大气边界的室内模拟研究—夹卷层温度场结构分析

利用室内水槽模拟大气对流边界层，并用多探头测量和光学方法测量分析夹卷层的夹卷过程和温度场结构。测量结果表明，夹卷层的温度场不同于各向同性湍流场，主要原因是夹卷层中含有一些大尺度的相干涡旋。     

对流边界层发展受覆盖逆温影响的大涡模拟研究

本文运用大涡模拟方法研究了存在覆盖逆温时对流边界层顶部的夹卷过程特征,并通过敏感性试验着重分析了在此情况之下的夹卷速度参数化问题,以及风切变的作用。模拟结果表明,初始覆盖逆温改变了夹卷层的结构特征,使得夹卷层结构参数明显增大,风切变使这一效应略有增强,以往关于夹卷速度的参数化方案不再适用。分析研究表明,在有覆盖逆温的情况下,夹卷层结构参数是控制夹卷速度的关键因子,应该将夹卷层结构参数作为变量引入夹卷速度参数化方案,该方案能够很好地预报出受覆盖逆温影响的对流边界层的发展过程。     

实验速度场测量技术及对流边界层特征研究

在对流槽中对对流边界层(CBL)温度场实验研究的基础上,进一步尝试通过实验技术测量速度场并分析研究CBL中的速度场特征。在应用PIV测量技术时选用铝粉作示踪粒子。实验证明了在混合层中速度分布明显具有对流边界层热泡特性;混合层顶部的速度分布很好地反应出夹卷层的结构特征;湍流速度特征量的垂直分布合理,与野外实测结果和类似的对流槽实验结果接近;误差分析表明示踪粒子的跟随性良好,粒子速度的测量结果能真实地反应流体的运动特征,从而得证了分析结果的可靠性。     

大涡模式垂直分辨率在夹卷及示踪物垂直传输模拟结果分析中的作用

基于敦煌野外观测资料和大涡模式,研究了垂直方向不同尺度湍涡对夹卷及示踪物垂直传输的影响,明确了模式垂直分辨率在模拟结果分析中的作用。结果表明:垂直方向上小尺度湍涡对夹卷作用贡献更大,小尺度湍涡较多时夹卷层相对更暖,而夹卷层厚度、夹卷强度和风速变化受垂直方向湍涡尺度影响较小。当垂直分辨率为50 m时,越往夹卷层上部,上升气流和下沉气流分布较多且强度较大;分辨率为10、20和30 m时,夹卷层各高度垂直速度、位温和示踪物浓度分布较接近。另外,垂直方向湍涡尺度对示踪物垂直传输高度影响不大,而对示踪物的空间分布有一定作用。当大尺度湍涡较多且强度较强时,越有利于将高浓度的示踪物向上传输。综合考虑到模式采用较高分辨率模拟时产生的噪音及计算时间等问题,认为模式采用30 m的垂直分辨率,既能较好地模拟出夹卷层平均结构特征,又能模拟出夹卷层湍流的精细分布,是较为理想的选择。     

基于激光雷达遥感和参数化模式研究城市混合层的发展机制

利用北京大学的微脉冲激光雷达(MPL)观测的偏南气流条件下的混合层高度和夹卷层厚度探测资料,研究简单天气条件下城市混合层的发展机制并与GB94的参数化方案相互映证.通过激光雷达遥感的混合层高度和夹卷层厚度计算了混合层顶的夹卷率A,得到其平衡夹卷阶段的值为0.24.在不考虑机械混合前提下反演了地面感热通量,结果表明遥感的反演值与梯度法的计算值有系统性偏差,但总体上仍旧有较好的相关.偏差量的大小反映了影响混合层发展的机械湍流的参数B,进一步通过GB91模式的模拟确定该参数的最佳值约为3.5.在此基础上讨论了混     

西南涡对流云中夹卷率的模拟研究

本文使用中尺度数值模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)模拟了2010年7月8—9日发生在四川盆地的一次西南涡降水天气过程,并计算该过程中零度层以下对流云中的夹卷率。从云内垂直特征看:云内的含水量、垂直风速和浮力都在云底之上随高度递增,而在云顶附近随高度递减;云内的湿静力能则主要随高度递减;夹卷率在云底以上随高度递减,而在云顶附近随高度递增,但是云顶高度越高,在云顶附近的递增趋势越不明显。另外,夹卷率和云内的云水、雨水含量都呈负相关,说明夹卷抑制了对流云的发展以及地面降水。当假设被夹卷的环境空气来自云边界附近时,计算所得的夹卷率值要大于假设夹卷空气远离云边界所得值,但这两种假设中夹卷率的其他特征是类似的。从演变特征看,夹卷率总体上随时间减小,这和这段时间内对流云整体发展增高有关。     

云中夹卷混合过程的研究进展

夹卷混合过程表征了云和环境空气之间的相互作用,是云物理和动力过程中不确定性最大的过程之一.它影响着暖云降水形成过程,气溶胶间接效应的强度,云-气候之间的反馈等.本文总结了夹卷混合机制的含义和分类,云降水物理和光学性质的重要性,以及夹卷混合过程的定量描述和参数化.在此基础上,指出了夹卷混合过程研究的难点和未来的研究方向.     

