山谷逆温的下沉消散过程

利用四川西南山浴中测温声雷达和其它探测资料的分析结果表明,山谷逆温的下沉消散与动量下传有春消散时的突发性是否显著则与近地层热对流强度有关。山谷逆温下的沉消散的物理机制与辐射雾消散阶段雾顶逆温降低过程的物理机制不同。     

辐射雾微结构精细化观测研究

为研究FM-120雾滴谱仪不同采样频率(5 Hz、1 Hz) 对辐射雾微结构观测的影响,2020年冬季在连云港东海县开展了为期58 d的雾外场精细化观测。在2020年12月28日一次辐射雾过程中使用5 Hz和1 Hz两台不同频率的雾滴谱仪开展辐射雾精细化观测研究。研究发现,相较于1 Hz的观测结果,5 Hz更容易观测到雾的微物理量的极值。从整个雾过程来看,5 Hz雾滴谱仪平均成1 Hz后的结果在雾的形成和消散阶段与1 Hz雾滴谱仪的原始结果的相似度较低,但在雾的成熟和发展阶段相似度较高。从谱型来看,5 Hz和1 Hz观测到的谱型基本类似,主要差别出现在峰值。5 Hz和1 Hz均能反映此次雾过程中不同阶段微物理之间的关系,主要差别出现在雾的形成阶段,这可能是5 Hz在此阶段观测到的活化并凝结增长的新雾滴相对较少所导致。     

济南爆发性增强冬季雾的物理特征分析

利用宏、微观观测资料,分析了济南4次出现爆发性增强冬季雾过程的类型以及形成、发展、减弱和消散的主要机制,研究了形成、发展、成熟和减弱阶段,以及爆发性增强期间的微物理演变特征,探讨了爆发性增强的触发机制。结果表明：1）夜间地面长波辐射及弱冷空气入侵造成的气温下降是济南冬季雾形成和发展的主要因素,干冷空气入侵或日出后太阳辐射加热升温,近地层相对湿度下降是雾消散或减弱的主要机制。2）形成阶段,核化和凝结增长过程启动但并不活跃,碰并强度很弱,以未碰并和偶发碰并为主;发展阶段,核化和凝结增长等微物理过程开始活跃,碰并过程启动,大滴开始增多;成熟阶段,核化、凝结和碰并增长非常活跃,各微物理量均达到最大值,谱最宽;减弱阶段,核化、凝结过程减弱,碰并过程减弱并消失,雾滴蒸发,能见度增大。3）爆发性增强的宏观物理特征主要表现为极大风速增大、气温下降、相对湿度增大、水汽压下降;微观物理特征主要表现为数浓度、液态含水量等微物理量出现跃增,以及谱型由“单峰”结构突变为“多峰”结构。4）相对湿度增大主要与气温下降有关,水汽压下降则与异常活跃的凝结增长有关;气温下降是济南冬季雾爆发性增强的直接原因,弱水汽输送产生的增湿作用对爆发性增强具有一定的促进意义。     

积层混合云结构和云微物理的数值模拟

对三维非静力中尺度模式ARPS的云微物理方案进行了改进,利用改进后的模式模拟了华北地区的积层混合云降水个例,通过对模拟结果的分析并结合实况资料研究了积层混合云的降水特征、云物理结构特征和微物理过程。结果表明,积层混合云降水分布不均匀,雨区中存在多个强降水中心,云系中微物理量在水平和垂直方向上分布都不均匀,积云中的垂直液态水积分含量大大高于层云中含量,此次降水冰相过程占主导地位,霰的融化是最主要的雨生成项。     

层积云与积云中的微物理特征及其影响因子

美国大气辐射观测项目组进行的浅薄低云的光学辐射观测项目(RACORO)对出现在美国南部大平原的低云开展了为期五个月的观测,得到了大量层积云和积云中的数据。为了探究在层积云和积云中的微物理特征,采用伽马分布、对数正态分布、威布尔分布对微物理量的概率密度分布进行拟合,分析对比层积云和积云中微物理量的特征,并探讨两种云云滴谱离散度的影响因子。结果表明,以上三种概率分布函数对层积云和积云中的微物理量的概率密度分布拟合效果很好,绝大部分总体拟合度达到了0.80以上。综合看来,伽马分布对层积云内的微物理量拟合效果最好,对数正态分布对积云内的微物理量拟合效果最好。对比层积云与积云中微物理量的分布差异得到,在积云中云滴数浓度更高,而云滴的平均半径更小;积云含水量、标准差和离散度与层积云相当。在云滴谱离散度的影响因子方面,层积云和积云中离散度与云滴数浓度、垂直速度呈负相关关系,这是因为垂直速度越大,过饱和度越大,云滴浓度越大,离散度越小;垂直速度减小往往对应着夹卷增强和云滴蒸发,从而导致云滴浓度减小和离散度增大。     

