黑龙江省草地螟第三暴发周期气候特征及风险概率

1996年以来,黑龙江省草地螟第三暴发周期持续至今,危害日益加重。以1959—2008年黑龙江省28个国家基本站气象资料以及草地螟暴发期等资料为基础,分析了黑龙江省草地第三暴发周期的气候特征及风险概率。结果表明：近50 a来,黑龙江省年平均气温、年平均最低气温呈显著的上升趋势,通过0.001显著性检验,气温在1988年前后出现突变。其他要素如降水量、降水日数、风速和日照时数均呈减少趋势,但只有年日照时数和年平均风速的减少趋势通过了显著性检验。哈尔滨草地螟始发日期与同期平均气温、日最高气温、最低气温、最小相对湿度关系密切,本地越冬虫源春季羽化对气温、相对湿度敏感性较高;同时,始见日期与最大风速的风向相关较为密切,可能是由于外地虫源对风向敏感性较高。通过对黑龙江省草地螟高峰期首日的风险概率分析,得出草地螟高峰期出现在5月最后一个候的风险概率为23.6%;出现在6月上旬的风险概率为36.6%;出现在6月中旬的风险概率为24.0%;出现在6月下旬的风险概率为14.4%。     

1961-2015年华东地区极端气温变化研究

基于华东399个气象站点逐日最高、最低气温数据，利用极端气候指数软件RClimdex和线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall突变检验、概率密度函数等气候统计诊断方法，分析了华东极端气候的时空变化特征。结果表明，1961-2015年期间，华东最低气温极大值和极小值分别以0.2℃/10a和0.6℃/10a的趋势显著增加，最高气温极小值以0.3℃/10a的趋势显著增加，结冰、霜冻、冷夜和冷昼日数分别以0.5d/10a、3.7d/10a、2.0%/10a和0.7%/10a显著减少，夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜和暖昼日数分别以2.9d/10a、2.8d/10a、1.8%/10a和0.8%/10a显著增加。期间华东最低和最高气温极值均发生升高突变，霜冻和结冰日数、冷夜和冷昼日数分别在20世纪80年代中后期和90年代发生减少突变，夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜和暖昼日数则在2000年发生增多突变。与1961-1990年期间相比，1991-2015年间华东最低和最高气温极值的概率密度函数分布均右移，峰值多增大；霜冻、结冰、冷夜和冷昼日数的分布函数左移，峰值升高，形状变窄，而夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜和暖昼日数恰好相反。     

兰州近50a冬季气温变化及其可能原因分析

利用1960—2010年兰州等3站逐日观测资料,分析了兰州冬季气温变化及其可能成因。结果表明：近50 a兰州冬季气温、日较差、冷日数、冷积温及极端高、低温日数的变化速率均在1980s发生跃变。平均气温持续显著的增温,在1960s、1970s最低气温增温起主要作用,日较差、冷积温及极端低温日数显著减少,在1980s后由最低、最高气温共同增温所致,日较差减小变缓,冷积温稳定维持在较低水平,极端高温日数显著增加。大气环流异常和城市化共同影响,导致兰州冬季显著增温,二者对增温的贡献率分别约为37.24%和62.76%。1980s中期之后中高纬度欧亚上空对流层中层盛行纬向环流,两槽一脊的振幅减弱,西北地区位于中国上空异常反气旋西部偏南气流控制下,且同期城市热岛效应更加显著,这些均有利于兰州冬季增温。     

A Simulation Study on the Extreme Temperature Events of the 20th Century by Using the BCC_AGCM

