NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN HEMISPHERIC POLAR LOWS——A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Northern Hemispheric“polar lows”,i.e.maritime,small,but fairly intense cyclonic systems have been studied formore than two decades.Recently researchers have turned their attention towards the occurrence of polar lows and othersmall-scale cyclonic disturbances on the Southern Hemisphere.In this paper a short account of our present knowledgeof Northern Hemispheric polar lows will be given,followed by some preliminary results of an investigation of the natureand occurrence of polar lows on the Southern Hemisphere.     

ELF propagation parameters for uniform models of the Earth–ionosphere waveguide

Uniform models for the Earth–ionosphere cavity are considered with particular attention to the physical properties of the ionosphere for the extremely low frequency (ELF) range. Two consistent features have long been recognized for the range: the presence of two distinct altitude layers of maximum energy dissipation within the lower ionosphere, and a “knee”-like change in the vertical conductivity profile representing a transition in dominance from ion-dominated to electron-dominated conductivity. A simplified two-exponential version of the Greifinger and Greifinger (1978) technique widely used in ELF work identifies two slopes in the conductivity profile and, providing accurate results in the ELF communication band (45–75 Hz), simulates too flat a frequency dependence of the quality factor within the Schumann resonance frequency range (5–40 Hz). The problem is traced to the upward migration, with frequency increasing, of the lower dissipation layer through the “knee” region resulting in a pronounced decrease of the effective scale height for conductivity. To overcome this shortcoming of the two-exponential approximation and still retain valuable model analyticity, a more general approach (but still based on the Greifinger and Greifinger formalism) is presented in the form of a “knee” model whose predictions for the modal frequencies, the wave phase velocities and the quality factors reasonably represent observations in the Schumann resonance frequency range.     

基于极坐标投影的多谱勒雷达数据栅格化技术

通过研究球面距离算法、极坐标投影原理及新一代多谱勒天气雷达产品的数据存储格式,实现精度较高的雷达数据栅格化,为雷达回波追踪、降水算法优化、短时临近预报等相关的应用与研究提供经过仰角订正、球面距离订正后的更准确更通用的产品数据.     

���������VTECģ�Ͷ�GPSӲ���ӳٹ��Ƶ�Ӱ�����

???????????????????????VTEC????????????????????????????????????????????????????е?GPS??????????3С???????????????????????????????????????Ч??С????????     

利用自回归模型检测地球极移重力效应

同时采用4个台站的国际超导重力仪长期连续重力观测资料和国际地球自转服务中心提供的同步地球自转参数，研究了极移引起的地球重力场变化特征。利用自回归模型估计了各序列的功率谱密度和积谱密度，结果表明极移导致的重力效应的主要能量集中在Chandler摆动和周年项附近，叠积后实际重力观测与极移重力信号理论值之间的差异分别为0．4％和3．9％，说明超导重力仪可有效监测极移导致的重力变化。     

Relationship between flow speed variability of three tidewater glaciers and surface melt intensity in Greenland between 1979 and 2006

The margin of the Greenland ice sheet has undergone rapid changes over the past decade as a result of the thinning, acceleration, and retreat of many fast-flowing tidewater outlet glaciers. Satellite observations show that three major tidewater outlet glaciers in Greenland retreated between 2000 and 2005, with synchronous increases in flow speed, causing a deficit in ice sheet mass budget and the potential for sea level rise. In this study, we investigated whether this acceleration was related to surface melt processes, and found that both flow speed and positive degree day (PDD) anomalies of the three glaciers varied together, indicating a causal relationship. Jakobshavn Isbræ had lower flow speeds before 2000, during which PDD anomalies were negative, except for modest warming in 1993 and 1995. From 1999–2000, during which it is thought a threshold was passed, the flow speed of the glacier started to increase. However, the two glaciers in east Greenland showed a delayed response. Abrupt warming occurred in the vicinity of the two glaciers around 2001, but flow speed did not increase until 2003 for the Helheim Glacier, and until 2004 for the Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier. Furthermore, the two eastern glaciers switched to a deceleration mode more quickly than Jakobshavn Isbræ. The observed differences in both acceleration and deceleration among the glaciers suggest that the relationship between surface melt and outlet glacier dynamics is not simple but complex.     

对流电场产生电离层扰动的典型事例

用欧空局ＥＩＳＣＡＴ极光区非相干散射雷达观测资料、南极中山站电离层垂测站和我国１２０°Ｅ电离层站链ｆ０Ｆ２资料，分析了１９９１年５月２～３日一次主要由磁层对流引起的电离层扰动过程。从形态特征上看，它与热层中性大气参与的动力耦合过程明显地不同。对照比较表明，这是一次典型的磁层－电离层电动耦合事例。全球地磁站网资料从另一侧面证实，本文讨论的耦合机制是正确的。     

极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型分布式共享研究

本文以SOA开放式架构与OGC标准规范,提出了极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型分布式共享服务体系。服务体系以"模型服务"为核心,探讨了模型服务接口和模型服务的互操作问题。为了简化极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型的分布式共享过程,提出了极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型共享服务平台的概念。共享服务平台处于模型与模型应用客户端之间,可以实现两者之间的数据转化和功能协同,以及实现模型算法与其他功能的分离,使模型开发者可以专注于模型算法的设计和实现。最后,以海冰密集度遥感反演模型和冰间湖识别模型为例,实现了极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型分布式共享方法。     

两种电离层延迟改正模型对星载单频GPS实时定轨精度的影响

采用单频星载GPS实测伪距和载波相位观测值,结合不同的电离层延迟改正模型进行模拟实时定轨实验,分析单频实时定轨的精度。不同轨道高度的低轨卫星实验结果表明,在卫星轨道较高(500 km以上)时,使用单频伪距观测值与改进的Klobuchar模型,实时定轨位置精度可达0.86 m(三维RMS),速度精度可达0.9 mm/s,接近甚至优于双频伪距实时定轨的轨道精度;使用单频码相无电离层组合观测值时,实时定轨位置精度可达0.54 m,速度精度可达0.55 mm/s。采用合适的电离层延迟改正模型,廉价的单频星载接收机可应用于微小卫星的实时定轨。     

利用掩星技术研究南极地区顶部电离层特性

掩星观测能够提供地面到低轨卫星轨道高度处的整个电离层电子密度剖面,对于顶部电离层的研究有重要的作用。本文利用COSMIC(constellation observing system for meteorology ionosphere and climate)掩星数据反演了电子密度剖面,提取了F₂层峰值高度(hmF2)、F₂层峰值密度(NmF2)、垂直标尺高(vertical scale height,VSH)等电离层参数,研究了南极地区的F₂层在太阳活动周期内的变化、年际变化、周日变化等,并且重点分析了南极地区的顶部电离层的垂直结构特征,尤其是威德尔海异常在垂直方向上的变化。结果表明,整个南极的hmF2每日均值在250~300 km左右,NmF2每日均值在1~8×10¹¹ el/m³之间,VSH每日均值在100~250 km,威德尔海异常主要表现在顶部电子密度的增强和底部电子密度的减少。