TomoSAR技术在城市形变监测中的应用

作为永久散射体雷达干涉测量技术的延伸,多基线SAR层析成像技术能够分离单个SAR像素内的多重散射体信号,精确地获取人工地物目标的三维位置和形变信息,突破城市地区形变监测中叠掩效应的制约,实现城市动态形变监测。尤其是新代高分辨军SAR卫星发射成功后,为城市动态形变监测研究提供了大量高分辨军高精度数据源。本文首先介绍SAR层析技术的理论模型,然后归纳了现有的层析算法和应用领域,最后探讨了该技术发展面临的关键问题并展望了其广阔发展前景。     

基于多源卫星数据融合的油气管道区域三维变形监测

中国油气资源丰富,目前已形成越来越多的区域性和跨区域的油气管网,管线穿越的地形地貌和地质构造复杂,沿线的地表形变影响着油气管道的安全。InSAR技术以其全天时、全天候、高精度、宽覆盖的特点,被广泛应用于地表形变监测。该方法基于In SAR监测结果,提出BPSTSIM(Based-PS Time-Space Interpolation Method)三维形变监测方法,通过融合多源卫星数据,获取油气管道区域的地表形变三维位移。该方法利用多源SAR卫星数据获取高相干性的PS(Permanent Scatterer)点位移,对PS点进行时间插值,获得更细时间粒度的PS点位移,然后对油气管道通过区域网格化,基于PS点进一步插值出所有网格点的形变并转换到三维方向,从而在时间维度和空间维度监测油气管道区域的三维位移状态。最后,利用实例卫星数据,计算了管道区域8个月的变形数据,并实现了数据的可视化,形变特征与野外调查吻合,验证该方法的有效性。该方法实现了不同SAR卫星监测数据的有效融合,完成了数据在时间维度和空间维度的补充和加密,提高了In SAR测量对三维形变的感知能力。     

差分干涉SAR冻土形变检测方法研究

季节性冻融导致的地表形变是冻土地区工程建设的主要病害,冻土的冻胀和融沉是影响青藏公路以及目前建设的青藏铁路路基稳定的重要因素.近年来,差分干涉测量技术已成为地表形变测量和监测的重要工具.基于重复轨道的ERS 1/2雷达图像,研究了利用干涉SAR技术探测冻土形变的方法,经过对引入DEM差分干涉SAR技术的处理和分析,得到研究区冻土形变结果.通过与实测数据比较,表明重轨差分干涉测量可以精确地探测冻土表面形变,可用于青藏铁路冻土形变监测.     

差分干涉雷达方法研究及在强震形变精确测量中的应用

一、前言差分干涉雷达(SAR)属于干涉SAR的高级处理技术,应用差分干涉SAR可以监测地表的微小形变(波长级),对于研究精密大地测量、地震学、火山监测等都有重要的意义。由差分干涉处理获得的地壳形变为斜距向,为了与GPS及其它资料相比较,还需要将其分解为竖向与水平向两个分量。为此本文研究了断层活动、强震运动、卫星轨道等之间的关系,确定了不同情况下,斜距向形变分解成水平与竖向两个分量的公式。在以上工作的基础上,处理了西藏玛尼1997年Ms7.5强震区地震前后5景ERS-1/2 SAR图像,获得了差分干涉雷达图像,并精确测量了最大水平与竖向位移分量。     

基于多源SAR数据的InSAR地表形变监测(摘要)

<正>合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术因其具有高分辨率、高精度等特点,已广泛用于地震、火山、地面沉降等地表形变的监测中。然而,InSAR技术仅能获取雷达视线方向的一维形变信息,仅依靠单一轨道的SAR数据不能完全、准确地反映监测区的地表形变特征,这一缺陷大大限制了InSAR技术在地表形变监测中的推广应用。随着Envisat ASAR、ALOS PALSAR、Radarsat-2、COSMO-SkyMed和TerraSAR-X等雷达卫星数据的不断获取,在同一     