Extreme temperature events are simulated by using the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model (BCC AGCM) in this paper. The model has been run for 136 yr with the observed external forcing data including solar insolation, greenhouse gases, and monthly sea surface temperature (SST). The daily maximum and minimum temperatures are simulated by the model, and 16 indices representing various extreme temperature events are calculated based on these two variables. The results show that the maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXX), maximum of daily minimum (TNX), minimum of daily maximum (TXN), minimum of daily minimum (TNN), warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p), summer days (SU25), tropical nights (TR20), and warm spell duration index (WSDI) have increasing trends during the 20th century in most regions of the world, while the cold days (TX10p), cold nights (TN10p), and cold spell duration index (CSDI) have decreasing trends. The probability density function (PDF) of warm/cold days/nights for three periods of 1881-1950, 1951- 1978, and 1979-2003 is examined. It is found that before 1950, the cold day/night has the largest probability, while for the period of 1979-2003, it has the smallest probability. In contrast to the decreasing trend of cold days/nights, the PDF of warm days/nights exhibits an opposite trend. In addition, the frost days (FD) and ice days (ID) have decreasing trends, the growing season has lengthened, and the diurnal temperature range is getting smaller during the 20th century. A comparison of the above extreme temperature indices between the model output and NCEP data (taken as observation) for 1948-2000 indicates that the mean values and the trends of the simulated indices are close to the observations, and overall there is a high correlation between the simulated indices and the observations. But the simulated trends of FD, ID, growing season length, and diurnal temperature range are not consistent with the observations and their correlations are low or even negative. This indicates that the model is incapable to simulate these four indices although it has captured most indices of the extreme temperature events.     

A diagnosis of twentieth century temperature records at West Lafayette,Indiana

A diagnostic study of 80 yrs(1901–80) of surface temperatures collected at West Lafayette, Indiana, has been found to be in tune with the global trend and that for the eastern two-thirds of the United States, namely, cold at the turn of the century, warming up to about 1940, and then cooling to present. The study was divided into two cold periods (1901–18, 1947–80) and a warm period (1919–46), based on the distribution of annual mean temperature. Decadal mean annual temperatures ranged from 10 °C in period I to 12.2 °C in period II, to 9.4 °C during the present cold period. Themean annual temperature for the 80 yr ranged from the coldest of 8.7 °C in 1979 to the warmest of 13.6 °C in 1939. Thedaily mean temperature for the entire 80-yr ranged from -4.7 °C on 31 January to 25.1 °C on 27 July. Thecoldest daily mean was -26.7 °C on 17 January, 1977, and thewarmest daily mean was 35 °C on 14 July, 1936. The range of values for thedaily mean maximum temperatures was -.2 °C on 31 January to 31.4 °C on 27 July. Corresponding values for thedaily mean minimum are -9.2 °C on 31 January and 18.7 °C on 27 July. The all-time extreme temperatures are -30.6 °C on 26 February, 1963 and 43.9 °C on 14 July, 1936. Climatic variability has been considered by computing the standard deviations of a) the daily mean maximum and minimum temperature per year, and b) the daily mean maximum and minimum temperatures for each day of the year for the 80-yr period. These results have shown that there is more variability in the daily mean maximum per year than in the daily mean minimum, for each year of the 80-yr period. Also the variability for both extremes has been greater in each of the two cold periods than in the warm period. Particularly noticeable has been theincrease in the variability of the daily mean minima per year during the current cooling trend. Further, it has been determined that the variability in the daily mean maxima and minima for each day of the year (based on the entire 80 yrs is a) two times greater in the winter than in the summer for both extremes, and b) about the same for each in the summer, greater for daily maximum in the spring and fall, but greater for the daily minimum during the winter. The latter result is undoubtedly related to the effect of snow cover on daily minimum temperatures. An examination of daily record maximum and minimum temperatures has been made to help establish climatic trends this century. For the warm period, 175 record maxima and 68 record minima were set, compared to 213 record minima and 105 record maxima during the recent cold period. For West Lafayette, the present climatic trend is definitely one of extreme record-breaking cold. Evidence has also been presented to show the substantial increases in snowfall amounts in the lee regions of the Great Lakes during the present cold period, due to the lake-induced snow squalls associated with cold air mass intrusions. The possible impact of the cooling trend on agricultural activities has also been noted, due to a reduced growing season.     