大气温度微结构观测

1980年5月和9月在天津地区用铂丝电阻温度计测量了3000米高度以下大气的温度起伏。白天的测量结果说明了温度结构常数和谱的一些特征。 证实了结构常数廓线在对流边界层顶的介面层有一个可能由夹卷作用产生的极大值。文章还讨论了界面层C_T~2的平均值及其Wanaaard的计算方法,给出了界面层的厚度。 谱分析表明,对流边界层、自由大气中的强湍流带有较宽的惯性区。在自由大气中谱分析将受湍流间歇性的影响。在塘沽附近海面上边界层的上半部曾得到幂率为—2.5的谱。     

从夹卷的角度探讨雾不同阶段微物理量的变化机理

夹卷混合过程作为影响云雾的主要物理过程之一,对云雾的生命周期、云雾降水的形成过程、辐射传输过程和气溶胶间接效应等都有着重要影响。本文从微物理和动力两个方面探讨辐射雾中的夹卷混合机制,既促进对夹卷混合机制的理论认识,又从新的角度来讨论辐射雾的发展消亡过程。利用2006年和2007年冬季在南京进行的雾综合观测的资料,研究了9个个例中的夹卷混合机制。首先,针对2007年12月10～11日这一次辐射雾过程进行详细分析,探讨了不同阶段微物理量的变化和夹卷混合机制。结果表明:成熟阶段主要为极端非均匀夹卷混合机制,数浓度和含水量同时减小,体积平均半径却基本保持不变;快速消散阶段主要为均匀夹卷混合机制,各微物理量同时减小,互为正相关关系。除了微物理,本文也分析了夹卷混合机制的动力特征,计算了过渡尺度数,发现在成熟（快速消散）阶段,过渡尺度数小（大）,有利于极端非均匀（均匀）夹卷混合机制的发生。其次,分析了其他8个个例中微物理量之间的相关关系,发现体积平均半径和含水量之间主要呈正相关关系,以均匀夹卷混合为主。所得结果有助于夹卷混合机制参数化方案的开发,同时为辐射雾的模拟预报提供参考。     

夹卷对郊外大气边界层内臭氧影响的数值模拟研究

夹卷是大气边界层与自由大气进行能量和物质交换的重要途径,对边界层动力结构及边界层内温度、水汽和各种污染物浓度有重要影响。利用化学-地表-大气-土壤(CLASS)模式定量评估了夹卷过程对远郊地区大气边界层内臭氧（O₃）浓度的影响并与大气化学反应贡献进行了对比,结合地面O₃、NO_x及边界层高度、位温和比湿等观测资料和再分析资料对CLASS模拟结果进行了定量评估。结果表明:CLASS模式能较为真实地模拟夹卷和大气光化学反应对远郊地区大气边界层臭氧浓度的影响,且当自由大气层内臭氧浓度达到一定值时,两者对边界层内臭氧峰值影响相当。数值试验结果进一步揭示,夹卷对控制氮氧化物（NO_X）和可挥发性有机物(VOC_S)排放源控制效果有重要影响,且当夹卷区内O₃跳跃值增大到一定时,可完全抵消源排放减排控制的效果。本研究旨在表明,为有效控制近地层臭氧浓度,在制定人为污染源减排措施时必须考虑自由大气层臭氧的夹卷贡献。      

On the analytical solution for two-dimensional convective plume and analytical modeling of the entrainment zone thickness

Analytical solution for two-dimensional thermal plume updraft velocity is obtained under the assumption of a uniform temperature excess inside the plume. In this way, the thermal plume motion is modeled in both mixed layer and entrainment zone. Also, a semi-analytical solution is obtained using an empirical model for the plume temperature excess in the mixed layer. In addition, an analytical model for entrainment zone thickness is obtained by computing the overshoot distance of the modeled plumes, and a semi-analytical model by using the empirical model for plume temperature. By using a nonlinear profile for the lapse rate in the surface layer based on the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, our model predicts that the characteristics of the surface layer plays an important role in the structure of the entrainment zone. Finally, our solutions for plume velocity allow us to consider the effect of the lateral entrainment on the plume excess temperature and velocity in the convective boundary layer. It is shown that the lateral entrainment has an important role on the plume dynamics and the solutions in the zero entrainment limit offer large overestimated values for the plume velocity, which also result in overestimated values of the entrainment zone thickness.     

