气象条件对滇池水华分布的影响

使用MODIS卫星资料,利用假彩色合成法和归一化植被指数法对滇池蓝藻水华进行监测,得到滇池水华的分布特征是：初现于5月,7月最盛,5—10月均有分布,盛时滇池水华分布区域直至南部海口一线。滇池水华分布总体北部最多,湖岸高于中心湖区,西岸高于东岸和南岸。在营养盐条件满足的条件下,高温对水华有促进作用,但不是决定因素。充足的日照是水华形成的必要条件。降水通过改变水温及日照对水华有抑制作用。小风（小于3 m/s）利于水华形成,大风对水华尤其是稀薄水华分布影响较大。气象条件通过相互影响,共同作用对水华产生影响。     

春季水华对南黄海总溶解态无机砷生物地球化学行为的影响

利用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)对2007年3月30日至4月23日南黄海海域总溶解态无机砷(TDIAs,[TDIAs]=[As5+]+[As3+])的含量进行了测定,其中针对水华中心区域(BM1站)进行了25h的连续观测,以探讨春季水华对有毒类金属元素砷的生物地球化学行为的影响。结果表明,TDIAs的浓度范围为7.9~22.3nmol/L,平均值为(17.8±1.9)nmol/L。TDIAs在南黄海的分布主要表现为由近岸向外海逐渐升高的趋势,最大值出现在南部海域底层海水中。近岸海域表、底层TDIAs的含量相当,而中、南部海域由于存在明显的密度跃层,表、底层TDIAs的浓度具有显著性差异。2007年3月31日至4月1日研究区域西南部受到沙尘天气和降雨的影响,表层海水中TDIAs的含量显著升高。研究区域中、南部海域在观测期间暴发了典型的黄海春季水华,通过大面观测和对重点区域的连续观测可以发现,水华期间TDIAs的分布和磷酸盐类似,与Chl a呈现出较好的负相关关系(r=0.51,P0.05,n=39)。经初步计算,浮游植物水华对10m以上表层水体中TDIAs的清除量约为2.4nmol/L,占表层保有量的15%左右。通过箱式模型计算得出黄海TDIAs的停留时间约为(18.2±8.5)a,远远低于大洋。通过对该海域砷、磷摩尔比值的计算可以发现,南黄海砷、磷摩尔比值约为大洋中的20倍左右,这可能会引起浮游生物对砷酸盐的大量吸收和转化,从而带来潜在的生态危机,需要引起足够的重视。     

面向蓝藻的洱海气象监测站布局方法

针对洱海流域蓝藻预警研究所需的气象数据不足的问题,提出洱海气象监测站优化布局方法,采用环境影响统计概念模型分析了对环境产生影响的主要经济因素,根据水体污染指标将洱海各个行政区分为高污染区和低污染区,再考虑汇入洱海支流是否流经高污染区,认为在高污染区支流汇入口是蓝藻发生概率较高的区域。依据2个主要参数:区域污染程度和支流入口,部署气象监测站,该监测站能为洱海蓝藻预警研究提供必要、准确和可靠的水面气温、降雨量以及日照长度等气象参数,将对水环境的监测和研究具有重大意义和广泛应用前景。     

Climate Change and Geochemistry May Explain the Finding of Marine Cyanobacteria in a Continental Saline Lake

正1 Introduction Alkaline Lake Khilganta located in a steppe zone of South Siberia(N 50°42'535,E 115°06'086)is unique among adjacent lakes because of a development of a thick(up to 3 cm)cyanobacterial mat dominated by     

Chlorophyll modulation of mixed layer thermodynamics in a mixed-layer isopycnal General Circulation Model — An example from Arabian Sea and equatorial Pacific

Western tropical Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and the equatorial Pacific are known as regions of intense bio-chemical-physical interactions: the Arabian Sea has the largest phytoplankton bloom with seasonal signal, while the equatorial Pacific bloom is perennial with quasi-permanent upwelling. Here, we studied three dimensional ocean thermodynamics comparing recent ocean observation with ocean general circulation model (OPYC) experiment combined with remotely sensed chlorophyll pigment concentrations from the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS). Using solar radiation parameterization representing observations that a higher abundance of chlorophyll increases absorption of solar irradiance and heating rate in the upper ocean, we showed that the mixed layer thickness decreases more than they would be under clear water conditions. These changes in the model mixed layer were consistent with Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) observations during the 1994-1995 Arabian Sea experiment and epi-fluorescence microscopy (EFM) on samples collected during Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Study (EPOCS) in November, 1988. In the Arabian Sea, as the chlorophyll concentrations peak in October (3 mg/m³) after the summer plankton bloom induced by coastal upwelling, the chlorophyll induced biological heating enhanced the sea surface temperature (SST) by as much as 0.6‡C and sub-layer temperature decreases and sub-layer thickness increases. In the equatorial Pacific, modest concentrations of chlorophyll less than 0.3 mg/m³ is enough to introduce a meridional differential heating, which results in reducing the equatorial mixed layer thickness to more than 20 m. The anomalous meridional tilting of the mixed layer bottom enhances off equatorial westward geostrophic currents. Consequently, the equatorial undercurrent transports more water from west to east. We proposed that these numerical model experiments with use of satellite andin situ ocean observations are consistent under three dimensional ocean circulation theory combined with solar radiation transfer process.     