Observed Trends in Extreme Temperature over the Klang Valley,Malaysia

This study investigates the recent extreme temperature trends across 19 stations in the Klang Valley, Malaysia, over the period 2006-16. Fourteen extreme index trends were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test, with Sen’s slope as a magnitude estimator. Generally, the annual daily mean temperature, daily mean maximum temperature, and daily mean minimum temperature in the Klang Valley increased significantly, by 0.07°C yr~(-1), 0.07°C yr~(-1)and 0.08°C yr~(-1),respectively. For the warm temperature indices, the results indicated a significant upward trend for the annual maximum of maximum temperature, by 0.09°C yr~(-1), and the annual maximum of minimum temperature, by 0.11°C yr~(-1). The results for the total number of warm days and warm nights showed significant increasing trends of 5.02 d yr~(-1)and 6.92 d yr~(-1),respectively. For the cold temperature indices, there were upward trends for the annual minimum of maximum temperature,by 0.09°C yr~(-1), and the annual minimum of minimum temperature, by 0.03°C yr~(-1), concurrent with the decreases in the total number cold days (TX10P), with-3.80 d yr~(-1), and cold nights (TN10P), with-4.33 d yr~(-1). The 34°C and 37°C summer days results showed significant upward trends of 4.10 d yr~(-1) and 0.25 d yr~(-1), respectively. Overall, these findings showed upward warming trends in the Klang Valley, with the minimum temperature rate increasing more than that of the maximum temperature, especially in urban areas.     

南京地区人体舒适度及其与居民循环系统疾病死亡关系的研究

选取南京地区1961年1月1日至2012年12月31日逐日地面气象观测资料,采用“黄金分割法”计算体感温度,分析南京地区近52年舒适度特征;选取2005年1月1日至2008年12月31日逐日循环系统疾病死亡人数资料和同期气象资料,分析南京市2005-2008年舒适度和体感温度特征及其与循环系统疾病死亡人数的关系。结果表明,1961-2012年南京市热不舒适期、舒适期日数呈现上升趋势,而冷不舒适期日数呈显著减少趋势,变化率为－3.2 d/10a;4月上旬至5月中旬和10月为舒适期;体感温度在20世纪中期之后表现为明显的上升趋势,增加率为0.3℃/10a;2005-2008年舒适度以微冷和舒适为主;死亡高峰日多出现在冷不舒适日,2008年初死亡高峰日持续时间较长,且与天气灾害过程发生时间存在7～9 d的滞后。     

广州市11月强冷空气特征概述及典型个例分析

强冷空气过程是广州市11月的高影响天气类型之一.通过分析广州地区5个站1961～2009年11月的日平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温及日雨量等数据,以及NCEP 2°×2°再分析资料.并根据广东省气象局的灾害性天气标准,发现1961～ 2009年影响广州的强冷空气过程共有8次,没有寒潮过程出现.从24h的降温幅度看,1...     

Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense) flower and boll production as affected by climatic factors and soil moisture status

The information on impact of climatic factors on cotton production is not generally available, or at least not available in the required form. Understanding this impact may help physiologists determine a possible control of the flowering mechanism in the cotton plant. Two field trials were conducted to investigate the relationships between climatic factors, soil moisture status, and flower and boll production of Gossypium barbadense. The climatic factors considered were daily maximum air temperature (°C), minimum air temperature (°C), maximum–minimum temperature (diurnal temperature range) (°C), sunshine duration (h day^?1), maximum relative humidity (%), minimum relative humidity (%), and wind speed (m s^?1). Minimum relative humidity and sunshine duration were the most significant climatic factors affecting flower and boll retention and production. Temperature appeared to be less important in the reproduction growth stage of cotton in Egypt than minimum relative humidity and sunshine duration. The soil moisture status showed low and insignificant correlation to flower and boll production. High minimum relative humidity, short period of sunshine duration, and low temperatures enhanced flower and boll formation.     

