云特征参数与降水相关性的研究

利用FY2C卫星和探空反演得到的云结构特征参数,结合地面降水,研究了云顶高度、光学厚度、云粒子有效半径和云厚度等云结构参数与降水的关系,并分类研究了层状云和对流云在不同降水强度情况下,云参数的频数分布规律及其与降水的关系。结果表明：通常云厚大于5km、云底较低、云粒子有效半径较大时,地面易出现降水,若云顶高于10km、云光学厚度大于20且云中无夹层或夹层稀薄时,地面雨强多大于1mm/h;对于层状云降水,当云光学厚度大于17时,地面出现降水的概率较大,随光学厚度值增加,地面雨强呈增大趋势;对于对流云降水,云顶高度和光学厚度相关性较好,云光学厚度大于17且云顶高于7km时,地面出现降水的概率较大,当光学厚度大于20时,地面雨强明显增大;层状云和对流云的降水概率均随云顶高度和光学厚度的增加而增大,降水概率与云光学厚度的相关性更为密切,光学厚度小于10的云很难产生降水,而云光学厚度大于20时,层状云和对流云的降水概率都会显著增加;综合云体的高度、厚度和云光学厚度等云参量的组合特征,对分析判断地面降水落区和降水强度更加有效。     

基于CloudSat–CALIPSO资料的全球不同类型云的水平和垂直分布特征

基于Cloud Sat-CALIPSO(Cloud Sat–Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations)卫星观测资料,分析了全球总云量和8类云的云量、云底高、云顶高、云厚度的水平和垂直分布。分析结果表明,全球平均总云量为66.7%,其中卷云(Ci)和层积云(Sc)云量之和与其他6类云量总和相当,是全球云量最多的两类云。积状云云量呈现从赤道向极地递减的特征,层状云则相反,反映了二者不同的生成环境,同时下垫面地形和天气系统也严重影响云的分布。8类云的高度及厚度特征有显著差异。Ci的云底高度和云顶高度都较高,厚度则较薄;高层云(As)和高积云(Ac)的云底高度和云顶高度都位于大气中层,但As比Ac出现的高度高且厚度大;层云(St)、层积云和积云(Cu)的云底高度和云顶高度都很低,属于薄的低云;雨层云(Ns)和深对流云(DC)云底较低但云顶伸展很高,归属于厚云类。总体而言,海洋上云底高度较陆地低;赤道等大气不稳定地区,云底较高,云厚度较大;高原地区则表现出"高云不高,低云不低,云厚较薄"的特征。     

一次降水性层积云系的微物理特征分析

利用飞机云微物理探测资料,对2004年6月29日甘肃省东南部地区一次层积云(Sc)降水云系的微物理结构特征进行了详细的分析。飞机探测表明,此次云系主要分为两层,上层是纯冷性高积云(Ac),下层是层积云,观测分析主要针对Sc云。对不同高度层及Sc云顶附近的云粒子探测数据的分析结果表明,Sc云中云粒子的垂直及水平特征具有明显的不均匀性;Sc云区下层粒子特征参量起伏变化大,上层起伏变化小;云中含水量和大粒子浓度随高度升高有递增趋势。同一高度云区的粒子特征参量存在差别,表明即使在云区同一高度,不同水平区域的粒子形成和增长条件也有差异。Sc云中含水量较大,暖区最大液水含量达0.34 g·m-3。Sc云底有较强的逆温层存在,对云底附近的微物理结构特征造成一定影响,使得较小的云滴在逆温层顶附近和逆温层下部累积,含水量增大,但对较大尺度的液滴影响不明显。Sc云中不同高度处普遍存在暖雨过程,以Sc中部最为活跃;云顶附近冰相粒子的存在对云中暖云过程具有增强作用,对降水有利。     