InSAR技术在多年冻土区形变监测的应用

作为大地测量的一种新兴空间技术,合成孔径雷达干涉（synthetic aperture radar interferometry, InSAR）具有全天时、高精度、大范围和速度快的优点,逐渐被应用于多年冻土区地表形变监测中。通过综述多年冻土形变原理及InSAR监测多年冻土形变的应用实例,研究表明：在气候变暖的背景下,多年冻土区地表年际形变以下沉为主,多年冻土上限附近地下冰含量的大小是影响年际形变量的主要因素;活动层内土壤含水量影响着地表季节形变量的大小,不同类型多年冻土区的地表年际形变量和季节形变量存在着较大的差异。研究还表明,不同波长的SAR产品在不同类型多年冻土区的适用性不同,下垫面特征对利用InSAR获取地表形变量有较大影响,L波段的SAR数据在植被覆盖度较好的区域有更好的效果。由于InSAR的失相干问题,加之目前还缺少长时间、多类型、高频率的实测形变结果作为验证和标校数据,获取准确且连续的大范围形变数据较为困难。针对目前寒区研究需求,布设野外长期观测站点,建立适用于不同多年冻土区的地表形变反演算法,构建具有较高精度和较高时空分辨率的地表形变数据集具有重要的实践和科学意义。     

基于GAMMA软件的二轨差分原理及实验数据处理

合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术（SAR）经过10多年的发展,现已广泛的应用于地球学科的各个领域.目前主流的GAMMA解算软件,采用二轨差分的方法,对实验区的SAR数据进行配准、滤波、去平地效应、相位解缠、差分等处理,最后得到垂直形变图,实现了地表形变的监测.本次研究SAR数据为欧空局的ERS-2卫星数据,DEM分辨率为30 m,采用最小费用流法解缠,得到于雷达视线方向上的形变量,再通过计算与转换,生成垂直方向上的形变图.结果表明,研究区城市中及其周边发现明显的沉降中心,在山区地带基本没有沉降.     

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的白鹤滩水电站库岸潜在滑坡变形分析

库岸潜在滑坡变形分析是保障国家水利水电设施安全运行的重要环节,针对仅利用单一轨道SAR数据对库岸潜在滑坡变形监测不准确的问题,采用SBAS-InSAR技术,联合升降轨Sentinel-1 SAR数据构建研究区2019年7月至2021年7月的雷达视线方向形变时间序列,并结合无人机野外调查,分析白鹤滩水电站库岸典型潜在滑坡...     

利用InSAR技术研究黄土地区滑坡分布

InSAR技术能够获取大面积、连续、高精度的地表垂直形变信息,可用来监测地震、火山、滑坡等自然灾害造成的地表形变。文章介绍了InSAR技术在监测陕北黄土地区滑坡中的应用,首先进行野外地质勘察和TM光学遥感影像解译,接着通过EnviSat SAR数据差分干涉处理,获取研究区干涉形变场,提取出滑坡位移量,最后详细分析黄草湾至董家寺沿线一带的滑坡变形范围,并划定出了4个有一定变形的重点监视区。     

蔚县矿区地面沉陷InSAR多维形变监测

河北蔚县是我国华北地区最大的地下采煤区之一,该地区长期存在采矿塌陷灾害,不仅威胁采矿安全,而且严重破坏当地生态环境。本文基于合成孔径雷达干涉（InSAR）这一新型空间对地观测技术,采用61景Sentinel-1A/B干涉宽幅（Interferometric Wide swath,IW）模式数据进行矿区形变观测,获取整个矿区在2017—2018年间的地表形变空间分布特征,并对矿区地表的沉降量级及面积进行详细的统计分析。此外,采用融合多轨道SAR数据的多维形变时序估计方法,对西细庄矿数据进行东西向和垂向的二维形变分解,获取该矿的二维形变时间序列。结果表明:除南留庄井田外,其余三大井田在监测期间均存在不同程度的地面沉陷灾害;整个矿区年沉陷速率超过-10 cm/a的区域达到了2.16 km2;受成像几何影响,不同轨道数据获取的形变结果存在一定差异;西细庄矿以垂向形变为主,伴随明显的东西向水平形变。研究结果为蔚县矿区地面沉陷监测与煤矿安全开采提供数据参考。      

Variable near-surface deformation along the Commerce segment of the Commerce geophysical lineament, southeast Missouri to southern Illinois, USA