基于UTCI指数的1980—2019年中国夏季人体舒适度变化特征分析

基于ERA5-HEAT再分析资料中的通用热气候指数（UTCI）数据,利用旋转经验正交函数（REOF）方法将我国划分为8个区,分别为长江、华南、华北、西北、东北、北疆、南疆和西部地区。分析了1980—2019年我国夏季不同地区人体舒适度的变化特征,并初步解释了UTCI变化的原因。主要结论如下：我国夏季UTCI呈不断增加趋势,其中西北地区增速最快（平均增率为0.053℃/a),且西部、西北和南疆地区夜间UTCI相较白天增加更明显,主要表现为这些地区的UTCI最小值增率分别较其最大值增率偏高了112%、34%和33%。随着UTCI的上升,我国大部分地区（西部除外）的热不舒适天数及发生热不舒适持续事件的频次都呈增加趋势,其中增率最大的区域是华北地区,分别为1.7 d/(10 a)和2.4次/(10 a)。从气候影响因子的分析发现,我国夏季UTCI增加的原因是气温、露点温度和平均辐射温度的增加以及风速的减少。其中,气温是UTCI增加的主要气候因子,平均贡献率为49%;辐射是大部分地区（西部和华南除外）的第二大因子,而其他因子对UTCI的贡献率主要与各地区的变率大小有关。     

Trends in extreme temperature indices in Huang-Huai-Hai River Basin of China during 1961–2014

Spatial and temporal characteristics of temperature extremes have been investigated in Huang-Huai-Hai (HHH) region based on the daily series of temperature observations from 162 meteorological stations. A total of 11 indices were used to assess the changes of temperature pattern. Linear trend analyses revealed that the daily maximum temperature (TXx) increased at α = 0.05 level with a magnitude of 0.15 °C per decade on the regional scale during the period of 1961–2014. More pronounced warming trend of the daily minimum temperature (TNn) was detected at a rate of 0.49 °C per decade (α = 0.01 level). Consequently, a decreasing trend of the temperature range of TXx and TNn (extreme temperature range) was observed. The frequency of hot days (TXf90) and annual average of warm events (warm spell duration indicator, WSDI) showed significant increasing trends, while that of cold nights (TNf10) and cold events (cold spell duration indicator, CSDI) showed opposite behaviors. Both warm winter (W-W) and hot summer (H-S) series displayed significant increasing trends at α = 0.01 confidence level. The cold winter (C-W) series showed a decreasing trend at α = 0.01 confidence level, while the cool summer (C-S) series showed a nonsignificant decreasing trend that is not passing the 90% confidence level (α = 0.1). Abrupt increments of warm­related extremes (TXx, TXf90, WSDI) have been detected since 1990s, and a steadily decreasing trend of cold related extremes (TNf10, CSDI) was found since 1970s. Ten hot summers out of 11 and nine warm winters out of 10 occurred after 1990s. Altitude has a large impact on spatial pattern of extreme temperature indices, and the urban heat island effect also has an impact on amplitude of variation in extreme temperature. Trend magnitudes are significantly larger at sites with high altitudes for warm­related indices (TXx, TXf90, WSDI), while those involving cold-related indices (TNn, TNf10) are remarkably larger for stations with low altitudes.     

The twentieth century contiguous US temperature changes indicated by daily data and higher statistical moments

The daily surface air temperature data are used to assess the climate changes of the contiguous United States during the period of 1901 to 2000. The assessment is made through the first four statistical moments of the daily maximum, minimum, and mean temperature anomalies, the linear trends of the moments, and the changes of the anomalies?? probability density functions. The results on the first moment, i.e., the mean, are compared with the existing ones in terms of intra-annual means and their linear trends. Our first moment results agree with known ones and demonstrate a decrease from the 1930s to the 1960s and an increase from the 1970s to 2000. The temperature fluctuation is the smallest in the 1960s among the decades from 1931 to 2000. The trends of the higher (second-, third- and fourth-order) moments of the mean, maximum, and minimum surface air temperatures are calculated for the periods 1901?C2000, 1910?C1945, 1946?C1975, and 1976?C2000. The results show a decreasing trend of the second- and third-order moments of all the temperatures. The fourth-order moments of the mean and maximum surface air temperatures have increasing trends, but that of the minimum surface air temperature has a decreasing trend. The seasonal histograms of the mean, maximum, and minimum surface air temperatures are calculated for the three periods 1910?C1945, 1946?C1975, and 1976?C2000 for the stations which have the largest trend of maximum daily surface air temperature. An obvious change has been identified in the probability density functions. Among the changes of statistical parameters, the ones for the minimum temperature are larger than those for the maximum and mean temperatures.     