基于北京多源资料的云宏观特征判识北大核心CSCD

获取准确的云高及其变化特征,对于揭示天气系统的演变以及改进气候模式具有重要作用。由于不同设备观测云高的不确定性,将锋区要素不连续变化理论引入云高分析中,将云底部、云顶部大气的交界过渡带区域视为云锋区,研究探空、毫米波雷达、风廓线雷达等不同类型设备观测要素在云锋区及云外环境大气的变化特征。对流云和层状云个例研究表明:在云锋区,温湿度及雷达反射率因子随高度的一阶、二阶导数均呈不连续现象(即一阶、二阶导数值在云内外和云锋区表现为不相等),风廓线雷达信噪比垂直梯度也出现突变,因此不同设备观测云高具有较好空间一致性,并得到云底和云顶高度的合理范围和相应判据;相对于层状云,对流云内外温度梯度差异以及云体内反射率因子二阶导数的脉动变化幅度均偏大,因此可作为区分二者的参考指标。     

河北省一次降水云系云物理结构的飞机探测研究

利用机载粒子测量系统资料、天气雷达和Ka波段云雷达资料,分析了2017年5月22日河北省一次低槽冷锋降水过程积层混合云的微物理结构。结果表明:降水云系出现在低槽槽前西南气流中,积层混合云为大范围的层状云系中镶嵌大量对流云核结构,0℃层高度位于3577—4004m,随降水过程发展0℃层高度降低,嵌入的对流加强将抬升云顶高度。云内粒子浓度随云内对流的发生和加强而提高,云粒子浓度从1.8×10^5L^-1上升至5.0×10^5L^-1;云内过冷水含量大幅提高,从0.05g·m^-3上升至0.60g·m^-3,冷云中上层过冷水含量可长时间维持在0.20g·m^-3,中上层过冷水占比达60%。对流发生和加强可提高冰晶粒子增长速度,弱对流区冷云低层出现冰晶粒子浓度爆发增长区,强对流区冷云中上层成为冰晶粒子浓度快速增长区;最大降水粒子直径从8000μm增长至10000μm以上,直径在10000μm以上降水粒子谱分布区域从云底向中上层拓展。     

面向业务应用的上海地区毫米波云雷达观测质量评估

基于宝山国家基本气象站部署的毫米波云雷达2019年的观测数据,辅以激光雨滴谱、微雨雷达、探空资料、风云四号卫星产品、地面雨量计等多元观测数据,从探测稳定性、探测能力、基数据和产品数据探测合理性等方面开展了毫米波云雷达观测质量评估。结果表明:毫米波云雷达在试验期间仅出现单次软件故障,且基数据全年获取率高于95％,探测稳定性较好;毫米波云雷达各高度最小可测回波强度位于-40～-20 dBZ,并随高度呈现出与理论相符的指数递减;9 km高度以下最小回波强度变化小于2 dB,最小回波探测能力稳定性较高,在降水率达到4～5 mm/h时,毫米波云雷达会出现强衰减导致的虚假晴空区。虽然多部毫米波云雷达的基数据存在差异,但与地面雨滴谱计算回波强度和微型雨雷达观测回波强度具有一致的垂直分布及时间演变特征。毫米波云雷达探测云顶云底高度与探空资料估算云顶云底高度、风云四号卫星反演云顶高度具有一定的一致性。拼接缝和距离旁瓣虚假回波是较为直观且能够对业务化应用产生直接影响的问题。     

利用星载激光雷达资料研究东亚地区云垂直分布的统计特征

已有研究表明: 云的垂直结构(简称CVS)是一个在卫星资料反演和气候模式预测中很重要的云特征。本文通过利用美国2006年刚发射的卫星CALIPSO (Cloud－Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) 所负载的激光雷达Level 2_05km的云数据, 研究了东亚地区(18°N～53°N, 74°E～144°E) 云的垂直分布特征。结果表明: 东亚地区多层云云量在夏季、秋季、冬季、春季分别为43.6%、29.6%、21.1%、33.3%, 而多层云分布中双层云比例最大。云顶和云底高度除了随季节变化显著外, 还有明显的区域特征。单层云、 双层云以及三层云的云顶和云底高度的数据显示, 三层云中最上层的云顶和云底最高, 并始终高于两层云中最上层云的云顶和云底高度。平均云层厚度季节变化不明显, 其值普遍在0.9～2 km范围之间。而云层间距同样没有明显的季节和区域变化, 其出现的概率随距离的增大而减小。其中, 间距在0.35 km的概率最大, 占到将近50%。而间距在1.45 km附近的概率大约为15%, 高一点的可达到20%。     