Recent studies have demonstrated a plausible link between surface and near-surface tectonic features and the vertical projection of the Commerce geophysical lineament (CGL). The CGL is a 5- to 10-km-wide zone of basement magnetic and gravity anomalies traceable for more than 600 km, extending from Arkansas through southeast Missouri and southern Illinois and into Indiana. Twelve kilometers of high-resolution seismic reflection data, collected at four sites along a 175-km segment of the CGL projection, are interpreted to show varying amounts of deformation involving Tertiary and some Quaternary sediments. Some of the locally anomalous geomorphic features in the northern Mississippi embayment region (i.e., paleoliquefaction features, anomalous directional changes in stream channels, and areas of linear bluff escarpments) overlying the CGL can be correlated with specific faults and/or narrow zones of deformed (faulted and folded) strata that are imaged on high-resolution seismic reflection data. There is an observable change in near-surface deformation style and complexity progressing from the southwest to the northeast along the trace of the CGL. The seismic reflection data collaborate mapping evidence which suggests that this region has undergone a complex history of deformation, some of which is documented to be as young as Quaternary, during multiple episodes of reactivation under varying stress fields. This work, along with that of other studies presented in this volume, points to the existence of at least one major crustal feature outside the currently defined zone of seismic activity (New Madrid Seismic Zone) that should be considered as a significant potential source zone for seismogenic activity within the midcontinent region of the United States.     

Tectonic elements controlling the evolution of the Gulf of Saros (northeastern Aegean Sea, Turkey)

Tectonic elements controlling the evolution of the Gulf of Saros have been studied based upon the high-resolution shallow seismic data integrated with the geological field observations. Evolution of the Gulf of Saros started in the Middle to Late Miocene due to the NW–SE compression caused by the counterclockwise movement of the Thrace and Biga peninsulas along the Thrace Fault Zone. Hence, the North Anatolian Fault Zone is not an active structural element responsible for the starting of the evolution of the Gulf of Saros. The compression caused by the rotational movement was compensated by tectonic escape along the pre-existing Ganos Fault System. Two most significant controllers of this deformation are the sinistral Ganos Fault and the dextral northern Saros Fault Zone both extending along the Gulf of Saros. The most important evidences of this movement are the left- and right-oriented shear deformations, which are correlated with structural elements, observed on the land and on the high-resolution shallow seismic records at the sea. Another important line of evidence supporting the evolution of this deformation is that the transgression started in the early-Late Miocene and turned, as a result of regional uplift, into a regression on the Gelibolu Peninsula during the Turolian and in the north of the Saros Trough during the Early Pliocene. The deformation on the Gelibolu Peninsula continued effectively until the Pleistocene. Taking into account the fact that this deformation affected the Late Pleistocene units of the Marmara Formation, the graben formation of the Gulf of Saros is interpreted as a Recent event. However, at least a small amount of compression on the Gelibolu Peninsula is observed. It is also evident that compression ceased at the northern shelf area of the Gulf of Saros.     

Structure of the basement surface and sediments in the Kochkor basin (Tien Shan): geological and geophysical evidence

The basement surface and sediments of the Kochkor basin have been studied by structural geological and geophysical methods. The work included high-resolution mapping of the southern basin margin, with a focus on Cenozoic basin stratigraphy, structural unconformities, basement/sediment contacts, and latest deformation (folds, fractures, and faults). Magnetotelluric (MT) soundings provided insights into basin and basement structure, especially important in the poorly exposed eastern flank of the basin margin. The sections across the southern margin of the basin based on geological and geophysical data reveal deformation in both the basement and the sediments. Deformation in sediments shows up as folding, conformal peneplain surfaces, large faults, low-angle detachment faults, and related thrust-fold belts. Thrusting in sediments is inferred to result from cataclastic flow and mass redistribution in disintegrated basement granites. With this mechanism, the total amount of thrusting in the central part of the basin can exceed the convergence of the basin sides.     

Cenozoic Stratigraphy Deformation History in the Central and Eastern of Qaidam Basin by the Balance Section Restoration and its Implication

The Qaidam Basin,located in the northern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,is a large Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin,and bears huge thick Cenozoic strata.The geologic events of the Indian-Eurasian plate-plate collision since～55 Ma have been well recorded.Based on the latest progress in high-resolution stratigraphy,a technique of balanced section was applied to six pieces of northeast-southwest geologic seismic profiles in the central and eastern of the Qaidam Basin to reconstruct the crustal shortening deform...     

