利用防火墙软件实现市、县局用户共享上网

介绍采用W inRoute F irewall软件实现市、县局用户共享上网的方法,使市县局用户既能共享网络资源,又能有效地保障网络安全。     

内蒙古气象资料信息化共享服务系统设计与实现

内蒙古气象资料信息化共享服务系统是一个以档案资料信息化数据资源为核心的信息规范化共享的应用服务系统,为用户提供基于元数据技术的用户分类数据分级的查询检索服务系统。文章重点介绍了系统建设依据和目标、建设思路和原则、系统总体结构设计、系统建设内容和功能。     

移动气象信息共享系统服务器端的设计与实现

本文按照软件工程的思想和方法阐述了移动气象信息共享系统服务器端的设计与实现,系统基于B/S模式架构的共享系统,为用户提供高质量的气象信息服务。     

Windows NT Server的权限管理介绍

通过介绍“共享目录”、“用户权力”、“对象权限”和“共享权限”4者之间的区别与联系，阐明进行NT权限管理的有效方法。     

基于虚拟化云网盘的气象数据共享和交换应用实现

从气象数据共享和交换应用的现状和需求、基于虚拟化云网盘的气象数据交换共享应用实现的技术体现和应用部署中,体现应用特点和实施效果:达到提高现有资源的利用效率和可用性,高效实现市级气象资源的动态利用,气象共享和交换数据的集中存储、应用和灾备恢复功能等目的。提供多平台、多手段数据交换共享支持,在对各用户访问权限安全控制的前提下,开辟气象办公、气象数据共享和交换新途径,达到提升市-县气象局间和市级气象局-市防灾减灾决策部门、气象用户间数据交换与共享效率的有效尝试。     

气象卫星云图的远程传输显示

驻马店地区气象局研制的气象卫星云图远程传输显示系统,经对卫星云图的压缩、显示,可使远程用户共享卫星云图资源。     

FTP服务器的建立及客户端的使用

利用FTP文件传输协议,使用Serv-U软件构建FTP服务器,使客户端用户能够通过互联网访问FTP服务器,进行信息资源的共享和传输。     

FTP服务器的建立及客户端的使用

利用FTP文件传输协议,使用Serv-U软件构建FTP服务器,使客户端用户能够通过互联网访问FTP服务器,进行信息资源的共享和传输.     

基于.NET技术的暴雨洪涝数据共享网站的设计与实践

采用MS.NET平台,利用ASP.NET、Web Services、数据加密及用户认证等技术,在研究各类暴雨洪涝标准及数据集的基础上,建立了长江中上游地区暴雨洪涝数据库及共享网站,实现了用户的认证机制和暴雨洪涝数据分布式服务,为用户提供长江中上游地区9省市暴雨洪涝相关的历史和实时信息.     

国家气象网络计算应用节点门户系统的设计与实现

作为对外共享高性能计算资源的主要通道,门户系统是国家气象网络计算应用节点项目的首要开发任务之一。门户系统从设计上划分为服务中心门户、用户接入门户、气象模式应用门户等3个子系统。服务中心门户是整个项目平台的对外Web入口,提供项目规划、进展汇报、资源信息、用户支持、使用帮助等方面信息。用户接入门户完成用户登录进入气象网络节点的用户认证和访问控制功能,同时提供用户进入系统后共享资源的主要页面。气象模式应用门户,以Web方式来共享使用承载于高性能计算机系统上的气象模式。系统的开发中采用了J2EE的Servlet/JSP Web组件技术,在“Eclipse lomboz插件”集成环境进行开发调试。目前已经完成了3个门户子系统主要模块的开发,并已集成打包为一整体,运行于中国气象局国家园区网内。     