海洋层积云中的云滴谱宽度及其影响因子

云滴谱宽度对模式中云的光学厚度的参数化、气溶胶间接效应的评估以及降水形成过程的研究至关重要。本文利用美国POST（Physics of Stratocumulus Top）项目2008年7月19日的飞机观测资料，分析了微物理量和云滴谱的垂直分布及微物理过程。结果表明，该云系云滴谱宽度在云底附近较大，这是由低层核化过程导致的；中层凝结增长过程使得云滴谱宽度随高度增加逐渐减小；云顶附近夹卷混合过程导致云滴谱宽度增大。绝热云中垂直速度的增大会促进云凝结核的活化使云滴数浓度增大，促进凝结增长使云滴尺度增大、云滴谱宽度减小，云滴谱宽度与云滴数浓度、云滴尺度呈现负相关关系；云洞中受夹卷混合过程影响，垂直速度减小，云滴蒸发，云滴数浓度和云滴尺度减小、云滴谱宽度增大，且该效应随绝热程度减小而增强。建议云滴谱宽度的参数化将垂直速度、云滴数浓度、云滴尺度和绝热程度等考虑在内。     

云中夹卷混合过程的研究进展

夹卷混合过程表征了云和环境空气之间的相互作用,是云物理和动力过程中不确定性最大的过程之一。它影响着暖云降水形成过程,气溶胶间接效应的强度,云-气候之间的反馈等。本文总结了夹卷混合机制的含义和分类,云降水物理和光学性质的重要性,以及夹卷混合过程的定量描述和参数化。在此基础上,指出了夹卷混合过程研究的难点和未来的研究方向。     

夹卷混合过程及其影响因子对云内过饱和度的影响

云内过饱和度是影响云宏微观物理特性的关键之一。利用显式混合气泡模式,首先研究了云滴周围过饱和度在夹卷混合过程中的演变特征,结果表明:过饱和度先因干空气作用减小,后因云滴蒸发作用增大,直到气块恢复饱和。随后分析了不同的热力、动力和微物理因子对过饱和度的减小幅度和饱和恢复快慢程度的影响。敏感性试验表明:减幅小、恢复快的因子是较大的卷入空气相对湿度和初始云滴数浓度;相对湿度越大,夹卷的影响越小;数浓度越大,云滴尺度越小,蒸发越快,对湿度的补充越强。减幅大、恢复慢的因子是较大的卷入空气比例;卷入空气越多,蒸发量越大。减幅大、恢复快的因子是较大的湍流动能耗散率;混合过程越快,云滴蒸发越快。研究结果有助于提升对夹卷混合过程和暖云降水理论的理解。     

黔西南州冬季辐射雾的形成及消散

利用经验公式检验2000—2004年黔西南州气象资料,分析黔西南冬季辐射雾形成的有利天气形势和物理量指标,并建立辐射雾生成和消散的预报方法。结果表明:当水汽条件一定时,近地面层大气降温幅度的差异,仅在一定程度上改变辐射雾的淡浓程度;低空含水量充沛,相对湿度大,在弱风甚至是静风条件下,如果本地上空有强大的的逆温层,则有利于辐射雾的形成;高湿性和高饱和性是形成辐射雾的物质基础和决定因素。     

浅水湖沼—陆面地区平流辐射雾的数值模拟

建立了一个二维时变数值模式,模拟了浅水湖沼—陆面地区平流辐射雾形成、演变和消散的基本过程。结果表明,地面温度迅速下降是成雾前的一个重要特征;浅水湖沼地区充沛的水汽对平流辐射雾的形成极为有利;平流作用可使辐射雾呈爆发性发展;长短波辐射与湍流混合的共同作用是辐射雾生消的主要物理机制;成雾后在雾顶的稍下方有长波辐射冷却率的极大区,最大值为２１×１０－３ｏＣ／ｓ（７６ｏＣ／ｈ）。模拟结果与观测事实基本一致。     

Examination of Microphysical Relationships and Corresponding Microphysical Processes in Warm Fogs

In this paper, the microphysical relationships of 8 dense fog events collected from a comprehensive fog observation campaign carried out at Pancheng（32.2 N, 118.7 E） in the Nanjing area, China in the winter of 2007 are investigated. Positive correlations are found among key microphysical properties（cloud droplet number concentration, droplet size, spectral standard deviation, and liquid water content） in each case, suggesting that the dominant processes in these fog events are likely droplet nucleation with subsequent condensational growth and/or droplet deactivation via complete evaporation of some droplets. The abrupt broadening of the fog droplet spectra indicates the occurrence of the collision-coalescence processes as well, although not dominating. The combined efects of the dominant processes and collision-coalescence on microphysical relationships are further analyzed by dividing the dataset according to visibility or autoconversion threshold in each case. The result shows that the specific relationships of number concentration to volume-mean radius and spectral standard deviation depend on the competition between the compensation of small droplets due to nucleation-condensation and the loss of small droplets due to collision-coalescence. Generally, positive correlations are found for diferent visibility or autoconversion threshold ranges in most cases, although negative correlations sometimes appear with lower visibility or larger autoconversion threshold. Therefore, the compensation of small droplets is generally stronger than the loss, which is likely related to the sufcient fog condensation nuclei in this polluted area.     