Climate Variability and Urbanization in Athens

Summary  The effects of urbanization on the Athens National Observatory (NOA) long records are investigated, in the present study, examining the mean monthly maximum and minimum air temperature for the period 1925–1996, for NOA and the corresponding time series for Aliartos (ALI), a rural station located 70 km NW of Athens. The existing small urbanization effect in NOA before the second world war period increased after the war and up to about 1990, when the effect became stationary. The urbanization effect in NOA referred mainly to maximum temperature and to the warmer seasons of the year. It is attributed to the extensive building of Athens after the war around NOA site and up to the sea which increases the temperature of the sea breeze. The effect is also attributed to the rapid increase of the population and the number of motor vehicles mainly after 1970. Moreover the decreasing trend of precipitation during the period 1970–1990 may have contributed to the increase of maximum air temperature. The urbanization effect on maximum temperatures of NOA amounts about 2 °C in spring, summer and less in fall, while no urbanization effect is clear in winter. Received March 25, 1998 Revised October 7, 1998     

1980～2017年四川盆地寒潮及其气温变化特征

利用“中国地面气候资料日值数据集(V3.0)”1980～2017年的地面日平均气温、最高气温和最低气温资料,按照四川盆地寒潮业务标准统计分析了38年四川盆地出现的77次区域寒潮特征及其日平均气温、最高气温和最低气温的变化特征,结果发现:近38年四川盆地区域寒潮频次呈不显著的增加趋势,增速为0.18次/10a,而强度呈显著增强趋势,增速为1.14℃/10a;平均最高气温和最低气温均表现为弱的升高趋势,且冬季比春、秋季升温趋势显著。寒潮天气过程中24h内主要表现为最高气温的下降,最低气温普遍下降不明显且近50%的站点趋于上升;最高气温累计降幅,春、秋季明显大于冬季,而最低气温累计降幅季节差异不大。给出72h气温累计变化趋势,类同24h。      

Long-Term Trends in Extreme Temperatures in Hong Kong and Southern China

The observed long-term trends in extreme temperatures in Hong Kong were studied based on the meteorological data recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory Headquarters from 1885-2008. Results show that, over the past 124 years, the extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as the length of the warm spell in Hong Kong, exhibit statistically significant long-term rising trends, while the length of the cold spell shows a statistically significant decreasing trend. The time-dependent return period analysis also indicated that the return period for daily minimum temperature at 4°C or lower lengthened considerably from 6 years in 1900 to over 150 years in 2000, while the return periods for daily maximum temperature reaching 35°C or above shortened drastically from 32 years in 1900 to 4.5 years in 2000. Past trends in extreme temperatures from selected weather stations in southern China from 1951-2004 were also assessed. Over 70% of the stations studied yielded a statistically significant rising trend in extreme daily minimum temperature, while the trend for extreme maximum temperatures was found to vary, with no significant trend established for the majority of stations.     

近49年珠海气温变化及城市化影响初探

根据珠海站1962-2010年逐日地面气温观测数据与1979-2010年NCEP/NCAR R1再分析资料,分析了珠海市平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温的年和四季变化特征,探讨城市化对珠海气温变化的影响.研究结果表明,近49年珠海市年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温均呈增温趋势,增温率分别为0.14℃/10a、0.22℃/10a、0.12℃/10a.城市化及土地利用类型改变使年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温增暖0.16℃/10a、0.10℃/10a、0.15℃/10a,对观测气温增暖的贡献分别为46.0％、27.6％、46.1％;四季变化中以冬季和春季较显著.     