Organic-walled Microfossils from the Early Middle Cambrian sediments of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland: Possible Implications for Sedimentary Environment in the SE Margin of the Baltica

An association of organic-walled microfossils consisting of filamentous cyanobacteria, algal coenobia and acanthomorphic acritarch have been documented from non-calcareous claystones and mudstones of the Pepper Mountains Shale Formation(PMSF), located in its stratotype area in the Pepper Mountains, which are part of the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland. These sediments represent the oldest strata of the ?ysogóry Unit, deposited on the edge of the East European Craton(Baltica). Non-branched, ribbon-like and thread-like cyanobacteria trichomes exhibit morphological similarities to families Nostocaceae and Oscillatoriaceae. Cells assembled in rounded to irregular clusters of monospecific agglomerations represent multicellular algal coenobia, attributed to the family Scenedesmaceae. The co-occurrence of acritarchs belonging to species as Eliasum llaniscum, Cristallinium ovillense and Estiastra minima indicates that the studied material corresponds to the lower Middle Cambrian. Deposition of the PMSF took place in shallow marine environment, influenced by periodical freshwater inputs. The varying degree of coloration of organic-walled microfossils is interpreted in this study as factor indication of possible different source of their derivation. Dark brown walls of cells assembled in algal coenobia might have sustained previous humification in humid, terrestrial environments, which preceded their river transport into the sea together with nutrients, causing occasional blooms of cyanobacteria in the coastal environment and the final deposition of both groups of organisms in marine deposits.     

冰尘结构特征及形成分析——以乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例

利用2007-2010年夏季在乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川采集的5个冰样, 对冰样中冰尘的特征、冰尘中蓝藻的种类及冰尘中无机矿物颗粒的粒度特征进行了分析研究. 研究表明: 冰尘为棕色球状聚合体, 粒径为0.27~3.5 mm, 分布在冰川消融区表面, 其组成成分为有机质、无机矿物颗粒和微生物. 冰尘有4种主要的内部结构: 类型Ⅰ, 具有同心层结构的冰尘;类型Ⅱ, 带有亚颗粒的冰尘;类型Ⅲ, 内部无明显结构的冰尘;类型Ⅳ, 中心位置处具有较大无机颗粒的冰尘. 冰尘中无机矿物颗粒的数量主要分布在d<3.5 μm的范围内, 且体积分布的粒径众数介于3~25 μm之间. 同时, 对冰尘中的蓝藻进行了16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析, 共从蓝藻16S rRNA基因文库中筛选了247个阳性克隆, RFLP分型得到10个不同的OTUs. BLAST比对, 系统发育分析将这10个OTUs归为颤藻目(Oscillatoriales)、色球藻目(Chroococcales)、未定种(Unclassified). 颤藻目为绝对优势类群, 占整个基因克隆文库的91%. 经估算, 冰尘中存在大量的有机物质和微生物, 无机矿物颗粒只占了很小的比例, 表明影响冰川消融区表面反照率的主要因素为冰尘中的有机部分, 包括有机物质和微生物.     

太湖蓝藻水华形成的适宜气象指标

根据2005—2017年卫星遥感反演的太湖蓝藻水华信息,利用区域气象观测数据分析各类气象因子对太湖蓝藻深水华形成的影响,结果表明:①在日平均气温为0～35℃区间内会出现蓝藻聚集现象,其中最适宜气温区间为15.1～35℃,该区间内累计出现蓝藻水华的面积占比达90%、出现大面积蓝藻水华占比达93%;②在卫星观测到蓝藻前6h,平均风速为0.2～4.8m/s区间内能观测到蓝藻水华,其中最适宜的平均风速区间为0.5～3.4m/s,该区间内蓝藻水华累计出现次数占比达94.7%,大面积蓝藻水华主要出现在平均风速2.0m/s的情况下,占比89%;③降水总体上呈负效应,但在观测到有大面积蓝藻水华的情况下,前24h有小雨(10mm)的情形与总降水次数之比达88%,说明小雨的适度扰动有利于形成大面积蓝藻水华;④日照充足有利于蓝藻生长,但并非蓝藻水华形成的必要条件。在此基础上建立的多元回归综合气象指数模型,拟合结果较好,通过了0.001的显著性检验。     

人工调控措施对玄武湖水质的影响

对玄武湖实施清淤引水、藻华治理、种群恢复等措施前后的水体数据进行分析,结果表明：清淤引水工程可短时间内降低沉积物中污染物浓度,缓解水体富营养化程度,但从长期效果分析,水体中的营养盐含量并未显著改善.藻华治理能在短期内有效抑制水体中的蓝藻水华,治理后水体各项指标均有提升,水生植物种群得以恢复,是短期改善水体水质的有效方式.在种群恢复阶段与往年相比,水体各项指标均有所改善,持续时间更长,是一种理想的湖泊治理方法.     

Plume and bloom: effect of the Mississippi River diversion on the water quality of Lake Pontchartrain

The opening of the Bonnet Carré spillway to prevent flood threat to New Orleans in April 2008 created a sediment plume in the Lake Pontchartrain. The nutrient rich plume triggered a massive algal bloom in the lake. In this article, we have quantified the spatio-temporal distribution of the plume (suspended solids) and the bloom (chlorophyll-a (chl-a)) in the lake using remotely-sensed data. We processed the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data for mapping the total suspended solids (TSS) and chl-a concentrations. An existing algorithm was used for estimating TSS whereas a novel slope model was developed to predict the per-pixel chl-a concentration. Both algorithms were successful in capturing the spatio-temporal trend of TSS and chl-a concentrations, respectively. Algal growth was found to be inversely related to TSS concentrations and a time lag of ～45 days existed between the spillway opening and the appearance of the first algal bloom at an observation location.