Three-dimensional numerical study of turbulence in an entraining mixed layer

The mean structure calculated by a three-dimensional numerical model of a heated planetary boundary layer, in simulation of DAY 33 of the Australian Wangara data, has been previously described. The present study supplements it by describing properties of the calculated turbulence.A major finding is the importance of entrainment upon turbulence statistics relating to specific humidity, relative to those for potential temperature. The variances, skewness and spectra of velocity, temperature and humidity are presented, as are budget equations for kinetic energy, temperature and humidity variances and heat/moisture fluxes. These are interpreted with regard to the relative importance of the surface flux vs the flux due to entrainment at the top of the mixed layer, and in regard to the structure which would occur if the entrainment were to vanish.The Rotte-type closure assumption is tested for the correlation between the pressure fluctuation and the vertical gradient of vertical velocity, potential temperature, or specific humidity, and found to be qualitatively correct except near the top of the mixed layer.NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation (U.S.A.).     

Sensitivity of tropical Atlantic climate to mixing in a coupled ocean–atmosphere model

The sensitivity of tropical Atlantic climate to upper ocean mixing is investigated using an ocean-only model and a coupled ocean–atmosphere model. The upper ocean thermal structure and associated atmospheric circulation prove to be strongly related to the strength of upper ocean mixing. Using the heat balance in the mixed layer it is shown that an excessively cold equatorial cold tongue can be attributed to entrainment flux at the base of the oceanic mixed layer, that is too large. Enhanced entrainment efficiency acts to deepen the mixed layer and causes strong reduction in the upper ocean divergence in the central equatorial Atlantic. As a result, the simulated sea surface temperature, thermocline structure, and upwelling velocities are close to the observed estimates. In the coupled model, the seasonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) reduces when the entrainment efficiency in the oceanic mixed layer is enhanced. The precipitation rates decrease in the equatorial region and increase along 10°N, resulting in a more realistic Atlantic Marine ITCZ. The reduced meridional surface temperature gradient in the eastern tropical Atlantic prohibits the development of convective precipitation in the southeastern part of the tropical Atlantic. Also, the simulation of tropical Atlantic variability as expressed in the meridional gradient mode and the eastern cold tongue mode improves when the entrainment efficiency is enhanced.     

Impacts of Aerosol Shortwave Radiation Absorption on the Dynamics of an Idealized Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer

We investigated the impact of aerosol heat absorption on convective atmospheric boundary-layer (CBL) dynamics. Numerical experiments using a large-eddy simulation model enabled us to study the changes in the structure of a dry and shearless CBL in depth-equilibrium for different vertical profiles of aerosol heating rates. Our results indicated that aerosol heat absorption decreased the depth of the CBL due to a combination of factors: (i) surface shadowing, reducing the sensible heat flux at the surface and, (ii) the development of a deeper inversion layer, stabilizing the upper CBL depending on the vertical aerosol distribution. Steady-state analytical solutions for CBL depth and potential temperature jump, derived using zero-order mixed-layer theory, agreed well with the large-eddy simulations. An analysis of the entrainment zone heat budget showed that, although the entrainment flux was controlled by the reduction in surface flux, the entrainment zone became deeper and less stably stratified. Therefore, the vertical profile of the aerosol heating rate promoted changes in both the structure and evolution of the CBL. More specifically, when absorbing aerosols were present only at the top of the CBL, we found that stratification at lower levels was the mechanism responsible for a reduction in the vertical velocity and a steeper decay of the turbulent kinetic energy throughout the CBL. The increase in the depth of the inversion layer also modified the potential temperature variance. When aerosols were present we observed that the potential temperature variance became significant already around $0.7z_i$ (where $z_i$ is the CBL height) but less intense at the entrainment zone due to the smoother potential temperature vertical gradient.     

Entrainment effects in the well-mixed atmospheric boundary layer

We discuss the structure and evolution of a cloud-free atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) during daytime over land, starting from a shallow ABL at sunrise and developing into a deep ABL with strong convection in the afternoon. The structure of the turbulence in the lower half of a convective ABL capped by an inversion is reasonably well understood. Less is known about the details of the turbulence in higher regions affected by entrainment, because of the difficulty in taking turbulence measurements there. For the evolution in time of the height of the ABL and its mean potential temperature mixed-layer models have been developed that give satisfactory agreement with observations. It has been shown that for many practical applications accurate knowledge of forcing functions and boundary conditions is more important than a refinement of the entrainment hypothesis. Observations show that the assumption of well-mixedness of first-order moments of conservative variables is not valid for all quantities. A simple similarity relation for the inclusion of the effect of entrainment on the shape of the vertical profiles is given.     