Strategies to adapt to an uncertain climate change

Many decisions concerning long-lived investments already need to take into account climate change. But doing so is not easy for at least two reasons. First, due to the rate of climate change, new infrastructure will have to be able to cope with a large range of changing climate conditions, which will make design more difficult and construction more expensive. Second, uncertainty in future climate makes it impossible to directly use the output of a single climate model as an input for infrastructure design, and there are good reasons to think that the needed climate information will not be available soon. Instead of optimizing based on the climate conditions projected by models, therefore, future infrastructure should be made more robust to possible changes in climate conditions. This aim implies that users of climate information must also change their practices and decision-making frameworks, for instance by adapting the uncertainty-management methods they currently apply to exchange rates or R&D outcomes. Five methods are examined: (i) selecting “no-regret” strategies that yield benefits even in absence of climate change; (ii) favouring reversible and flexible options; (iii) buying “safety margins” in new investments; (iv) promoting soft adaptation strategies, including long-term prospective; and (v) reducing decision time horizons. Moreover, it is essential to consider both negative and positive side-effects and externalities of adaptation measures. Adaptation–mitigation interactions also call for integrated design and assessment of adaptation and mitigation policies, which are often developed by distinct communities.     

How to attribute market leakage to CDM projects

Abstract

Economic studies suggest that market leakage rates of greenhouse gas abatement can reach the two-digit percentage range. Although the Marrakesh Accords require Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects to account for leakage, most projects neglect market leakage. Insufficient leakage accounting is facilitated by a lack of applicable methods regarding the quantification and attribution of project-related leakage effects. This article proposes a method for attributing CDM-related market leakage effects to individual projects. To this purpose, alternative attribution methods are analysed. We find that project-specific approaches fail to take account of market leakage effects. Consequently, we propose to estimate aggregate market leakage effects and attribute them proportionally to individual projects. We suggest that predetermined commodity-specific leakage factors are applied by project developers to any emission reductions that are associated with a project's leakage-relevant demand or supply changes. This approach is conservative, equitable, incentive-compatible and applicable at manageable costs.     

An approach to adaptation to climate changes in Poland

Adopted by COP 10 (Dec 1/CP.10) and approved by the MOP1, the Buenos Aires programme of adaptation and response measures opens doors to intensify preparations for expected climate change. By this decision the COP, requested the SBSTA to develop a structured 5-year programme of work of the SBSTA on the scientific, technical and socio-economic aspects of impacts of, and vulnerability and adaptation to, climate change. Consequently, the COP, by its decision 2/CP.11, adopted the “Five-year programme of work of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change” Finally during COP12 this programme was approved as “Nairobi Work Programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change”. This programme has fundamental significance not only for developing countries, but also for industrialized nations in which some sectors of the or social life are particularly vulnerable to climate change, specifically, inter alia EIT countries and new EU Member States. Further development of this adaptation programme economy should contain steps that provide optimum economic and social effectiveness, risk management, identification of vulnerable sectors and gaps in knowledge, preparation of a list of policy options, including an analysis of cost effectiveness, selection of the most effective policies, and a preparedness implementation plan. In Poland the preliminary adaptation programme covered agriculture, water management, and coastal zone management. For the time being, gaps in knowledge and preparedness measures have been identified. An estimation of possible impact on these areas was based on chosen GCMs, and sea level rise IPCC scenarios. In conclusion, it was stated that the results achieved should be seen as a first step forward and a more comprehensive study is necessary to update the results and cover other sectors of the economy, such as health protection, spatial planning, ecosystems and forestry, and to develop specific guidelines and recommendations for policy-makers.     

荔波菊苣引种试验

菊苣为多年生草本植物,主要用作畜牧饲料,有较高的经济价值,对发展畜牧业有重要意义,通过菊苣引种试验成功分析,提出菊苣适合在荔波县推广种植。     

如何将DOMINO邮件数据库移动到另外一个分区

随着用户的增多,MOMINO邮件服务器上的硬盘空间越来越少,如果不增加硬盘空间,将会严重影响到系统的运行,甚至死机.一个解决方案是:为服务器新增一个大硬盘,将数据库文件移到新硬盘上.如何以最小的代价、最快的速度、尽量不影响用户的正常使用来完成此项工作呢?通过查询相关资料,并做了实验,发现有两种方法相对简单.     