Influence of the atmospheric conditions on PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> concentrations in Poznań, Poland

This study investigates atmospheric conditions’ influence on the mean and extreme characteristics of PM₁₀ concentrations in Poznań during the period 2006–2013. A correlation analysis was carried out to identify the most important meteorological variables influencing the seasonal dynamics of PM₁₀ concentrations. The highest absolute correlation values were obtained for planetary boundary layer height (r = ?0.57), thermal (daily minimum air temperature: r = ?0.51), anemological (average daily wind speed: r = ?0.37), and pluvial (precipitation occurrence: r = ?0.36) conditions, however the highest correlations were observed for temporal autocorrelations (1 day lag: r = 0.70). As regulated by law, extreme events were identified on the basis of daily threshold value i.e. 50 μg m^?3. On average, annually there are approximately 71.3 days anywhere in the city when the threshold value is exceeded, 46.6 % of those occur in winter. Additionally, 83.7 % of these cases have been found to be continuous episodes of a few days, with the longest one persisting for 22 days. The analysis of the macro-scale circulation patterns led to the identification of an easy-to-perceive seasonal relations between atmospheric fields that favour the occurrence of high PM₁₀ concentration, as well as synoptic situations contributing to the rapid air quality improvement. The highest PM₁₀ concentrations are a clear reaction to a decrease in air temperature by over 3 °C, with simultaneous lowering of PBL height, mean wind speed (by around 1 m s^?1) and changing dominant wind directions from western to eastern sectors. In most cases, such a situation is related to the expansion of a high pressure system over eastern Europe and weakening of the Icelandic Low. Usually, air quality conditions improve along with an intensification of westerlies associated with the occurrence of low pressure systems over western and central Europe. Opposite relations are distinguishable in summer, when air quality deterioration is related to the inflow of tropical air masses originating over the Sahara desert.     

上党盆地极端气温时空变化特征分析

利用1961年-2009年山西东南部的上党盆地年平均气温、极端最低气温和极端最高气温资料,采用相关系数法和对比分析法,分析其气候特征及其气候变化。结果表明：上党盆地年平均气温、极端最低气温和极端最高气温均呈明显上升趋势。从空间分布上来看,全市年平均气温和极端低温最低值都出现在盆地西北部的海拔最高处沁源,极低值为一30．2℃。全市年平均气温和极端高温最高值都出现在盆地东部的海拔最低处黎城,极高值为40．1℃。极端最低气温与冷空气的活动强度、地理位置及地形有关而与海拔高度无关。极端最高气温与暖气团控制、地形及海拔高度关系密切。年极端最低气温1月出现的最多,占52％;年极端最高气温主要出现在6月、7月,6月占46％,7月占26％;日极端最低气温多出现在4时-7时;日极端最高气温多出现在14时-16时。     

合肥市53年气温变化特征分析

利用1953-2005年安徽省合肥市逐日平均气温、最高气温和最低气温资料,应用最小二乘法和Morlet小波分析法,对合肥市温度变化进行了分析。结果表明,合肥市53a来年平均气温、年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温变化,均具有明显冷期和暖期交替的阶段性特点,而且冷期持续时间比暖期持续时间长;春季、秋季和冬季年平均气温均呈上升趋势,但增幅不同,冬季最大,春季次之,秋季最小,而夏季气温呈微弱的下降趋势;年极端最高气温呈微弱的下降趋势,年极端最低气温则呈强烈的上升趋势;年热积温呈下降趋势,年冷积温则呈明显的上升趋势;年平均气温、年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温变化具有明显的周期性,均存在30a左右的大尺度周期振荡,而中小尺度周期振荡则不相同。     

Air temperatures in a power line corridor over 10?years following afforestation with Eucalyptus globulus

Over the 10?years following the planting of Eucalyptus globulus on an area of 320?ha in 1998, air temperature was measured in the middle of a power line corridor and compared with temperatures recorded at meteorological stations located 11.2 and 35.7?km away. At these reference stations, the annual means of both daily minimum and daily maximum temperature remained approximately constant. In the power line corridor, annual mean daily minimum temperature also remained approximately constant, but annual mean daily maximum temperature fell by about 3.6°C; in particular, between years 4 and 7 the cooling rate was on average about 0.7°C per year. The resulting sigmoid time course of annual mean daily temperature range may partly reflect the evolution of evapotranspiration from the plantation, but seems to be mainly attributable to the shading of the power line corridor by the growing trees, being closely correlated with solar irradiance at the center of the corridor as estimated from tree growth data using sun charts and standard formulae for clear-sky solar irradiance.