常州市滆湖典型地块浅层地下水数值模拟

苏锡常地区是我国经济最发达的地区之一。多年来，该地区由于超量开采深层地下水已经引起了严重的地质灾害。在当前严禁开采深层地下水的形势下，对该地区的浅层地下水资源进行科学评价，查明该地区浅层地下水的开发潜力具有十分重要的意义。本文采用GMS软件对常州市滆湖典型地块浅层地下水进行了精细的数值模拟，经模型识别和校正之后，对典型地块的浅层地下水可开采量做出评价。本次对浅层地下水的数值模拟在苏锡常地区内尚属首次，模拟结果可为今后全区合理开发利用浅层微承压地下水提供依据。     

浅层地下水系统氟地球化学行为的数值模拟

本文以重要的命必需元素氟为研究对象，选择地方性氟病比较严重，浅层高氟地下水形成分布在我国北方地区具有代表性的河北邢台山前平原为典型研究区，在大量野外工作和模拟实验研究基础上，应用国外近十几年发展起来的地下水地球化学定量研究方法－地下水地球化学模拟，以及多反应组分系统水动力弥散运移与化学反应耦合模型的理论和方法，对浅层地下水系统氟的地球化学行为进行数值模拟，定量研究了大气降水入渗条件，水－非饮和带非     

山西省万家寨引黄入晋工程总干线环境水文地质问题

山西省万家寨引黄工程是解决山西能源基地及省会太原市供水短缺的战略性工程,总干线引水工程主要建筑物为引水隧洞,总长42.1km。该区为黄土覆盖的岩溶高原地区,地表严重缺水,生态环境脆弱。隧洞工程主要是在天桥泉域区域岩溶地下水的包气带通过,虽然对区域岩溶水文地质环境影响不大,但对浅层岩溶水文地质环境有一定影响,表现为对岩溶区各种上层滞水及浅层地下水产生疏干作用,从而对岩溶高原区的农村生活用水及生态环境产生影响。本文探讨隧洞工程对浅层水文地质环境的影响的形势并提出了治理措施。      

开采浅层地下水对地面沉降影响的探讨

苏锡常地区由于长期过量开采深层地下水，已诱发了严重的地面沉降灾害。为此，江苏省政府下达了在2005年全面禁采深层地下水的文件。为解决用水问题，许多专家、学者建议开采利用浅层地下水。在苏锡常地区开采浅层地下水是否会同样诱发严重的地面沉降问题，是目前争议的焦点。文章详述了苏锡常地区水文地质条件及地面沉降现状，确定了地面沉降的各种影响因素，分析对比了浅层地下水与深层地下水在开采条件下所能引起的地面沉降量，说明采用合理的开采工艺开发利用浅层地下水不会诱发严重的地面沉降。     

淮南市区浅层地下水水质污染预测模型探讨

浅层地下水极易受到污染，用水动力弥散理论模拟浅层地下水中可溶物质弥散运移时，其浓度在时间和空间上的变化规律，建立研究区内浅层地下水水质变化模型，定量预测地下水中污染物质的发展趋势。     

洛阳市浅层地下水硬度的灰色数列预测

洛阳市浅层地下水硬度上升问题突出。要解决水质硬化问题，必须掌握市区浅层地下水硬度的时空发展趋势。灰色数列预测是一种较好的趋势预测方法，不需要大量数据，而且是一种动态的分析过程。本文将市区的浅层地下水硬度作为灰色量，用已有的硬度数据建立GM（1，1）灰色模型，预测其未来的变化趋势。目的在于为改善洛阳市浅层地下水质，解决水质硬化问题提供一个参考依据。预测结果显示，灰色模型具有较好的预测效果。除局部地段外，洛阳市大部分地方的浅层地下水硬度呈上升趋势；硬度在空间分布上会发生变化。     

浅层地下水氟的质量平衡反应模型及其化学演变

以邢台山前平原浅层地下水系统为例，本文运用地下水质量平衡反应模型的理论和方法，建立了浅层地下水氟的质量平衡反应模型。确定了从氟的淋溶一移带至氟的富集带，沿水流路径在水－岩相互作用过程中含氟和其它（矿）物相的质量转移数量。在此基础上探讨了浅层地下水氟的化学演变过程和形成机制，使氟的水文地政治协商会议化学分带建立在量化的基础上，深化了对浅层地下水中氟的化学行为的认识。     

浅层地下水氟的溶解／沉淀作用的定量研究

以河北邢台山前平原浅层高氟地下水为例，根据氟的化学热力学分析，确定了控制浅层地下水中氟迁移和富集的固相沉淀物，以及不同化学类型的浅层地下水中含氟固相沉淀物的溶解／沉淀条件；利用浅层地下水化学平衡反应模型和ＰＨＲＥＥＱＥ软件，确定了氟化的稳定区域，计算了氟化钙的饱和指数．研究结果表明，在浅层高氟地下水的整个形成过程中，都表现为氟由固相转入水相的趋势，有利于氟的迁移和富集     