Linear response functions to project contributions to future sea level

We propose linear response functions to separately estimate the sea-level contributions of thermal expansion and solid ice discharge from Greenland and Antarctica. The response function formalism introduces a time-dependence which allows for future rates of sea-level rise to be influenced by past climate variations. We find that this time-dependence is of the same functional type, R(t) ～ t ^α, for each of the three subsystems considered here. The validity of the approach is assessed by comparing the sea-level estimates obtained via the response functions to projections from comprehensive models. The pure vertical diffusion case in one dimension, corresponding to α =  ?0.5, is a valid approximation for thermal expansion within the ocean up to the middle of the twenty first century for all Representative Concentration Pathways. The approximation is significantly improved for α =  ? 0.7. For the solid ice discharge from Greenland we find an optimal value of α =  ?0.7. Different from earlier studies we conclude that solid ice discharge from Greenland due to dynamic thinning is bounded by 0.42 m sea-level equivalent. Ice discharge induced by surface warming on Antarctica is best captured by a positive value of α = 0.1 which reflects the fact that ice loss increases with the cumulative amount of heat available for softening the ice in our model.     

Options to overcome the barriers to pricing European agricultural emissions

Although agriculture could contribute substantially to European emission reductions, its mitigation potential lies untapped and dormant. Market-based instruments could be pivotal in incentivizing cost-effective abatement. However, sector specificities in transaction costs, leakage risks and distributional impacts impede its implementation. The significance of such barriers critically hinges on the dimensions of policy design. This article synthesizes the work on emissions pricing in agriculture together with the literature on the design of market-based instruments. To structure the discussion, an options space is suggested to map policy options, focusing on three key dimensions of policy design. More specifically, it examines the role of policy coverage, instruments and transfers to farmers in overcoming the barriers. First, the results show that a significant proportion of agricultural emissions and mitigation potential could be covered by a policy targeting large farms and few emission sources, thereby reducing transaction costs. Second, whether an instrument is voluntary or mandatory influences distributional outcomes and leakage. Voluntary instruments can mitigate distributional concerns and leakage risks but can lead to subsidy lock-in and carbon price distortion. Third, the impact on transfers resulting from the interaction of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) with emissions pricing will play a key role in shaping political feasibility and has so far been underappreciated.

POLICY RELEVANCE

Following the 2015 Paris Agreement, European climate policy is at a crossroads. Achieving cost-effectively the 2030 and 2050 European targets requires all sectors to reduce their emissions. Yet, the cornerstone of European climate policy, the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), covers only about half of European emissions. Major sectors have been so far largely exempted from carbon pricing, in particular transport and agriculture. While transport has been increasingly under the spotlight as a possible candidate for an EU ETS sectoral expansion, policy discussions on pricing agricultural emissions have been virtually absent. This article attempts to fill this gap by investigating options for market-based instruments to reduce agricultural emissions while taking barriers to implementation into account.     

Learning to Adapt: Organisational Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts

Analysis of human adaptation to climate change should be based on realistic models of adaptive behaviour at the level of organisations and individuals. The paper sets out a framework for analysing adaptation to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change in business organisations with new evidence presented from empirical research into adaptation in nine case-study companies. It argues that adaptation to climate change has many similarities with processes of organisational learning. The paper suggests that business organisations face a number of obstacles in learning how to adapt to climate change impacts, especially in relation to the weakness and ambiguity of signals about climate change and the uncertainty about benefits flowing from adaptation measures. Organisations rarely adapt ‘autonomously’, since their adaptive behaviour is influenced by policy and market conditions, and draws on resources external to the organisation. The paper identifies four adaptation strategies that pattern organisational adaptive behaviour.     

Framing the way to relate climate extremes to climate change

The atmospheric and ocean environment has changed from human activities in ways that affect storms and extreme climate events. The main way climate change is perceived is through changes in extremes because those are outside the bounds of previous weather. The average anthropogenic climate change effect is not negligible, but nor is it large, although a small shift in the mean can lead to very large percentage changes in extremes. Anthropogenic global warming inherently has decadal time scales and can be readily masked by natural variability on short time scales. To the extent that interactions are linear, even places that feature below normal temperatures are still warmer than they otherwise would be. It is when natural variability and climate change develop in the same direction that records get broken. For instance, the rapid transition from El Ni?o prior to May 2010 to La Ni?a by July 2010 along with global warming contributed to the record high sea surface temperatures in the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans and in close proximity to places where record flooding subsequently occurred. A commentary is provided on recent climate extremes. The answer to the oft-asked question of whether an event is caused by climate change is that it is the wrong question. All weather events are affected by climate change because the environment in which they occur is warmer and moister than it used to be.