Development of the distinct lattice spring model for large deformation analyses

This study develops the distinct lattice spring model (DLSM) for geometrically nonlinear large deformation problems. The formulation of a spring bond deformation under a large deformation is derived under the Lagrange framework using polar decomposition. The results reveal that the DLSM's stiffness matrix under small deformations is the tangent stiffness matrix of the DLSM under large deformations. The formulation of the spring bond internal force under a given configuration is also presented and can be used to calculate the unbalanced force. Using these formulations, three nonlinear solving methods (the Euler method, modified Euler method, and Newton method) are developed for the DLSM with which to tackle large deformation problems. To investigate the performance of the developed model, three numerical examples involving large deformations are presented, the results of which are also in good agreement with the analytical and finite element method solutions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

边坡变形模拟预测的普适灰色模型

传统灰色GM(1,1)模型,多适用于等间距监测数据序列的模拟预测;对非等间距序列,一般经过等间距处理或经过繁复的变换计算直接建立非等间距模型.从边坡变形模拟预测的角度来讲,传统灰色GM(1,1)模型只有当边坡变形呈低增长序列时,才能获得较高的模拟和预测精度,而对呈高增长序列的边坡变形往往产生较大的滞后误差.以优化灰色模型背景值为基础构建的普适GM(1,1)模型,不仅适用于边坡变形等间距监测数据的低、高增长序列,而且适用于非等间距的低、高增长序列,且都能获得很高的模拟和预测精度,对边坡变形的模拟预测具有普遍的适用性.     

典型黄土丘陵区地质灾害隐患识别与时序监测

宁厦南部地区以黄土丘陵地貌为主,区内沟壑纵横,小型滑坡较为发育,地表形变监测难度大。为探索黄土丘陵区的地质灾害隐患识别方法,以宁夏回族自治区固原市泾源县为研究区,应用SBAS-InSAR技术对采集到的2016年7月—2021年5月的11期升轨L波段ALOS-2数据进行处理,得到形变速率结果。联合高分光学影像,根据形变速率、形变规模、坡度、形变区到承灾体的距离等因素进行综合分析,在泾源县共识别疑似隐患27处。经实地验证,其中22处形变迹象较明显、而且有明确的承灾体,确定为地质灾害隐患。对其中典型隐患点进行时序形变分析,发现这些区域在监测时间段内有持续显著的地表形变,最大沉降速率达到91.53 mm/a。结果表明：在黄土丘陵区,应用L波段SAR数据,采用SBASInSAR技术的地质灾害形变监测效果显著,联合高分辨率的光学影像数据、应用综合遥感识别的方法,在该地区地质灾害隐患识别的正确率较高,具有很好的适用性。未来可编程采集升、降轨结合的L波段数据、结合无人机LiDAR数据做更深入的研究,以进一步提高地质灾害隐患识别的准确率,为地质灾害精准防治做好技术支撑。     

柴达木盆地西北缘咸水泉背斜新生代变形特征及意义

柴达木盆地西北部的新生代变形受北东向的挤压冲断和北东东向左旋走滑剪切的共同控制,我们依据地表地质调 查、钻井以及三维地震资料,精细分析盆地西部英雄岭北端的咸水泉背斜的变形特征和机制。生长地层显示咸水泉背斜于 晚中新世开始活动,更新世快速生长。背斜主要受北北西向的右旋基底逆冲断裂控制,具有明显的南北分段特征。南段受 阿尔金断裂的影响很小,主要表现为北北西向的次级背斜及北西向的反冲断裂,缩短量较小;北段受阿尔金左旋走滑断裂 的影响较大,主要表现为北西西向的次级背斜和反冲断裂,缩短量较大。本研究支持柴达木盆地整体为一挤压型盆地,西 北侧阿尔金左旋走滑断裂对其变形的影响仅局限在有限的范围内。     

隧道大变形机制及处治关键技术模型试验研究

大变形是隧道建设中无法完全避免的灾害之一,发生后若处治不当极有可能出现多次换拱甚至塌方等二次灾害。通过相似模型试验,采用自行设计的隧道模型开挖装置和围岩内部位移监测装置,研究了隧道开挖和埋深增大过程中围岩渐进性破坏过程及位移和应力变化规律,揭露出预防隧道大变形的重点支护部位,并进一步研究了大变形出现后处治过程中衬砌的破坏规律,明确了大变形处治时的支护措施。试验结果表明：（1）隧道产生大变形过程中,拱顶与拱底的变形量大于拱腰与拱脚的变形量,且随着埋深增大,差值逐渐增大;（2）大变形产生后隧道拱顶径向和切向应力值均减小,而拱脚切向应力值大幅上升;（3）更换变形拱架时,更换位置附近衬砌拱顶处可能出现张拉破坏,拱腰处可能出现剪切破坏,因此,大变形处治时需保留两侧衬砌的临时钢支撑,必要时需增设底部横支撑或临时仰拱。该研究结果有助于得到大变形发生时和发生后处治时的防控重点,为大变形的预防及安全处治提供指导和参考。