淮南矿区浅部含水层K与水化学成分的相关性

利用单孔抽水及水位恢复试验资料，求出了矿区多处浅部松散含水层渗透系数Ｋ值，分析研究了Ｋ值与各种取样点浅层地下水化学成分之间的相关性及其形成机理，为矿区防治水及浅层地下水资源的开发利用提供了依据。     

灰色关联分析在浅层地下水环境质量评价中的应用

在井田浅层地下水分析测试资料的基础上，采用灰色关联评价方法对浅层地下水环境质量的现状进行评价。简要评述了灰色关联分析方法的应用原理，确定了各采样点水体的质量等级。为将来矿井设计、建设和生产过程中浅层地下水环境的保护和利用提供了参考资料。     

济宁市城区地下水环境问题与防治对策

济宁市城区地下水超量开采，引起地下水环境的变化．使地下水位不断下降．形成地下水降落漏斗，地下岩层在上覆土层压力和建筑物荷栽的作用下，压缩变形，产生地面沉降，地表工业废水和生活污水的渗透，使浅层地下水受到污染。为此提出了相应的防治措施及对策。     

高寒地区浅层地温能开发利用条件研究及多种能源联用探讨

深入研究高寒地区建筑物供暖制冷需求及浅层地温能开发利用条件,可发挥浅层地温能在建筑能源供应中的最大效益; 探讨多种能源在供暖中的联合应用,能够更好地解决高寒地区能源紧缺问题。通过对高原气候特点分析,浅层地温能开发利用条件的调查、勘探、评价及多种能源联用的研究认为: 高寒地区对浅层地温能需求主要为冬季供暖和生活热水供应,且热量需求大; 高寒地区浅层地温能资源品位低,主要体现为换热温差小; 换热方式以地下水水源热泵最为经济实用; 城市中可供开发利用的空间小。鉴于当地深部地热、太阳能资源丰富,可充分利用这些可再生能源及常规能源,尽可能采用“基础负荷+调峰负荷”的方式,解决热量需求大的问题,从而提高能源的利用效率。     

Geochemistry of Ground and Groundwater Pertinent to Chemical Attacks Mitigation on Concrete Foundations; A Case Study of the City of Rasht,Northern Iran

Presence of aggressive chemicals in ground and groundwater can deteriorate concrete foundations or its reinforcements. Concrete codes require preventive measures to assure durability of concrete foundations which is based on geochemistry information of the site. Construction in the city of Rasht, in the Iranian Caspian coast, is fast growing often without sufficient geochemistry data for residential buildings. The later may pose risk of chemical attacks on concrete foundations. To resolve this shortcoming, this study aimed at investigating geochemistry of ground and groundwater from the upper 10 m which can serve as a preliminary guideline for shallow foundation constructions in the city. The database for this study included previous geochemical investigations from 50 boreholes in the city as well as boring eleven test pits at various locations along with soil and groundwater geochemistry tests. The geochemistry experiments included measurement of sulfate, chloride, organic matter, as well as pH in soil and groundwater. Geochemistry of ground and groundwater in the city mostly fell within permissible limits set by a local concrete code. Based on current study, service environment for shallow concrete foundations in the city was categorized in a moderate class; hence, durability requirements from the same local concrete code were emphasized.     

Present and future challenges of urban systems affected by seawater and its intrusion: the case of Venice, Italy

In lagoonal and marine environments, both historic monuments and recent buildings suffer from severe salt damage caused by sea flooding, sea-level rise and frequent storm events. Salt-water contamination of groundwater systems, a widespread phenomenon typical of coastal areas, can lead to a deterioration not only of the quality of fresh groundwater resources, but also of building materials in urban settlements. A general overview is given of the hydrogeological configuration of the subsoil of Venice (Italy), with particular reference to the shallow groundwater circulation. The relationship between the seawater in the subsoil and salt decay processes, due to salt crystallization, is highlighted. These processes affect civil constructions in Venice??s historic center. Perched aquifers, influenced by tide variations and characterized by salt-water intrusion, favor the transport of salts within masonry walls through the action of rising damp. In fact, foundations, in direct contact with the aquifers, may become a preferential vehicle for the transportation of salt within buildings. Decay patterns of different building materials can be detected through non-destructive techniques, which can identify sea-salt damage and therefore assist in the preservation of cultural heritage in coastal areas.     