深对流云输送对于对流层O3、NOx在分析的作用

利用一个冰雹云模式与云化学输送模块耦合而成的三维对流云化学／输送模式, 研究对流云对重要的大气污染物臭氧 （Ｏ３）、氮氧化物 （ＮＯｘ, 包括ＮＯ 和ＮＯ２） 的输送作用。模式较好地体现了一个单体积云的发展过程及其特征。云化学／输送模式的结果表明, 云内强烈的垂直输送能在３０ ｍ ｉｎ 左右, 把低层低体积分数的Ｏ３和高体积分数的ＮＯ２快速、有效地输送到对流层的上部, 造成化学物种的再分布。而在云顶附近, 由于对流穿透了对流层的顶部,造成了上层高体积分数Ｏ３的向下侵入,说明云的对流活动除了能把边界层内的污染物向上输送, 其夹卷作用还可以造成平流层和对流层化学物质的交换。     

NPP/VⅡRS卫星反演青藏高原夏季对流云微物理特征

青藏高原（下称高原）对东亚大气环流、气候变化及下游灾害性天气形成、发展有重要影响,研究青藏高原云微物理特征有重要意义。但因高原台站稀少,对云微物理研究不充分。NPP（National Polar-orbiting Partnership）卫星ⅦRS（Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite）传感器包含17个中分辨率通道（750 m）和5个高分辨通道（375 m）,具有反演初生小块对流云的优势,能够利用NPP/ⅦRS反演对流云的微物理特征。利用NPP/ⅦRS卫星格点对流云云物理自动反演（Automatic Mapping of Convective Clouds,AMCC）软件对高原地区2013-2017年夏季（6-8月）过境的ⅦRS资料进行了反演,得到了高原对流云的宏、微观物理特征,并计算了这些物理量在0.33°×0.33°格点上的平均值。分析得出如下结论:（1）反演云底温度（T_b）与那曲探空计算抬升凝结温度（T_LCL）线性相关,相关系数为0.87,均方根误差为3.0℃。（2）高原对流云宏、微观物理特征为:一是云底冷（T_b为-5℃）,云底离地高度为1800-2200 m,云内含水量低;二是云底云凝结核数浓度（N_CCN）为200-400个/mg,最大过饱和度（S_max）为0.7%,N_CCN少,S_max大,云滴凝结增长速率更快;三是降水启动厚度（D₁₄）小,为1500-2000 m,雅鲁藏布江流域及藏南地区D₁₄约500-1000 m,更加容易形成降水;四是云顶海拔高度为10-13 km,云厚度从南部5000 m逐渐减小到北部2500 m,云厚有限;五是晶化温度高,从中部、南部-30℃到北部-25℃,加之高原T_b < 0℃,使得云内降水粒子以冰相为主。（3）高原对流云的这些微物理特征决定了其降水具有多发、短时、量小、滴大的特点。这些结论进一步深化了对高原夏季对流云的科学认识。      

卫星遥感人工增雨作业条件 I: 对流云

利用卫星反演技术和云微物理分析方法,针对云微物理结构和降水形成过程探讨可播性、播撒方式,通过对不同类型对流云分析,归纳出4类可播云系,分析表明:1)重污染深厚对流云,当云底粒子有效半径小于7 μm、凝结增长带深厚、降水启动厚度大于20℃、碰并增长带薄、无雨胚带、晶化温度低于-30℃时,可播撒吸湿性核或播撒AgI.2)强上升冰雹云,若云外型强对流特征明显、各增长带增长缓慢、无雨胚带、晶化温度低于-30℃,且云顶附近存在明显的有效半径减小带,可播撒吸湿性核或播撒AgI.3)强上升强降水对流云,云底滴较大,通常大于10 μm,碰并增长较为充分,晶化温度低,一般低于-30℃,冰晶化延迟明显,冷云降水发展不充分,通过在0℃层附近播撒AgI促进冷云降水.4)污染性浅薄对流云,当云底有效半径小于10 μm、凝结增长带深厚、碰并增长带薄、无雨胚带、云顶有效半径小于14 μm、云厚3～6km,可播撒吸湿性核.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;