水资源与生态环境提供了科学依据。评价结果与流域生态环境实际更为吻合,规律性更明显。     

MIKE BASIN支持下的流域水文建模与水资源管理分析——以西藏达孜县为例

基于ArcView GIS平台,利用流域水资源规划管理软件工具MIKE BASIN,以西藏达孜县为试验区,采用50×50m格网DEM数据,开展拉萨河流域内的地表水的产汇计算,并进行流域水资源合理配置研究。本文建立了流域供需水的空间分析网络,对各汇流区进行流域模拟分析,研究结果以直观的专题图表显示,为本区的流域水资源管理提供了可视化的研究框架。     

Green Tourism in Mountain Regions - Reducing Vulnerability and Promoting People and Place Centric Development in the Himalayas

In recent years, mountain regions are attracting great attention to Indian tourists in general and foreign tourists in particular. The potential mountain resources for promoting green tourism are enormous in the form of natural and cultural heritage such as biosphere reserves, flora and fauna, lakes and rivers and traditional rural resources. In order to utilise tourism industry market, uncontrolled numbers of tourists and related haphazard infrastructural facilities in the vulnerable mountain regions pose serious environmental implications. The ecological pressures are threatening land, water and wild life resources through direct and indirect environmental impacts together with generation of solid and liquid wastes, so green tourism is emerging as an important task in order to develop new relationship between communities, government agencies and private sectors. The strategy focuses on ecological understanding, environmental protection and ecodevelopment. The major attributes of the green tourism include environmental conservation and education and distribution of income to local people based on strong partnership. Various knowledge systems go a long way for achieving the goals of the green tourism, which creates awareness about the value of environmental resources. Mountains have ecological, recreational, educational and scientific values, which need to be utilised in sustainable way. Various tourist activities andfacilities need to be diversified in order to achieve multiple benefits including scientific field excursion, recreation in natural and cultural areas, community festivals and sport tourisms. Green tourism considers tourism development as an integral part of a national and regional development. The paper discusses the social, economic and environmental dimensions of the green tourism with particular reference to village tourism development programme taking empirical evidences from the Himalaya. Such programme also minimises biophysical and human vulnerability and risks in mountain regions. The environmental consciousness campaign and introduction of code through multi- purpose Tourist Resource Centres are gaining currency in above context.     

Hydrological services by mountain ecosystems in Qilian Mountain of China: A review

Hydrological service is a hot issue in the current researches of ecosystem service, particularly in the upper reaches of mountain rivers in dry land areas, where the Qilian Mountain is a representative one. The Qilian Mountain, where forest, shrubland and grassland consist of its main ecosystems, can provide fresh water and many other ecosystem services, through a series of eco-hydrological process such as precipitation interception, soil water storage, and fresh water provision. Thus, monitoring water regulation and assessing the hydrological service of the Qilian Mountain are meaningful and helpful for the healthy development of the lower reaches of arid and semi-arid areas. In recent 10 years, hydrological services have been widely researched in terms of scale and landscape pattern, including water conservation, hydrological responses to afforestation and their ecological effects. This study, after analyzing lots of current models and applications of geographical information system (GIS) in hydrological services, gave a scientific and reasonable evaluation of mountain ecosystem in eco-hydrological services, by employing the combination of international forefronts and contentious issues into the Qilian Mountain. Assessments of hydrological services at regional or larger scales are limited compared with studies within watershed scale in the Qilian Mountain. In our evaluation results of forest ecosystems, it is concluded that long-term observation and dynamic monitoring of different types of ecosystem are indispensable, and the hydrological services and the potential variation in water supplement on regional and large scales should be central issues in the future research.     

Comparison and effects of different climate-vegetation models in areas of complex terrain under climate change

Identifying the impacts of climate change is important for conservation of ecosystems under climate change, particularly in mountain regions. Holdridge life zone system and K?ppen classification provide two effective methods to assess impacts of climate change on ecosystems, as typical climate-vegetation models. Meanwhile, these previous studies are insufficient to assess the complex terrain as well as there are some uncertainties in results while using the given methods. Analysis of the impacts of the prevailing climate conditions in an area on shifts of ecosystems may reduce uncertainties in projecting climate change. In this study, we used different models to depict changes in ecosystems at 1 km × 1 km resolution in Sichuan Province, China during 1961–2010. The results indicate that changes in climate data during the past 50 years were sufficient to cause shifts in the spatial distribution of ecosystems. The trend of shift was from low temperature ecosystems to high temperature ecosystems. Compared with K?ppen classification, the Holdridge system has better adaptation to assess the impacts of climate change on ecosystems in low elevation(0–1000 m). Moreover, we found that changed areas in ecosystems were easily affected by climate change than unchanged areas by calculating current climate condition.     