Scaling Variances of Scalars in a Convective Boundary Layer Under Different Entrainment Regimes

For the presentation and analysis of atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) data, scales are used to non-dimensionalise the observed quantities and independent variables. Usually, the ABL height, surface sensible heat flux and surface scalar flux are used. This works well, so long as the absolute values of the entrainment ratio for both the scalar and temperature are similar. The entrainment ratio for temperature naturally ranges from −0.4 to −0.1. However, the entrainment ratio for passive scalars can vary widely in magnitude and sign. Then the entrainment flux becomes relevant as well. The only customary scalar scale that takes into account both the surface flux and the entrainment flux is the bulk scalar scale, but this scale is not well-behaved for large negative entrainment ratios and for an entrainment ratio equal to −1. We derive a new scalar scale, using previously published large-eddy simulation results for the convective ABL. The scale is derived under the constraint that scaled scalar variance profiles are similar at those heights where the variance producing mechanisms are identical (i.e., either near the entrainment layer or near the surface). The new scale takes into account that scalar variance in the ABL is not only related to the surface flux of that scalar, but to the scalar entrainment flux as well. Furthermore, it takes into account that the production of variance by the entrainment flux is an order of magnitude larger than the production of variance by the surface flux (per unit flux). Other desirable features of the new scale are that it is always positive (which is relevant when scaling standard deviations) and that the scaled variances are always of order 1–10.     

对流边界层大涡模式的改进及对夹卷速度的研究

对已建的对流边界层(CBL)大涡模式进行了改进，将次网格闭合方案改为次网格能量闭合，并考虑了水汽的源汇项和水汽相变潜热的作用。通过对均匀下垫面上由热扰动发展的对流边界层的模拟及与实验结果的比较表明，模式较好地模拟了对流边界层的主要物理结构，较好地反映了各物理量之间的对应关系。本文在一定的对流理查森数(Ri*)范围内给出了一些算例，对无量纲夹卷速度(We/W*)进行了研究。结果表明，无量纲夹卷速度随地表热通量(Qs)的增大而增大，随对流边界层上部温度递减率（γ)的增大而减小。当9.06≤Ri*≤45.29时，无量纲夹卷速度We/W*可以拟合成A(Ri*)-1的形式，其中A=0.226。并且与我们的对流槽实验结果，Sullivan等人的大涡模拟结果以及Deardorff等人的对流槽实验结果作了比较，四者吻合较好。     

Entrainment Processes in the Convective Boundary Layer with Varying Wind Shear

Large-eddy simulations (LES) are performed to investigate the entrainment andthe structure of the inversion layer of the convective boundary layer (CBL) withvarying wind shears. Three CBLs are generated with the constant surface kinematicheat flux of 0.05 K m s^-1 and varying geostrophic wind speeds from 5 to 15m s^-1. Heat flux profiles show that the maximum entrainment heat flux as afraction of the surface heat flux increases from 0.13 to 0.30 in magnitude withincreasing wind shear. The thickness of the entrainment layer, relative to the depthof the well-mixed layer, increases substantially from 0.36 to 0.73 with increasingwind shear. The identification of vortices and extensive flow visualizations nearthe entrainment layer show that concentrated vortices perpendicular to the meanboundary-layer wind direction are identified in the capping inversion layer for thecase of strong wind shear. These vortices are found to develop along the mean winddirections over strong updrafts, which are generated by convective rolls and to appearas large-scale wavy motions similar to billows generated by the Kelvin–Helmholtzinstability. Quadrant analysis of the heat flux shows that in the case of strong windshear, large fluctuations of temperature and vertical velocity generated by largeamplitude wavy motions result in greater heat flux at each quadrant than that inthe weak wind shear case.     

Lidar measurements of the atmospheric entrainment zone and the potential temperature jump across the top of the mixed layer

Lidar measurements of the thickness of the atmospheric entrainment zone are presented. The measurements were obtained in central Illinois during 6 days of clear-air convection.A new method was developed to monitor the potential temperature jump across the entrainment zone. A single early morning temperature sounding and continuous lidar measurements of the mixed-layer height provide potential temperature jump values which agree well with in situ observations.Lidar measurements of the thickness of the entrainment zone normalized by mixed-layer depth are presented as a function of a convective Richardson number; these values show reasonable agreement with published laboratory results. The lidar observations span a wider range of mixed-layer depths and contain higher values of the normalized entrainment rate (dh/dt)/w _* than those observed in tank studies. Both lidar and tank results show that simple parcel theory does not properly predict entrainment-zone thickness. During this experiment which examined mostly high entrainment conditions, the normalized entrainment-layer thickness was linearly dependent on entrainment rate.