PROPAGATION OF 30—60 DAY LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON THE SUBTROPICAL WESTERLIES JET STREAM DURING NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WINTER

Based on daily ECMWF gridpoint data of two winters during 1981—1983 including an ENSOyear,propagation of low frequency oscillations(LFO)during Northern Hemisphere winters andtheir influences upon 30—60 day oscillations of the subtropical jet stream are studied with the sta-tistical methods as complex empirical orthogonal function(CEOF)and so on.Results show that inthe winter of a normal year(1981—1982),30—60 day oscillations in the subtropical zone aremainly in the northern and southern flanks of exit region of jet stream.In the ENSO year(1982—1983),they are mainly in the vicinity of entrance and exit regions of jet stream.Intraseasonalchanges of subtropical jet stream manifested themselves as latitudinal fluctuation or longitudinalprogression or regression of about 40 day period.There are marked differences between propagat-ing passages of low frequency modes responsible for changes of subtropical jet stream in the normalyear(1981—1982)and in the ENSO year(1982—1983).Changes of oscillation amplitude showobvious phases.In general,the one in late winter is stronger than that in early winter,strongestone occurs in February.     

露天煤矿开挖工程承压含水层井点降水数值分析

在掌握某露天煤矿水文地质条件和抽水试验成果的基础上,通过利用Modflow建立了较合理的渗流数值模型,分析了井点降水中承压含水层水位随时间的下降过程,并进行了实际分析,结果与实际观测结果吻合良好。在此基础上,开展预测研究,为进一步露天煤矿开挖降水设计提供理论依据。     

1961—2019年青藏高原中东部夏季强降水与大尺度环流的关系

采用一元线性回归、合成分析等方法对1961—2019年青藏高原中东部71个站点夏季强降水与大尺度环流进行了分析,研究结果表明,近年来青藏高原中东部强降水呈增加趋势。在强降水高值年时,青藏高原中东部水汽辐合加强,中纬度西风和热带地区东风带向极移动加强,高层辐散流场、水汽输送以及上升运动条件,共同作用导致了强降水的产生。在强降水低值年时,青藏高原中东部大部水汽异常辐散,区域内的季风水汽输送减弱,西风带和东风带均向赤道移动减弱,高层为气旋式环流异常。通过风暴轴、波作用通量和E-P通量进一步分析发现,当北大西洋地区风暴轴偏强（偏弱）时,瞬变扰动作用加强（减弱）,使得北大西洋地区高纬度西风加速（减弱）,急流出口区的不稳定能量激发了欧洲西北部的异常反气旋（异常气旋）,并通过Rossby波列调控季风输送,导致了青藏高原中东部地区强降水的变化。     

Introducing a transferable fishing day management regime for Pacific Island countries

On 1 December 2007, eight ‘Small Island Developing States’ in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean implemented a management regime restricting the total number of days fished by tuna purse seine vessels within their waters, commonly referred to as the Vessel Day Scheme (VDS). The VDS is seen as one component of management arrangements to reduce fishing mortality on bigeye and yellowfin tuna, constrain fishing effort, and increase the rate of return from access fees by Distant Water Fishing Nations.     

丹东冬季降水相态判据研究

利用丹东1979-2012年10月至翌年4月逐日降水、天气现象、高空探空资料及NCEP0.5°×0.5°（部分2.5°×2.5°）再分析资料,对丹东地区冬季不同相态降水气候及大气层结特征进行了统计分析, 并对不同相态降水典型个例进行了分析。结果表明：丹东地区虽地处北方,但冬季降水相态多样。在秋冬、冬春过渡和严冬不同时段,大气不同层结不同相态降水气温阈值范围不同,建立了丹东冬季不同大气层结降水相态判据。大气不同层结前期特别是近地面层气温背景与不同相态降水的发生与转换关系密切,可为动态预报降水相态提供了参考。850 hPa及以下中低空温度条件对冬季降水相态形成至关重要,850 hPa的0℃线能较好区分雨和雪区大致范围,925 hPa的0 ℃线能较好区分雨夹雪和雪以及雨夹雪和雨大致范围。     

二十四史天象记录与陈垣历表的朔闰差异

对二十四史及《清史稿》帝纪和天文志中的全部天象记录进行了整理和计算验证,发现其中历日朔闰与陈垣《二十史朔闰表》不合27例。汇集这样的例证,对于恢复中国古代完整的实行历表,是至关重要的。     

Calibration of tipping bucket rain gauges in the Graz urban research area

The Institute of Urban Water Management and Landscape Water Engineering of the Graz University of Technology (Austria) operates a hydrological research area in the City of Graz. In this urban research area precipitation and runoff data are collected by order of the municipality of Graz. At present precipitation data are measured by seven tipping bucket rain gauges. Comparative measurements have shown a deviation between the recorded and the actual precipitation intensity. This made the institute calibrate the rain gauges periodically. In the middle of the 1990s, the development of a field calibration kit was started. Based on the experiences with the first field calibration kit, a microprocessor controlled device was developed. With this calibration device, the tipping bucket rain gauges are calibrated at regular intervals. In this paper the calibration process and the current results for seven rain gauges are discussed. The calibration process is dynamic calibration and uses a peristaltic pump. Not all of the tipping buckets investigated underestimate the rain intensity in the whole measuring range. Several rain gauges have a positive relative deviation, not exceeding 22%, in the low intensity range up to 0.5 mm/min. Positive deviation can be explained by retention of water in the buckets between tips. The reason for the negative deviation is the loss of water during the tips. It leads to the underestimate of the actual intensity. The largest relative deviation in the range of underestimate exceeds 30%. In the range of extreme intensities, the larger buckets (5 cm³) show a lower relative deviation than the smaller (2 cm³) buckets. The gauge characteristic can change in favourable or unfavourable directions after several years. Therefore, the calibration of tipping buckets is recommended at least every 2 to 3 years.     

广州市雷暴日数变化特征分析

通过对广州基准站(站号59287,纬度23.00°N,经度113.13°E,海拔高度10.4m)1951-2007年的雷暴观测资料进行对比统计分析,总结出广州市雷暴日数气候变化规律和特征,得到了一些对防雷减灾工作有积极意义的分析结果.     

攀枝花市大气污染物降水清除机制的研究

本文采用了主成份分析及因子分析的方法,研究了影响降水pH值的主要源及其贡献和这些源被降水清除的机制。分析结果表明:大气中一次污染物是影响降水pH及各种成分浓度的主要因素。人为污染源包括高排放源、低排放源和汽车源,它们的排放物以碱性物质为主;自然污染源包括输送物、腐烂物、自然NOx等,它们的排放物主要是酸性物质;在一般情况下,降水的pH值取决于高、低排放源排放的碱性物质的多寡;降水量越大,清除的污染物越多,在雨季各测点降水平均pH值为6.31～7.10。在高排放源影响小的地方,对持续时间长的大雨,降水后期的pH能反映自然源的影响,其值小于5.60。可见,攀枝花市酸雨几率极低甚至降水呈碱性,