Heat transfer modelling of the Leibnitzer Feld aquifer,Austria

The impact of groundwater heat pumps on groundwater temperature is simulated by means of a 2D numerical groundwater model in the Leibnitzer Feld aquifer, Austria. The model provides a basis for assessing the regional use of groundwater temperature as an energy source. Since the groundwater table is shallow, the air temperature represents the main source controlling the groundwater temperature. A temperature input function depending on the depth of the groundwater table is delineated from an observed soil temperature profile and the air temperature. Given the diffuse and ubiquitous nature of the heat input, the heat exchange is implemented as a third type boundary condition to enable two-way heat transfer. The temperature of the reinjected water is limited to a decrease of 5 K and an absolute minimum of 5°C by Austrian law. The pumping rates needed to cover the heat requirements of three typical users are determined for selected locations. It is shown that the reduction of the ambient groundwater temperature approximately 300 m downstream of the reinjection wells is less than 0.5°C. Thus it can be concluded that aquifers in similar settings show substantial potential to provide heating and warm water supply for buildings without deteriorating the regional groundwater temperature regime.     

河南省杞县地下水形成条件研究

河南杞县在天然条件下,中、深层地下水的补给主要由侧向径流补给,其次为浅层地下水的越流补给。浅层地下水位高于中、深层地下水位,二者之间为薄层或透镜状粉土及粉质粘土,浅居地下水可补给中、深层水。     

河套灌区西部浅层地下水咸化机制

浅层地下水水位埋深浅、含盐量高,是导致河套灌区土壤次生盐渍化的重要原因.以河套灌区西部地区为研究区,通过对浅层地下水的水化学和氢氧同位素特征分析以及水文地球化学模拟,探讨了灌区浅层地下水的补给来源和主控水-岩作用过程,并定量估算了蒸发作用对浅层地下水含盐量的影响.研究区内浅层地下水为弱碱性咸水,pH为7.23~8.45,总溶解性固体（total dissolved solids,TDS）变化范围为371~7 599 mg/L;随着地下水咸化程度增大,水化学类型由HCO₃-Na·Mg·Ca型向Cl-Na型过渡.引黄灌溉和大气降水是浅层地下水的主要补给来源,径流过程中浅层地下水受蒸发作用和植物蒸腾作用影响,地下水化学组分主要来源于蒸发盐溶解和硅酸盐风化水解,并受强烈的蒸发作用和离子交换作用影响.水文地球化学模拟和主成分分析结果显示,蒸发作用和岩盐溶解作用对区内浅层地下水咸化贡献最大,石膏和白云石等矿物的溶解、硅酸盐的水解、Na-Ca离子交换以及局部地形起伏对地下水咸化过程也有较大贡献.      

Hydrogeochemical characteristics and its role in controlling arsenic mobilization in a shallow aquifer

The relevance of groundwater hydrogeochemistry to explain the occurrence and distribution of arsenic in groundwater is of great interest. The insightful discussions on the control of shallow groundwater (< 50 m) hydrogeochemistry in arsenic mobilization are known to be a viable tool to explain the arsenic menace in shallow groundwater. The present investigation emphasizes the hydrogeochemical driver and/or control over the reductive dissolution of Fe-bearing host minerals and thereby releasing arsenic into the shallow groundwater of the study area. The study suggests that hydrogeochemical evolution is mainly governed by carbonate minerals dissolution, silicate weathering, and competitive ion-exchange processes in the shallow aquifers (< 50 m). The present study also indicates the prevalence of carbonate minerals dissolution over silicate weathering. The emergence of Cl⁻ concentration in the shallow groundwater founds the possibilities of anthropogenic inputs into the shallow aquifers (< 50 m). The reducing environment in shallow aquifers (< 50 m) of the study area is evident in the reductive dissolution of Fe- bearing shallow aquifer minerals which absorb arsenic in the solid phase and mobilize arsenic onto shallow groundwater. The study opted for many statistical approaches to delineate the correlation among major and minor ionic constituents of the groundwater which are very helpful to understand the comprehensive mechanism of arsenic mobilization into shallow groundwater.

     

山东平原地区浅层地下水有机污染特征分析

山东平原地区浅层地下水普遍受到有机物污染并形成多个有机污染区,检出的有机污染物达29种之多,个别地区有机物含量超过地下水饮用限量标准,致使地下水质量恶化。该文以水文地质条件分析及地下水污染物组分测试为手段,对山东平原区浅层地下水中有机污染种类及污染程度进行了研究,目的在于评价地下水安全性,保护宝贵的地下水资源。     

浅循环泉简析

泉按照出露原因通常可以分为侵蚀泉、接触泉、溢流泉（溢出泉）和断层泉等。根据泉眼和地下水循环深度（或径流位置）的相对关系,泉可以分为表层泉、浅循环泉和深循环泉。地下水在地下流动(循环)的最深处仍然高于泉口,这类泉称为浅循环泉。浅循环泉出露的位置并不在地形最低处,其补给来源主要是大气降水入渗,地下水受到重力作用自高处往低处流动,在地下径流的途径短、时间短,流量一般不大。浅循环泉通常是常温泉、淡水泉（也有咸泉和盐泉）,多是常年性泉,也有部分是季节性泉或暂时性泉。广西北竂岭北坡泉和云南顺荡井盐泉是典型的浅循环泉。