On the Evolution and Structure of a Radiation Fog Event in Nanjing

An extremely dense radiation fog event during 10-11 December 2007 was studied to understand its macro-micro-physics in relation to dynamic and thermodynamic structures of the boundary layer, as well as its structural evolution in conjunction with the air-surface exchange of heat and water vapor. The findings are as follows. The extreme radiation fog process was divisible into formation, development, mature, and dissipation phases, depending on microstructure and visibility. This fog event was marked by rapid evolution that occurred after sunrise, when enhanced surface evaporation and cold air intrusion led to a three order of magnitude increase in liquid water content (LWC) in just 20 minutes. The maximum droplet diameter (MDD) increased four-fold during the same period. The fog structure was two-layered, with the top of both the surface-layer and upper-layer components characterized by strong temperature and humidity inversions, and low-level jets existed in the boundary layer above each fog layer. Turbulence intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, and friction velocity differed remarkably from phase to phase: these features increased gradually before the fog formation and decreased during the development phase; during the mature and dissipation phases these characteristics increased and then decreased again. In the development and mature stages, the mean kinetic energy of the lower-level winds decreased pronouncedly, both in the horizontal and vertical directions.     

一次南海海雾微物理结构个例分析

本文利用2010年3月22～23日广东省湛江市一次海雾过程的雾滴谱和能见度资料,分析了海雾的微物理特征及微物理参量(数浓度、液态含水量和平均直径)之间的相关性,并讨论了影响海雾的主要物理过程。结果表明:湛江地区海雾的平均雾滴谱符合Junge分布;在海雾发展和成熟阶段,雾滴谱拓宽过程以及数浓度与平均直径的正相关关系表明本次海雾过程主要以雾滴活化和凝结增长过程为主;湍流过程的参与使得雾滴混合均匀,雾滴平均直径向3.5 μm附近集中,趋向平均化。同时湍流使雾体内部和外部空气交流,外部空气的凝结核核化,数浓度升高,凝结增长造成小雾滴变大。     

台风眼壁的云结构与降水形成机制分析

使用带有详细微物理过程的ARPS模式,对台风韦帕（Wipha）进行三重嵌套细网格模拟,利用模式结果,对台风眼壁强降水中心的云结构和降水形成机制进行分析,结果表明：冰相微物理过程是启动和形成台风眼壁暴雨的主要降水形成机制。在9000～14000 m高空,云水在很低的温度下经均质核化产生冰晶,或经非均质核化形成云冰;冰晶通过凝华增长（psfi,贝吉龙过程）、雨水收集云冰产生雪（praci）和冰晶粘附雨水成雪（piacr）过程生长为雪;霰产生主要包括4个过程：冰晶接触雨水使其成霰（piacr）、雪撞冻云水使其成霰（psacr）、雨水收集云冰转化成霰（praci）或雨水冻结为霰（pgfr）;霰粒子通过收集云冰干增长（dgaci）,霰撞冻云滴增长（dgacw）等过程生长;霰融化（pgmlt）和雪融化（psmlt）成雨水后再通过碰并云水等暖云生长过程,最后形成雨水。霰过程的强弱在雨水形成机制中很重要。（29.5°N、121.8°E）和（28.3°N、120.4°E）强降水中心冰晶转化率没有太大差别,但是（29.5°N、121.8°E）强降水中心上空冰晶通过贝吉龙过程快速成长为雪和霰,霰粒子增长过程远远强于（28.3°N、120.4°E）强降水中心,低空又有较高的云水转化率,使降水粒子在暖云中继续快速生长,冷暖云过程的有利配置使（29.5°N、121.8°E）出现较强雨水转化率。     

Optical properties of a vertically inhomogeneous mid-latitude mid-level mixed-phase altocumulus in the infrared region