基于DEM与DLG的福建省地貌形态自动分类

以福建省1:10万的DLG(Digital Line Graphic,数字线划图)和DEM(Digital Elevation Model,数字高程模型)为基础,在ArcGIS软件支持下,依据坡度和面积组合指标,将福建省地貌形态单元分为平缓地和山丘地;提取地形图中水系与等高线的高程点交集,构建了福建省地方相对基准面,并以流域水文分析方法提取了山丘地地貌形态实体单元;把平缓地和山丘地貌形态实体单元分别与地方侵蚀基准面叠加,参照"中国1:100万地貌制图规范",将福建省地貌形态类型分为平地、台地、低丘、高丘、低山、中山。研究结果表明:该方法符合福建传统地貌分类体系,能够较好快速实现平缓地与山丘地、平地(平原)与台(阶)地的自动划分,有效地提取山丘地貌形态实体单元的界线。     

ESTIMATION AND EXPLOITATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN

According to practical measurement and related data, the writer discusses the main features of rivers in the Sanjiang Plain and the change of water balance with time and space, and then estimates water resources of five types, namely, runoff, ground water, soil water, and water supplied by three rivers and lakes (or reservoirs).The total volume of the above-mentioned water resources can be up to 31.5 billion m3. But they are rather unevenly distributed and the annual change is considerable, too. Up to now, only 8.3% of water resources have been utilized. According to a programme, 17.5 billion m3 will be utilized in the future in the district. Rationally exploiting water resources in the district should be combined with protection and management, and the sole criterion for judging rationality of utilization is that whether it is beneficial to economic, ecologic and social aspects.     

Characteristics of water transformation and its effects on environment in the arid region

The characteristics of water balance in arid regions is that the streams are formed in mountain area and continuously evaporates and infiltrates in the process of flowing to plain area, streams finally disappear in the desert or flow into the lakes, which are the low reaches of the rivers. But the distribution and transformation of water in Xinjiang, China have changed under the influences of human activities. The influences of human activities take place in a short time and regionally, especially in arid land where water is the key factor of environment. Water inside of oasis has increased, and water out of oasis or at the lower reaches of the river has decreased. Human activities have caused the environment changes in both positive and negative aspects by changing the circulation and distribution of water. Under the influence of human activities, oases in Xinjiang have expanded, meanwhile some lakes have contracted desertification is serious, natural vegetation has declined and natural environment out of oasis has degenrated. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(49771009). Biography: LI Xin(1940 -), male, a native of Anhui Province, professor. His research interest includes water resources.     

近20年来济南泉水补给区景观格局及其功能变化分析

本文以济南市泉水补给区为研究对象,利用GIS空间分析方法,在其景观变化分析的基础上,参照中国陆地生态系统的生态服务价值系数,估算了泉水补给区生态服务功能价值变化,重点分析景观变化对研究区生态服务功能的影响,进而为区域可持续发展和城市建设提供理论支持。结果表明:(1)20世纪90年代以来,泉水补给区耕地和草地景观面积呈减少趋势,林地、园地和建设用地景观面积大幅增加,其中,以林地面积增加最大;从景观类型转化看,耕地与其他景观类型相互转化较为密切,特别是与建设用地和园地之间的转化;林地面积的增加主要来源于草地和耕地;(2)泉水补给区生态服务功能价值主要由林地和耕地景观生态服务价值构成,其变化对该研究区生态服务价值变化起决定作用;从生态服务价值构成类型来看,该地区土壤形成与保护服务功能单项价值所占比重最大,约占总服务功能价值的20%;(3)90年代以来,该地区总生态服务价值呈增加趋势;从单项服务价值变化来看,水源涵养、废物处理和食物生产服务功能价值则呈现出减小趋势,其中,以水源涵养减幅最大,为4.01%,主要是由该区建设用地增加,地面硬化面积增多而引起的。研究认为,济南市南部山区作为重要的泉水补给区,其生态服务功能尤为重要,特别是水源涵养功能,因此,研究区水源涵养服务功能价值的降低应在今后南部山区开发过程中得到足够的重视与保护,逐步增加泉水补给区的整体生态效益。