A vertically inhomogeneous mid-latitude mixed-phase altocumulus cloud was observed around 17:26 UTC on Oct. 14, 2001 during the 9th Cloud Layer Experiment (CLEX9). In this study the microphysical and optical properties of this cloud are investigated on the basis of in-situ observed vertical profiles of particle size and habit distributions. Two cloud models, assuming that the cloud properties were vertically homogeneous and inhomogeneous, are adopted to derive the bulk optical and radiative properties of this cloud. The observed microphysical properties are combined with the theoretical solutions to the scattering and absorption properties of individual cloud particles to determine the bulk optical properties at various heights within the cloud layer. The single-scattering properties of spherical liquid water droplets and nonspherical ice crystals are obtained from the Lorenz–Mie theory and an existing database, respectively. The bulk microphysical and optical properties associated with the inhomogeneous model depend strongly on the height above the cloud-base whereas the dependence is smoothed out in the case of the homogeneous model. Furthermore, the transfer of infrared radiation is simulated in conjunction with the two cloud models. It is shown that the brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere in the case of the homogeneous model can be 1.5% (3.8 K) higher than their counterpart associated with the inhomogeneous cloud model. This result demonstrates that the effect of the vertical inhomogeneity of a mixed-phase cloud on its radiative properties is not negligible.     

一次深厚浓雾过程的边界层特征和生消物理机制

2007年12月13-14日,南京出现一次厚度达600 m、持续近14 h的浓雾过程,其中强浓雾阶段维持4 h.通过系留气球边界层探测系统、涡动协方差测量系统、雾滴尺度分布和自动气象站等外场试验资料分析了此次深厚浓雾过程的边界层结构特征和生消物理机制.结果表明,此次雾过程首先由地面辐射冷却形成贴地雾层,而后因低空平流冷却形成低云.在发展阶段,伴随低云不断下伸,贴地雾层不断抬升.在贴地雾层受到地面弱冷空气平流降温影响下,雾中微物理过程迅速发展,雾滴数密度、含水量、平均直径、最大直径等微物理参数在15 min内跃增,雾体爆发性升高,最终导致地面雾和低云上下贯通形成深厚雾层,地面能见度骤降至15 m以下.雾体爆发性增强时,地面垂直动量通量和向下长波辐射通量密度增大,净辐射趋于零.整个雾过程中,由于贴地层持续弱冷平流降温和上层雾阻碍了下层雾的辐射降温,二者的共同作用使贴地强逆温结构始终维持.     

ANALYSIS OF THE MICROPHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF RADIATION FOG IN XUANEN MOUNTAINOUS REGION OF HUBEI, CHINA

Based on data of radiation fog events in Xuanen, Hubei province, 2010, this paper analyzes the microphysical process and evolution characteristics of radiation fogs with complicated substrate in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and compares them with findings in other areas. Results are as follows: radiation fog in Xuanen is evidently weaker in droplet number concentration and liquid water content than land fogs in other areas. Its liquid water content fluctuates obviously, 0.01g/ m3 with visibility of 1,000 meters, which is quite different from that in urban areas, but similar to the Nanling Mountains. Bi-modal droplet distribution is likely to occur in Xuanen mountain radiation fog (MRF) events. Statistical analysis shows that the observed droplet size distribution can be piecewise described well by the Gamma distribution. There is a positive correlation between liquid water content, fog droplet concentration and mean radius, especially in the development and dissipation stage. Condensation growth and droplet evaporation are major processes of Xuanen MRF. The dissipation time coincided with the time when the grass temperature reached the peak value, which indicated that dew evaporation is a key role in maintaining Xuanen MRF. In the early stage of dense fog’s growth, droplets with diameter of over 20 micrometers can be observed with visibility of 800-1,000m, which might be caused by the transportation of low cloud droplets to earth’s surface by turbulence. Big droplets in the initial stage correspond to higher water content, leading to the higher observed value of water content of Xuanen MRF.     

Radiation Fog. Part I: Observations of Stability and Drop Size Distributions

Data from several cases of radiation fog occurring at the Met Office field site at Cardington, Bedfordshire, UK have been analyzed with a view to elucidating the typical evolution in its static stability from formation to dissipation. Typically the early stages of radiation fog are characterized by a stable thermal profile and a relatively shallow depth. However, when the fog reached approximately 100 m depth it was observed to become optically thick (to longwave radiation), with a subsequent change over several hours to a saturated adiabatic stability profile. At this time turbulence levels were seen to increase significantly. The mechanisms involved appear to be radiative cooling from fog top and a positive heat flux to the atmosphere from the soil. The importance of this change in stability for numerical modelling of fog episodes is discussed. Several case studies are made to gain some insight into how common this transition is. Droplet spectra were measured at 2-m height for many of the cases considered, and their evolution is discussed. It is found that distributions fall into an initial phase with small drop sizes (approximately ≤ 10 μm diameter) and concentration, and a mature phase with the appearance of much larger drop sizes with a mean diameter of approximately 15−20 μm. It is found that the appearance of the mature phase does not coincide with the change in stability from stable to saturated adiabatic, but there is some evidence that once a saturated adiabatic profile is established, the droplet spectra variations are significantly less than for the stable period. The observed evolution of these spectra brings into question the suitability of microphysical schemes that assume constant spectral shape, drop diameter, and number density.